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Introduction to Terminology and Body Organization Study Guide

The aim of the assignment is to create a good college level study guide for a student.

Introduction to Terminology and Body Organization

The three main axes of the body

a) Frontal axis- It is the line of the body that moves from left to right via the center.

Example somersaulting
b) Sagittal axis- This is the line of the body that moves from front to the back via the

center. Example when performing a cartwheel

c) Vertical axis- This is a line that moves from the top to the bottom via the center of

the body. Example a skater performing a spin

Note; Studying on the above axes will make you understand the relationship between them as

the movement of the body is facilitated via the center (Holmes, 2018).

Skeletal System

✓ Location of the bones of the Skull

a) Occipital bone- form the base of the skull
b) Frontal bone- Form the forehead
c) Sphenoid & ethnocide bone- form the orbital sockets and the nasal cavity of the

body (Zhongyi, Sai, Chao, & Jiwei, 2015).They also offer protection of the most

important organs of the skull

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✓ Structural aspect of the vertebral bone and intervertebral disc

➢ Intervertebral discs

It is made up of two discs;

a) Annulus Fibrosus- it encompasses the nucleus pulposus

b) Nucleus pulposus- This one contains an hydrated gel that prevents compression

➢ Vertebral bone

It consists of thirty-three bones which are divided in to the following sections and are

connected to each other by use of the intervertebral discs. (West, Mito, Kurosaka,

Takumi, Tanegashima, Chujo, & Fox, 2016).

a) Cervical bone- They are seven in number located on the neck

b) Thoracic bones- They are articulated with the ribs and they are twelve in total.
c) Lumbar vertebrae- They are located between the ribs and sacrum.
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✓ Types of ribs
a) Those ribs which join to the sternum(1-7)
b) Which connect to the costal cartilages ( 8-10)
c) Floating ribs which connect at the back ( 11-12)
✓ Parts of the sternum
a) Manubrium
b) Body
c) Xiphoid process

✓ Bones of lower and upper extremity

Lower
a) Fourteen ankle
b) Thirty-eight foot bones
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Upper

a) Hummers
b) Ulna
c) Radius

Muscular system

✓ Muscles of the head/face

a) Occipitofrontalis muscle
b) Orbicularis oculi
c) Depressor labii inferioris and superior inferioris
✓ Abdominal muscles
a) External abdominal obliques
b) Internal abdominal obliques
c) Rectus abdominis
d) Transversus abdominis
✓ Muscles of arm and shoulder
a) Biceps branchii
b) Brachialis
c) Coracobrachialis
d) Triceps brachii
✓ Leg and foot muscles
Leg
a) Soleus m
b) Gastrocnemius

Foot

a) Lumbaricals
b) Flexor halluces brevis
c) Abductor hallucis

Laboratory Tools

✓ Metric system is one of the most commonly used measurements all over the world

.Example of metric system.

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✓ Measurement using pipette

It is measured using the bottom of the concave surface of the liquid. As shown below;

✓ Weight using a balance

Place an object on the balance and read the calibration immediately after the pointer stops

moving
✓ Measure length, relationship between weight and volume,
Length can be measured using different method; you can use a ruler, tape measure among

others.
Weight is the amount of matter in something, whereas volume is the space occupied.
✓ Parts of a light Microscope
They include; Eyepiece, lens tube, light source, table condenser among others.
Magnification
➢ Lower power- 4x
➢ Middle power-10x
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➢ Maximum power- 40x

Calculation of magnification

➢ Multiply the power of Ocular lens by the power of objective lens.

Molecules of life & Scientific method

✓ Test for protein

➢ Biuret test-identify peptide bond in proteins
o Adding biuret reagent solution to a specimen and turns purple or pinks-

protein present. If no color change, therefore protein absent.

✓ Test for carbohydrates
➢ Molisch’s test
➢ Use of iodine
o Starch changes iodine to a blue/black color. Any other color then no

carbohydrates present.

✓ Scientific method process

Entails making hypothesis, coming up with predictions and finally carrying out empirical

inferences on the predictions as shown below;

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✓ Effects of enzyme catalysts

High influenced by PH. In most cases it may not change the enzyme but it always

changes the substrate. This can be as shown below;

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Cellular processes

✓ Osmosis- This is the movement of water molecules from a region of high solute

concentration to a region of low solute concentration through a semipermeable

membrane.
o Isotonic solution refers to solution which have equal osmotic pressure

across a semipermeable membrane

o Hypotonic solution-This is whereby there is a high concentration of solute

molecules inside the cell than outside it.

o Hypertonic solution- This is whereby the concentration of solute

molecules is higher outside the cell than inside.

There is no effect on cells when placed in isotonic solution (Kong, Yang, Wang, & Xie,

2015). When cells are placed in hypotonic solutions draws water in and swells and bulges

outside. When cells are placed in hypertonic solution, they lose water and shrink.

✓ DNA replication
This is a process of producing an extra DNA from the original DNA as shown below. It is

evidenced in living organism and forms the basis of inheritance.

o DNA sequence-This is done through reversing by matching the DNA nucleotides

with the RNA nucleotides or else by changing the RNA U’s into DNA T’s.

o Amino acid sequence- These mRNA sequence is read by the use of ribosomes and

therefore the appropriate amino acids are inserted using the protein.
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✓ Stages of mitosis
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase.