NPTEL Online Certification Courses Indian

Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Hydraulic Engineering
Assignment- Week 8

Number of questions: 12 Total mark: 12 X 1 = 12

QUESTION 1:
The coefficient of discharge for venturimeter (Cd) ranges from_______
a. 0.5 – 0.55
b. 0.61 – 0.65
c. 0.61 – 0.69
d. 0.95 – 0.99
Correct Answer: d.
Detailed Solution: Venturimeter – 0.95 to 0.98, Orifice meter – 0.62 – 0.65, Nozzle meter – 0.93 to

0.98

QUESTION 2:

For a fully-developed pipe flow, how does the pressure vary with the length of the pipe?
a. Linearly b. Parabolic c. Exponential d. Constant
Correct Answer: a.
Detailed Solution: In a zero acceleration fully-developed flow in a pipe, the pressure gradually
decreases linearly along the length of the pipe. Hence, the pressure variation is said to be linear.

QUESTION 3:
Which of the factors primarily decide whether the flow in a circular pipe is laminar or turbulent?
a. The Prandtl Number b. The Pressure gradient along the length of the
pipe
c. The dynamic viscosity coefficient d. The Reynolds Number
Correct Answer: d

Detailed Solution: High Reynolds number flows (> 4000) are turbulent flows, whereas low Reynolds
number flows (< 2100) are laminar flows. The viscosity coefficient is a part of the Reynolds number,
but isn’t the only criteria for decision.
 QUESTION 4:
For laminar flow in pipes the momentum correction factor is:
a. 1.2 b. 1.33 c. 2 d. 2.4
Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution: Momentum correction factor is defined as the ratio of momentum of the flow per
second based on actual velocity to the momentum of the flow per second based on averge velocity
across a section.
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝛽=
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
1
𝛽 = 𝐴𝑉 2 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝐴

For turbulent flow the momentum correction factor is sightly higher than one rear to 1.2 and for
laminar its value is 1.33

QUESTION 5:

A liquid flows through two similar pipes 1 and 2. If the ratio of their flow velocities v1 : v2 be 2:3,
what will be the ratio of the head loss in the two pipes?
a. 3:2 b. 9:4 c. 2:3 d. 4:9
Correct Answer: d
Detailed Solution: According to Darcy-Weisbach’s formula,
where hf is the head loss in the pipe, f is the co-efficient of friction, L is the length, D is the diameter
and V is the flow velocity. Thus, hf1:hf2 = v1 : v2 = 4 : 9

QUESTION 6:
If the flow rate of water in a pipeline is doubled then the pressure drop will be _____ the original
value.
a. same as b. 2 times c. 4 times d. one-half of
Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution: The pressure drop in a laminar flow through the circular pipe is given by
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 32𝜇𝑈𝐿
=
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔𝐷2
32𝜇𝑄𝐿
∆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 ∝ 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝐴𝐷 2
∆𝑃1 𝑄
𝑄2 = 2 × 𝑄1, ∆𝑃2
= 𝑄2, ∆𝑃2 = 2 × ∆𝑃1
1

Hence if the flow rate of water in a pipeline is doubled then the pressure drop will be doubled the
original value.
QUESTION 7:
Head loss at the exit of the pipe is
a. 0.5V2/2g b. V2/2g c. 0.25V2/2g d. 1.25V2/2g
Correct Answer: b.
Detailed Solution: Minor head loss at entry hL= 0.5V2/2g
Minor head loss due to expansion hL= (V1- V2)2/2g Minor head loss at exit hL= V2/2g

QUESTION 8:

Water flows through a circular tube with a velocity of 2 m/s. The diameter of the pipe is 14 cm. Take
kinematic viscosity of water 10-6 m2/s and density of water 1000 kg/m3.
a. 2800 b. 28000 c. 2.8x108 d. 2.8x105
Correct Answer: d
Detailed Solution: Reynolds number is given by VD/ν = (2*0.14)/10-6. Density given is extra
information. One shouldn’t be confused by that.

QUESTION 9:
When a problem states “The velocity of the water flow in a pipe is 20 m/s”, which of the following
velocities is it talking about?
a. RMS velocity b. Average velocity c. Absolute velocity d. Relative velocity
Correct Answer: b
Detailed Solution: In a pipe-flow, the velocity is always referred to the average velocity. There may
be a case where all water particles move in the same direction with 20 m/s, then the average velocity
will be equal to absolute velocity. But this is only a special case. Hence, average velocity will always
be true.
QUESTION 10:

Which one of the following is correct?

a. Darcy-Weisbach’s formula is generally used for head loss in flow through both pipes and open
channels
b. Chezy’s formula is generally used for head loss in flow through both pipes and open channels
c. Darcy-Weisbach’s formula is generally used for head loss in flow through both pipes and
Chezy’s formula for open channels
d. Chezy’s formula is generally used for head loss in flow through both pipes and Darcy-
Weisbach’s formula for open channels
Correct Answer: c
Detailed Solution: Darcy-Weisbach’s formula is generally used for head loss in
flow through both pipes as it takes into consideration the flow velocity whereas
Chezy’s formula is used for open channels as it considers the pressure difference.
QUESTION 11:
Which of the following represent the Darcy’s friction factor in terms of Reynolds number (Re) for the
laminar flow in circular pipes?
a. 64/Re b. 32/Re c. 16/Re d. None of these
Correct Answer: a
Detailed Solution: Darcy-weisbach equation for friction losses in circular pipe
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 = , where L =length of the pipe, D=dia of the circular pipe, V= mean velocity of flow, f =
2𝑔𝐷
Darcy’s friction factor= 4xF’, F’ = coefficient of friction, hf= head loss due to friction
64 1 64 16
For laminar flow, 𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 ′ = 4 × 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒
0.316
For turbulent flow 𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒 1/4

QUESTION 12:
In a turbulent flow in a pipe the friction factor f is 0.02. Estimate the ratio of the shear velocity to
mean velocity.
a. 0.04 b. 0.05 c. 0.045 d. 0.055
Correct Answer: b. 0.05
𝑢∗ 𝑓 𝑢∗ 0.02
Detailed Solution: = √8 ⇒ =√ = 0.05.
𝑉 𝑉 8

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