1. Give an example for oxidation.

Oxidation is chemical reactions involving lose of electrons.

Examples: Na - e - → Na +

2. What are the types of batteries?

1. Primary battery - Dry cell
2. Secondary battery – Lead Acid Battery
3. Fuel battery - H2 - O2 Fuel cell

3. Give an example for non-conventional energy.

Energy generated by using wind, tides, solar geothermal heat and biomass is known as non-
conventional energy.

4. What are the types of corrosion?

Corrosion is of two types
1. Chemical Corrosion or Dry Corrosion
2. Electrochemical Corrosion or Wet Corrosion

5. Define Galvanization.
Galvanization is coating of zinc over iron.

6. What is meant by tinning?

The coating of tin on iron is called tinning.

7. What are electrolytes?

Substance that conduct the electric current in solution are called electrolytes
Exemples: NaCl solution, HCl solution.

8. Write the Faraday’s first law of electrolysis.

The mass of the substance (m) deposited or liberated at any electrode is directly proportional
to the quantity of electricity or charge (Q) passed.
In the mathematical form, this law can be represented as follows:
mαQ

9. Define Electro Chemical Serious.

Electrochemical series is the arrangement of elements in the increasing order of their E0
values.

10. Define Secondary Battery. Give example.

A secondary battery is rechargeable battery and the reactions are reversible.
Example: Lead acid battery.

11. Define dry corrosion.

The direct chemical action of atmospheric gases like oxygen, halogens, H2S etc., in a dry
environment on metals is known as chemical Corrosion.
12. Write three factors influencing rate of corrosion.
1. Stress on the metal increase the corrosion.
2. Temperature increases the corrosion.
3. Moisture increases the corrosion.
corrosio

13. What are the different between paint and varnish?

S. No Paint Varnish
1. It is an opaque coating It is a transparent coating
2. Paint contains pigments varnish contain no pigments
3. Paint apply all objects Varnish apply only wooden articles

14. i) What is electrolysis? Explain the mechanism.

Electrolysis is a process in which an electrolyte is decomposed by the passage of electric
current.
Mechanism:-
Carbon rod taken as cathode.
Carbon rod taken as anode.
HCl taken as electrolyte.
When DC passed, HCl is decomposed into H+ and Cl- ions.
Cathodic reactions:- (Reduction)
H+ + e- → H
2H → H2 ↑
Anodic reactions :- (oxidation)
Cl- → Cl + e-
2Cl → Cl 2 ↑
Net Reaction:-
2HCl → H2 + Cl 2

14. ii) Explain the construction and working of Lead-acid

acid storage cell
A secondary battery is rechargeable battery and the reactions are reversible.
Example: Lead acid battery.
Construction and working of Lead-acid
Lead storage cell:
Pb plates taken as anode.
PbO2 plates taken as cathode.
20 % H2SO4 Solution taken as electrolyte.
Anodic Reaction:-
Pb undergoes oxidation gives PbSO4.

Cathode Reaction:-
PbO2 undergoes reduction gives PbSO4.

It gives voltage of about 2V

Uses:
Used in cars, buses, trucks, telephone exchanges, power stations etc.
15. i) Explain the galvanic cell formation theory of corrosion.
Galvanic cell formation theory
When iron piece with impurity (copper, tin, dirt etc.) is exposed to atmosphere (moisture), a
galvanic cell is formed.
Anode - Iron article
Cathode - Other material in the environment
Electrolyte - Moisture in the air
This anode, cathode and electrolyte form a galvanic cell.
Hence Corrosion occurs at anode.
Ex: Rusting of iron.
Anodic reaction:-
Metal → Metal ion → Corrosion product
Cathodic reaction :-
2H2O + O2 +4e – → 4OH–

15. ii) What are the components present in the paint? Give their functions and examples.
Paint is a dispersion of pigment in drying oil.
The important constituents of paint are as follows.
S. No Components Functions Examples
ZnO – White
1. Pigments Give colour to paint
Carbon - Black
Castor oil
2. Drying oils Dissolved pigments
Fish oil
Naphthanates
3. Driers Speed up drying
Resinates
Kerosene
4. Thinners Dilute the paint
Petroleum spirit
Phenols
5. Anti skinning agents Prevent skinning
Guaiacol
Talc
6. Fillers Increase the volume
China clay
Amyl alcohol
7. Plasticizers Increase the elasticity
Triphenyl phosphate
1. M¡Á#nd‰w¤Â‰F rh‹W jUf.
xU ntÂéidæš vy¡£uh‹fis ÏH¥gJ M¡Á#nd‰w« vd¥gL«.
rh‹W Na - e - → Na+

2. ä‹fyå‹ tiffŸ ahit?

