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 Author's personal copy

Measurement 45 (2012) 59–67

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Measurement
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/measurement

A microcontroller-based variable voltage variable frequency sinusoidal

power source with a novel PWM generation strategy
Pijus Kanti Sadhu, Gautam Sarkar ⇑, Anjan Rakshit
Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 032, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The present paper describes the development of a low cost, microcontroller-based variable
Received 22 April 2011 voltage variable frequency sinusoidal power source, which is the demand of the day for
Received in revised form 12 August 2011 various applications. The power source is developed using MOSFET H-bridge inverter
Accepted 26 September 2011
and with a stand alone LCD display system. The design methodology proposes to utilize
Available online 12 October 2011
a novel concept of generating sinusoidal pulse width modulation signals for the driver cir-
cuit of the inverter. The system proposes to incorporate a ROM-based LUT within the
Keywords:
power source itself for the sinusoidal signal generation with enhanced stability. This low
Variable voltage variable frequency power
source
cost, yet accurate power source has been successfully developed for wide range of voltage
Sinusoidal pulse width modulation commands (30–80 V rms) and frequency commands (40–70 Hz), and their real-life perfor-
Microcontroller mances in voltage wave generation were also found to be quite satisfactory.
MOSFET H-bridge inverter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
LCD display

1. Introduction developed is gradually becoming a matter of major con-

The efficient use of available power for various types of
demand has remained an important issue in electrical
engineering domain and hence has attracted attention
from many research communities all over the world. The
focus has very often been to develop dedicated types of
power sources according to specific, tailor-made demands.
Very often, such requirements are specified in form of gen-
eration of ac sources having variable magnitude, variable
frequency and different types of waveform shapes [1–5].
Depending on requirement, there may be design and
development of single phase [1,3] or three phase power
sources [2,4,5]. Studies and analyses of suitable power con-
verters in this regard have been going on for quite some
time [6–8]. Such power sources will be specifically useful
in characterization of performance of ac sources, e.g., in
three phase induction motor drive traction and also in tor-
que and speed control, single phase induction motor for
residential applications. The quality of electrical power
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 9433088773; fax: +91 3324146184.
E-mail address: sgautam63@yahoo.com (G. Sarkar).
cern as the new generation equipments installed for
increasing productivity very often turn out to be the major
sources of creating additional power quality problems.
Hence, in an overall consideration, design of high quality,
variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) power source
with a wide range of peak-to-peak pure sine waveforms,
with a wide range of frequency and with minimum distor-
tion in the generated waveform, still remains a major
challenge.
In [1], a DSP-based variable ac source was developed
using sliding mode control and Kalman filter methodology.
This system achieved harmonic distortion of less than 2%
in steady state response, while driving a linear, resistive
load. In [3], a microcontroller-based variable frequency
power inverter design was proposed for both single-phase
and three-phase systems. The microcontroller was used to
provide the pulse width modulation (PWM) signal for gate
voltage control drive of the IGBT inverter bridge. However,
this system was only implemented in simulation. In [4], a
three phase stable VVVF power source was developed
using a class D topology of power amplifiers and hysteresis
control strategy. In [5], a microcontroller-based three
phase, three level voltage source inverter was developed

0263-2241/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2011.09.024
 Author's personal copy

60 P.K. Sadhu et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 59–67

Variable Voltage
230V Opto-isolated Isolation
MOSFET H-bridge Filter Variable Frequency
50Hz Variable DC Source Transformer
AC Output

Stepdown
High-side/Low-
Microcontroller- Transformer and
side Driver
based Voltage Rectifier

Voltage Controller with

Control Feed-forward LCD Display based
Compensation Microcontroller- Microcontroller-
Output Voltage and
based PWM Drive based User Interface
Frequency Monitor

Frequency
Control

Fig. 1. The overall block diagram of the VVVF power source developed.

using two-level inverter topology. In recent times, effective details the driver circuit design, Section 6 details the power
instantaneous frequency estimation schemes for a single supply circuit design and Section 7 details the protection
sinusoid [13,14] and for multiple sinusoids have also been circuit design. The performance evaluation is presented in
proposed. In [14], a scheme has been proposed for a porta- Section 8. Conclusions are presented in Section 9.
ble DSP-based instrumentation system where the fre-
quency estimation is carried out on the basis of four
equal spaced samples. However, developments of such fre-
quency estimators are known to be sensitive to deviation
in sampling rate and quantization noise. In [15], an effec-
tive scheme for estimation of quantized multiple sinusoids
was proposed using an iterative approach for optimization
of a nonlinear cost function. However, this efficient scheme
was developed in simulation only, and no real-life imple-
mentation was presented.
The present work describes the development of a
microcontroller-based single phase VVVF sinusoidal power
source employing MOSFET H-bridge inverter. The pro-
posed scheme uses a novel concept of generating suitable
PWM signals, called sinusoidal pulse width modulation
(SPWM) technique, where constant amplitude pulses are
generated with different duty cycles for each period. The
widths of these pulses are suitably modulated to obtain in-
verter output. The scheme is so designed that a read only
memory (ROM)-based look-up table (LUT) is embedded
within the power source itself for the sinusoidal signal
generation within the power source itself. This method of-
fers several advantages such as improved stability and
high-performance control over the generated sinusoidal
signal. The scheme uses two microcontrollers where one
microcontroller is used to generate the proposed variable
frequency sine wave PWM drive and the other microcon-
troller is used for controlling the stand alone LCD display
of the developed real power source. The developed scheme
has been successfully employed for an ac voltage range of
0–100 V rms and a frequency range of 40–70 Hz. The util-
ity of the developed system is aptly demonstrated by cal-
culating the desired performance in terms of total
harmonic distortion (THD) over a wide range of desired
commands.
The rest of the manuscript is organized as follows.
Section 2 describes the overall proposed VVVF power source.
Section 3 details the power circuit design, Section 4 details Fig. 2. An actual photograph of the power source: (a) uncovered view and
the control circuit and display circuit design, Section 5 (b) encased view.
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P.K. Sadhu et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 59–67 61

+5V

Voltage
control

Zero crossing To opto-isolated

detector PIC12F675 variable DC source

Signal for feed-forward

compensation
+9V unregulated

P 7805 +5V
230V +
9V +
50Hz
N

Fig. 3a. The voltage controller scheme developed.

Triac Full-wave Rectifier

From Voltage P
MOC3023
Controller 230V
Random-phase
Opto-isolator 50Hz
N

+
Choke + Variable DC
output
-

Fig. 3b. The scheme of the opto-isolated variable DC source developed.

In5408
4A/800V

Fig. 4. The schematic diagram of the power circuit.

+5V
+5V

Offset
adjustment AN0 CCP1 PWM outputs to High-
CCP2 side/Low-side driver
18F2520
8-bit Frequency data
Port B from Display Interface

10 MHz

Fig. 5a. Microcontroller-based PWM drive designed.

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62 P.K. Sadhu et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 59–67

+5V
From Stepdown
Transformer and
+5V Rectifier
Output Voltage
Frequency Display Scale-factor
AN0 AN1
Control Adjustment
18F2520

8-bit Frequency data

Port B Port C To LCD Display
to PWM drive

Fig. 5b. Microcontroller-based user interface designed.

2. PIC microcontroller-based variable voltage variable
frequency (VVVF) power source
Fig. 1 shows the overall block diagram of the power
source developed, and Fig. 2 shows an actual photograph
of the equipment. The overall instrument comprises design
of five salient blocks: (i) power circuit, (ii) control circuit and
display circuit, (iii) driver circuit, (iv) power supply circuit
and (v) protection circuit. In Fig. 1, the fixed voltage, fixed
frequency (FVFF) ac voltage from the mains is applied to
a voltage regulator. The regulator is connected with a feed
forward compensator to maintain the voltage at a desired
level, and then, this voltage is rectified, using a full wave
bridge rectifier, to produce a dc voltage. A MOSFET
H-bridge inverter, comprising four MOSFETS, is employed
to convert this dc voltage into ac again. This conversion
of ac to dc and then dc to ac again is required because it
is easier to exercise control over dc than ac. The desired
variable frequency is generated by developing a microcon-
troller-based system [9] that outputs variable frequency
sine wave PWM drive for the driver circuit of the inverter.
Another microcontroller-based system is developed to dis-
play the output voltage and frequency generated by the
power source. The scheme also employs a power supply
circuit which is necessary for providing the initial voltage
to the chips and the microcontrollers.
Fig. 3a shows the detailed voltage controller system
developed, and Fig. 3b shows the opto-isolated variable
DC source developed which uses its input from the voltage
controller and provides its output as an input to the MOSFET
H-bridge. The scheme employs phase control methodology
for the Triac firing scheme. The main contribution of this cir-
cuit module is to provide a design controlled firing delay
from zero crossing (delayt) calculated as:
delayt ¼ 10 mS  ðK 0 þ K 1  voltage control
 K 2  feed forward signalÞ ð1Þ
Hence, the firing delay varies as a linear weighted combi-
nation of the voltage control signal and the feed forward
signal. Here, K0 determines the minimum output voltage,
i.e., the offset in the firing delay in absence of any voltage
control and feed forward signal. Similarly, K1 influences
the required span of output voltage variation, and K2 influ-
ences the amount of compensation required.
3. The power circuit design
A detail schematic description of the power circuit is
given in Fig. 4. Here, the FVFF ac power at 230 V, 50 Hz is
applied to the voltage regulator with feed forward com-
pensator such that the output voltage can be controlled

+5V

4.7K /0.25W

+5V
From Output of Control Circuit

Display contrast
4.7K adjustment
11 11 2 3 potentiometer
12 12 (Preset)
16×2 LCD
13 13 Display
14 14 JHD162A 15 +5V
15 6
16 4 5 1 16

Fig. 6. The display circuit designed.

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P.K. Sadhu et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 59–67 63

at any desired level within the range 0–150 V, in steps of MOSFET. When the driver circuit sends pulse to a particu-
1 V, by a simple resistance potentiometer. The output from lar MOSFET, it immediately turns ON, and when the pulse
the regulator is applied to the full wave bridge rectifier is withdrawn, the MOSFET is turned OFF. This sequence of
through an inductor (i.e. a choke coil) to limit the current switching is so designed that, at a particular switching in-
during switching. The rectifier performs the dc conversion, stant, a pair of MOSFETs (say MOSFET1 and MOSFET4) is in
and at the output, a high value capacitor is connected to ON condition and the other pair (MOSFET2 and MOSFET3)
obtain a smooth, ripple free, dc output. A bleeder resis- is in OFF condition. In the next switching instant, just the
tance is connected in parallel to provide a discharge path reverse happens, i.e., MOSFET2 and MOSFET3 are turned
for the capacitor during off conditions. ON and MOSFET1 and MOSFET4 are turned OFF. Here, each
The output from the rectifier is applied across a MOSFET MOSFET is protected by an R-C snubber circuit. The VVVF
H-bridge inverter, where four n-channel enhancement output from the power source is obtained by tapping the
type MOSFETs are connected in H shape. The switching AC output from the MOSFET H-bridge inverter through
of these MOSFETs is controlled by the driver circuit. The an isolation transformer, which is equipped with a filter
driver circuit sends pulse to the gate and source of each bank in its secondary side.

+5V +12V
100µF/35V

0.1µF/30V
Disc

UF4007

G1
UF4007

0.5 µF/30V
10µF/

18V/1W
Zener
Disc
1 35V
S1
IR2110
From Output of Control Circuit & Display Circuit

0.5µF/30V
Disc
2 10µF/
35V UF4007

G2
10 /0.25W
S2

+5V +12V
100µF/35V

0.1µF/30V
Disc

UF4007

10 /0.25W
G3
UF4007 0.25
0.5µF/30V

18V/1W

10µF/
Zener
Disc

3 35V
0.25
S3
IR2110
0.5µF/30V
Disc

4 10µF/
35V UF4007

G4
2N2222

From 0.25W
S4
Protection Circuit
Shut Down
0.25W
2N2222

+5V

0.25W

Fig. 7. The driver circuit designed.

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64 P.K. Sadhu et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 59–67