1. Kj‹ik ä‹fy§fŸ - cy®ä‹fy§fŸ
2. Ïu©lh« ãiy ä‹fy§fŸ - fhßa mäy nrä¥ò¡ fy‹
3. Ïa¡f ä‹fy§fŸ - H2O2 vçä‹fy‹fŸ

3. kuòrhuh M‰wš _y§fS¡F rh‹W jUf.

fh‰W M‰wš, flš miy, Nça M‰wš, òébt¥g M‰wš k‰W« cæç M‰wš ngh‹wit kuò rhu
vçr¡Â Mjhu§fŸ v‹W miH¡f¥gL»‹wd.

4. mçkhd¤Â‹ tiffŸ ahit?

mçkhd« Ïu©L tif¥gL«.
1. cy® mçkhd«
2. <u mçkhd«.

5. ehfKyh« óRjš tiuaW.

ÏU«Ã‹ nkš J¤jehf¤ij óRjš fhštidnrõ‹ MF«.

6. btŸÇa Kyh« óRjš v‹gJ ahJ?

ÏU«Ã‹ ÛJ btŸÇa¤ij óRtJ btŸÇa Kyh« óRjš v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ.

7. ä‹gFëfŸ v‹whš v‹d?

ä‹ndh£l¤jhš ntÂéid V‰g£L gF¡f¥gL« Ú®k§fŸ ä‹gF bghUŸfŸ vd¥gL«.
rh‹W. NaCl fiurš, HCl fiurš.

8. ~ghunl ä‹dh‰gF¥ò é Kjš éÂæid vGJf.

vªjbthU ä‹KidæY« goªj mšyJ fiuªj bghUë‹ (») ãiwahdJ brY¤j¥g£l
ä‹ndh£l¤Â‰¡F ne® é»j¤Âš ÏU¡F«.
Ïjid ËtUkhW F¿¥Ãlyh«
mαQ

9. ä‹nt tçir tiuaW.

jåk§fis mt‰¿‹ E0 k¥Ë go VW tçiræš mL¡f¥g£L ÏU¡F« tçir ä‹ nt tçir
MF«.

10. Ïu©lh« ãiy ä‹fy‹ tiuaW. rh‹W jUf..

Û©L« Û©L« òJ¥Ã¤J ga‹gL¤j¥gL« ä‹fy§fŸ Ïu©lh« ãiy ä‹fy§fŸ vd¥gL«.
v.fh: fhßa mäy nrä¥ò¡ fy‹.

11. cy® mçkhd« tiuaW.

tëk©ly¤Âš cŸs M¡Á#‹, iAy#‹, ngh‹w thÍ¡fŸ cnyhf§fŸ cl‹ neuoahf
éidòçtjhš cy® mçkhd« V‰gL»wJ. Ïjdhš cnyhf¤Â‹ nk‰gu¥Ãš xU gly« cUth»wJ.
12. mçkhd¤ij gh¡f¡Toa fhuâfŸ _‹¿id jUf.
1. bt¥gãiy mÂfç¡F« nghJ mçkhd« mÂfç¡F«.
2. <u¥gj« msÎ mÂfç¡F« nghJ mçkhd¤ij mÂfç¡F«.
3. cnyhf¤Â‹ ÛJ mG¤j« mÂfç¡F« nghJ mçkhd« mÂfç¡F«.

13. bgæ©o‰¡F«, th®ÜF« cŸs ntWghLfŸ ahit?

bgæ©o‰¡F«, th®ÜF« cŸs ntWghLfŸ
t.v© bgæ©£ th®åZ
1 ãwäfŸ cŸsJ ãwäfŸ Ïšiy
2 xë òfh j‹ik cilaJ xë òF« j‹ik cilaJ
3 mid¤J bghUŸfŸ ÛJ« óryh« ku¥ bghUŸfŸ ÛJ k£L« óryh«

14. i) ä‹dh‰gF¤jš v‹whš v‹d? têKiwia étç.

ä‹ndh£l¤jhš nt éid V‰g£L ä‹gF bghUŸ gF¡fgLtij ä‹dh‰gF¤jš v‹»nwh«.
têKiw :
fh®g‹ j©L ne®ä‹ KidahfΫ,
fh®g‹ j©L vÂ®ä‹ KidahfΫ,
HCl fiurš ä‹gF fiuryhfΫ vL¤J¡bfh©L
DC ä‹ndh£l« brY¤j HCl -dhJ H2ahfΫ Cl2 -ahfΫ kh‰w« milÍ«.
nf¤njhL éid (M¡Á#‹ xL¡f«)
H+ + e- → H
2H → H2 ↑
mndho¡ éid(M¡Á#nd‰w«)
Cl- → Cl + e-
2Cl → Cl 2 ↑
bkh¤j éid
2HCl → H2 + Cl 2

14. ii) fhßa mäy nrä¥ò¡ fy¤Â‹ mik¥ò k‰W« ntiy brŒÍ« éj¤ij étç.
Û©L« Û©L« òJ¥Ã¤J ga‹gL¤j¥gL« ä‹fy§fŸ Ïu©lh« ãiy ä‹fy§fŸ vd¥gL«.
v.fh: fhßa mäy nrä¥ò¡ fy‹.
fhßa mäy nrä¥ò¡ fy¤Â‹ mik¥ò k‰W« ntiy brŒÍ« éj«
fhßa j©LfŸ MndhlhfΫ
PbO2 j©LfŸ nf¤njhlhfΫ vL¤J¡bfhŸs¥gL»wJ.
20% Ú®¤j H2SO4 fiurš ä‹gFëahf
vL¤J¡bfhŸs¥gL»wJ.
MndhL éid:-
Pb M¡ì#nd‰w« milªJ PbSO4 khW»wJ.
Pb Pb2+ + 2e– [M¡ì#nd‰w«]
Pb2+ + [SO4] 2– Pb(SO4)
nf¤njhL éid:-
PbO2 xL¡f« milªJ PbSO4 khW»wJ.
PbO2 + 4H + + 2e – Pb2 + + 2H2O
Pb2+ + [SO4] 2– Pb(SO4)
Ïit 2Vä‹dG¤jij btëæL»‹wd.
ä‹nd‰w«
btë¥òw _y¤ÂèUªJ xU M‰wYl‹ Ïiz¥gj‹ _y« ä‹nd‰w« eilbgW»wJ.
2+
ä‹ndh£l« tH§F« nghJ Pb ä‹Kidæš Pb maåfŸ Pb cnyhfkhf Fiw¡f¥gL»wJ.
2+
Ïnjnghš PbO2 ä‹Kidæš Pb maåfŸ PbO2¡F m¡ìnd‰w¥gL»‹wd.
2PbSO4 + 2H2O + M‰wš ––––––––––> Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4
ga‹fŸ :
Ïit fh®fŸ, ngUªJfŸ, yhçfŸ, bjhiyngÁ mYtyf§fŸ, ä‹ ãiya§fŸ ngh‹wt‰¿š
ga‹gL»wJ

15. i) mçkhd« g‰¿a fhštå¡ ä‹fy¡ bfhŸifia étç.

öŒika‰w ÏU«ò¤ J©L (jhäu«, btŸÇa«, mG¡F ngh‹wit) tëk©ly¤Âš (<u¥gj«)
cŸs nghJ xU fhštå¡ ä‹fy« cUth»wJ.
mndhL - ÏU«ò cnyhf«
nf¤njhL - R‰W¢NHèš cŸs k‰w bghUŸ
ä‹gFë - <u¥gj«
Ϫj _‹W« ÏizªJ fhšthå¡ä‹fy« njh‹W»wJ
vdnt, Mndhoš mçkhd« V‰gL«.
v.fh: ÏU«ò JU¥Ão¤jš.
MndhL éid:
2Fe Fe2+ + 2- (M¡Á#nd‰w«)

Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 (JU)

nf¤njhL éid:
2H+ + 2e – → H2 (M¡Á#‹ xL¡f«)

15. ii) bgæ©oš ml§»ÍŸs gF bghUŸfŸ ahit? mj‹ ntiy k‰W« rh‹¿id vGJf.
cyU« v©bzŒfëš ãwäfis fiu¥gjhš cUthF« Tœk« bgæ©£ MF«.
bgæ©oš
bgæ©oš ml§»ÍŸs bghUŸfŸ
bgæ©oš cŸs K¡»a TWfŸ ËtUkhW.
t.v© gFÂ¥bghUŸfŸ ntiyfŸ rh‹WfŸ
njitahd ãw¤ij ZnO - bt©ik,
1 ãwäfŸ
më¡f fh®g‹ - fU¥ò
és¡bf©bzŒ,
2 cyU« v©bzŒ ãwäfis fiu¡f
Û‹ v©bzŒ
3 cy®¤ÂfŸ vëš cyu it¡f eh¥Ând£LfŸ, burÁnd£
k©bz©bzŒ,
4 Ïs¡»fŸ bgæ©Lfis Ïs¡f
bg£nuhèa °Ãç£
5 cçjiy jL¡F« bghUŸfŸ cçªJ tuhkš jL¡f ÃdhšfŸ, Fnahnfhš
6 ãu¥ÃfŸ gUkid mÂfç¡f lhš¡, Ódh fëk©
be»œ¢Áis mikš MšfAhš,
7 be»œÎ£ofŸ
mÂfç¡f oiu Ãidš gh°ng£