4. The control circuit and display circuit design
This part of the circuit basically comprises a control
circuit and a display circuit.
4.1. Control circuit
The design of the control circuit is achieved by using
two PIC18F2520 [10] microcontrollers: one, for managing
the analog frequency input and the display and the other,
for production of the PWM pulse. Figs. 5a and 5b show
the two PIC 18F2520 microcontroller-based circuits indi-
vidually, which are employed for microcontroller-based
PWM drive and microcontroller-based user interface de-
sign and development, respectively. In the microcontrol-
ler-based PWM drive module designed, CCP1 and CCP2
are utilized to provide PWM outputs to high-side/low-side
driver. Specifically, CCP1 generates the PWM firing signal
with 64 steps for the positive half cycle, and CCP2 gener-
ates the PWM firing signal with 64 steps for the negative
half cycle. The novelty of this module designed lies in
providing an offset to the generation of a sinusoidal voltage
step value as a function of the PWM duty cycle look-up
table (LUT). This offset is instrumental in minimizing the
total harmonic distortion (THD) of the sinusoidal output
due to a finite ON/OFF time of MOSFET switching devices
for a given PWM carrier frequency. A higher offset is re-
quired for higher PWM carrier frequency for a given THD
and vice versa. Hence, in this work, it is proposed to calcu-
late the working PWM duty cycle (DPWM_W), for a given
step, as:
DPWM W ¼ Offset þ ðDPWM  ðDPWM P  ð2  OffsetÞÞ=DPWM P Þ
ð2Þ
where DPWM P is the peak duty cycle corresponding to the
peak of the sinusoidal voltage. This is selected as less than
100% to cope with the problem of finite OFF-time of MOS-
FET switching devices.
In the overall control circuit, the desired analog fre-
quency is input by a resistance potentiometer, and this

Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of the power supply circuit designed.

Fig. 9. The protection circuit designed.

Wattmeter
P.C.
Variable Voltage
AC Supply Variable C.C. N1 N2 Vrms V av
230V,50Hz Frequency
Power Source A
Lloyd-Fisher
Magnetic
Square

Fig. 10. Test setup for measurement of iron losses.

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P.K. Sadhu et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 59–67 65

information is converted to its digital form by using an
ADC, as shown in Fig. 5b. This digital frequency control
information is transmitted to the other microcontroller,
shown in Fig. 5a, that produces the desired PWM pulse
according to this digital frequency control, which is then
transmitted to the logic circuit. The microcontroller in
Fig. 5b, which is interfaced with the LCD display, receives
a feedback from the ac output of the power circuit, in a re-
duced dc form (obtained using a step down transformer
and a half wave rectifier), for display in the display circuit.
4.2. Display circuit
The display circuit comprises JHD162A, a 16 charac-
ter  2 row display chip [12]. Fig. 6 shows this circuit used
here for display of output ac voltage and frequency.
5. The driver circuit design
The driver circuit designed is shown in detail in Fig. 7. It
is designed to receive input signal from the logic circuit
and to produce suitable drives for the MOSFETs connected
in the H-bridge inverter. This driver circuit is designed
utilizing the popular chip IR 2110 [11] which has the fol-
lowing features:
(i) gate drive supply ranges from 10 V to 20 V,
(ii) under voltage lockout for both channels,
(iii) matched propagation delay for both channels to
simplify use in high frequency applications,
(iv) the outputs produced are in phase with the inputs,
(v) can drive independently high- and low-side refer-
enced output channels,

Fig. 11. DC output vs. line voltage variation for different voltage settings with feed forward compensation. (a) Captured waveform at 150 V (peak to peak)
and 40 Hz, (b) captured waveform at 150 V (peak to peak) and 50 Hz, (c) captured waveform at 150 V (peak to peak) and 60 Hz, (d) captured waveform at
150 V (peak to peak) and 70 Hz, (e) captured waveform at 200 V (peak to peak) and 40 Hz, (f) captured waveform at 200 V (peak to peak) and 50 Hz, (g)
captured waveform at 200 V (peak to peak) and 60 Hz, (h) captured waveform at 200 V (peak to peak) and 70 Hz.
 Author's personal copy
66 P.K. Sadhu et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 59–67
Fig. 11 (continued)
(vi) the floating channel can be used to drive an N-chan-
nel power MOSFET in the high-side configuration
which operates up to 500 V.
In IR 2110, the output follows the input signal when the
shut down signal is low, but the output will be low if the
shut down signal is high.
6. Power supply circuit design
The scheme also utilizes a suitable power supply circuit
that is designed to provide the operating dc power to the
microcontrollers, driver chips, the display chip, op-amps,
etc. Here, a step down transformer receives the ac power
from the supply mains and reduces the voltage level. This
reduced voltage is rectified by a center tap full wave recti-
fier to obtain dc which is then passed through two dc reg-
ulators, connected in cascade, to obtain both +12 V and
+5 V dc power supply. The circuit is developed using elec-
trolytic capacitors to obtain smooth and ripple free dc
power supply. This dc power is made available through
3-pin relimate connector. Fig. 8 shows the schematic of
this power supply circuit designed.
7. Protection circuit design
A protection circuit is designed to protect the main cir-
cuit from several types of fault conditions, namely short
circuit fault, over load fault and over current fault. During
fault condition, heavy current will flow through the power
circuit. Due to this heavy current flow, the protection cir-
cuit will generate a signal that will be transmitted to the
shut down fault point of the driver circuit. Then, the driver
circuit will immediately deactivate the drives of the
MOSFETs of the power circuit. Fig. 9 shows this protection
circuit designed.
8. Experimental results
The performance of the designed variable voltage
variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal power source is
evaluated by utilizing it for a nonlinear load where the
source is utilized for Lloyd-Fisher square-based iron-loss
measurement of magnetic specimens and separation of
iron losses into hysteresis and eddy current losses, utilizing
wattmeter method. The experimental set up is shown in
Fig. 10. The arrangement is utilized for a voltage range of
(30–80 V rms) and for a frequency range of 40–70 Hz.
The figure of merit employed to quantitatively calculate
the performance of the system developed is the well-
known performance index of total harmonic distortion
(THD). The analysis is carried out where several real-life
waveforms are generated under different specified, desired
voltage and frequency commands. The qualities of those
generated waveforms are evaluated by calculating the
THD. The manufacturers and models of the instruments
employed in the measurement circuit to carry out these
experimentations include digital oscilloscope from Agilent
Technologies. Fig. 11 shows some sample, generated wave-
forms of the VVVF sinusoidal power source, captured using
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P.K. Sadhu et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 59–67 67

Table 1 and frequency over their respective wide ranges. This pro-
Sample THD evaluations for the power source designed. vides a simple, accurate, easy in operation power source
Sl. no. RMS voltage output (V) Frequency (Hz) THD (%) which is a low cost solution compared to the standard,
1 74.6 50.57 8.8 off-the-self products readily available in the market. Some
2 69.4 44.40 2.8 of the commercially available products include those avail-
3 77.1 53.62 4.0 able from AgilentÒ [16] (6811B AC Power Source/Power
4 77.7 59.42 3.5 Analyzer), California Instruments [17] (251 TL), etc. How-
5 90.2 64.30 3.7
6 90.3 69.20 3.2
ever, each such instrument is a high end equipment that
7 77.9 54.53 2.9 is highly expensive and may not be affordable for people
8 88.1 68.24 3.4 in the research communities or in small industries, purely
9 83.2 65.27 6.2 from the economic point of view. One of the main objec-
10 82.2 65.03 5.6
tives of the present work is to offer them a readymade
11 75.6 50.58 9.0
12 64.9 45.67 5.1 solution, at a much cheaper price. The scheme has been
13 59.0 40.73 3.7 presently developed for generation of single phase ac volt-
14 76.3 50.50 3.5 ages. The future scope of work will concentrate on devel-
15 86.1 60.39 6.3 opment of similar power sources for generation of three
phase voltages.

a digital storage oscilloscope. Table 1 shows the quantita-

tive performance evaluation in some sample cases. Table 1
and Fig. 11 in combination demonstrate that the proposed
scheme can faithfully construct voltage waveforms over
the desired range of voltage and frequency commands.
Fig. 10 shows the utility of employing feed forward
compensation in conjunction with the voltage controller.
Here, the DC output voltage is plotted vs. line voltage var-
iation for different voltage settings. This scheme is very
useful in those situations where the line voltage does not
remain steady at its nominal value (in our case, 230 V)
and undergoes variation, usually in the lower side. Had
there been no compensation provided, this curve would
have been a straight line passing through origin, with a
slope of 45° with the horizontal axis. With incorporation
of feed forward compensation, the scheme showed good
accuracy in providing almost a straight line variation par-
allel to the horizontal axis for different desired output DC
voltage settings (e.g. 160/180/200/220V DC).
9. Conclusion
A precision type, low cost, microcontroller-based vari-
able voltage variable frequency sinusoidal power source
has been designed in this work. The developed scheme
has been successfully employed for an ac voltage range
of 30–80 V rms and a frequency range of 40–70 Hz. The
VVVF source has been developed employing MOSFET
H-bridge inverter, and it introduces a novel concept of
generating suitable PWM signals, called sinusoidal pulse
width modulation (SPWM) technique, where constant
amplitude pulses are generated with different duty cycles
for each period. Incorporation of a ROM-based LUT within
the power source itself provides additional robustness and
desired performance achieving capability for the proposed
scheme. The performance of the designed source has been
successfully demonstrated by its capability to faithfully
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reproduce the commanded sine wave of desired amplitude