Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TEACHING PFOFESSION 1
Historical, Philosophical and Sociological Foundations of Education
EDUCATION
• Derived from Latin word educare which means “bring up”, which is related to educere “bring
out”
• Any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an
individual
• It is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, and
values from one generation to another
LEARNING
• acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, preferences or understanding, and may
involve synthesizing different types of education
FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
*historical
*philosophical
*legal
*sociological
*anthropological
HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
*ancient *medieval *modern
ANCIENT PERIOD OF EDUCATION
-Primitive Education
-Sumerian Education
-Oriental Education
-Greek Education
-Roman Education
-Early Christian Education
PRIMITIVE EDUCATION
AIM-survival, security, preservation of tradition, conformity to the tribe to which they belong
METHOD-informal (tell me and show me, trial and error), vocational, practical, enculturation,
indoctrination
CURRICULUM-hunting, fishing, songs, poems, dances
AGENTS-parents, tribal leaders, religious leaders
INFLUENCE-transmission of skills culture was passed on and preserved
SUMERIAN EDUCATION
AIM-training of scribes, bookkeepers, teachers
METHOD -imitation, copying, tablet preparation
CURRICULUM -3Rs, astronomy, architecture, agriculture & hydraulics, art, vocational training, law
AGENTS -home, school, temple/apprentice school
INFLUENCE -cuneiform writing
ORIENTAL EDUCATION
AIM- impress traditional ideas and customs in order to maintain and perpetuate the long-established
social order
METHOD- imitation, memorization
CURRICULUM- moral and theoretical training
AGENTS- Orientals (Chinese, Indians, Egyptians, Persians)
INFLUENCE- transfer of traditions and social ethics
GREEK EDUCATION *spartan *Athenian
AIM- promote individual success and welfare
spartan- military and discipline
Athenian- perfect man (body and mind) for excellence
METHODS
Spartan-training, participation, discipline, motivation
Athenian-principle of individuality
CURRICULUM
Spartan-military, moral training, music, gymnastic and vocational
Athenian-liberal education
ROMAN EDUCATION
AIM- realizing national ideals
METHOD-Primary: imitation, memorization
Secondary: literary exercises, grammar and speech
CURRICULUM-physical training (martial arts, use of war weapons)
INFLUENCE-great deal of faith in education, legal ideas
EARLY CHRISTIAN EDUCATION
AIM- moral, holiness, religion, preparation for destiny
METHOD-memorization, AV aids, exposition, worship
CURRICULUM- history, religion, foreign language, PE
AGENTS- home, public school, temple, scribe college
INFLUENCE-10 commandments of the bible, monotheism
SPANISH PERIOD
Focus: Religion, Propagate Christianity
• formal education (private then public-
school systems)
• education through dictation and
memorization
• teachers were the friars
• Spanish friars produced the 1st
grammars and dictionaries that led to development of
Filipino languages
• Vernacular- medium of instruction
• 1565: Parochial schools started in Cebu by Augustinians missionaries
• Colegios: school for boys and Beaterios: school for girls
Colegio de Santa Potenciana
Colegio de San Ildefonso (University of San Carlos- Cebu) Colegio de San Jose (San Jose
Seminary- Manila)
Colegio de Nuestra Señora de Santisimo Trinidad (University of Santo Tomas) Colegio de Niños
Huerfanos de San Juan de Letran (Colegio de San Juan de Letran) Colegio de Santa Isabel
(Santa Isabel College- Manila)
• Royal Decree 1863: established the first public school system
AMERICAN PERIOD
Focus: Democracy, Self- government
• formal education (public-school systems)
• English- medium of instruction
• education through socialized recitation and active participation
• 4RS, language, civics, hygiene and sanitation, gardening, domestic science, American and
Philippine history
• from age seven, children were registered and enrolled at the nearest public schools
• American soldiers were the teachers and later relieved by Thomasites
Education Act of 1901 (Act. No. 74)
• establish a department of public instruction
• establish a highly centralized system
• provide the importation of teachers
• create the Philippine Normal School
1908: UP was founded- the first school with university status 1925: The Monroe Survey
Commission was created to evaluate the school system
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
Focus: Nationalistic and Democratic Ideals and Ways of Life
• training was done through public and private schools (sectarian or non-sectarian)
• offers industrial and agricultural courses; curricular emphasis on character education and
citizenship training
• free public school education was guaranteed
• 1935 Constitution: develop moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience and
vocational efficiency
• Educ. Act of 1940 – Commonwealth Act No. 586
• Act No. 4007 – complete abolition of fees
• E.O. 134 in 1936 – Tagalog as basis of national language
• E.O. 263 in 1940 – teaching of national language in senior high and all years in normal schools
• C.A. 117 – placed all public school teachers under civic service rules
• C.A. 578 – “persons of authority” (supervisors, principals, teachers and professors training
adults)
• C.A. 80 – legal basis for adult education
• C.A. 589 in 1940 – school ritual (singing of Nat’l Anthem, recitation of Patriotic Pledge)
• C.A. 1 “Nat’l Defense Act of Dec. 21, 1935” – preparatory military training
• P.D. 1706 of 1980 “Nat’l Service Law” – required civic welfare, law enforcement and military
service
JAPANESE PERIOD
Focus: Vocational, Agricultural, and Technical Education
• develop pride in work and dignity of labor
• discouraged patronizing any Western countries, particularly the United States
• understand the position of the Philippines in the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere
• develop a sense of Asian pride
• Nihonggo was taught in schools
• 1942 – “Military Order No. 2” Commission On Education, Health, and Public Welfare
REPUBLIC PERIOD
Focus: Education for All, Patriotism
• individuals realized their capacities but in social context
• society is not separated from the individual
• democracy thrives on change, it is dynamic and flexible
• social orientation as manifested by the conservation of the Filipino heritage
• training for occupation and promotion of democratic nation building
• R.A. 896: Education Act of 1953
restoration of Grade 7 (not implemented due to lack of funds)
practice of 1 class under 1 teacher in the primary and 3 teachers to 2 classes,
5 teachers to 3 classes in the intermediate
compulsory completion of elementary grades
compulsory enrollment of children in the public schools upon reaching 7 years old
• R.A. 1979: made permanent civil service eligibility of teachers
• R.A. 1265: daily flag ceremony shall be compulsory in all schools
• R.A. 1425: inclusion of life, works, and writings of Jose Rizal
• R.A. 4670: Magna Carta for Public School Teachers
NEW SOCIETY PERIOD
• R.A. 896: Education Act of 1953
restoration of Grade 7 (not implemented due to lack of funds)
practice of 1 class under 1 teacher in the primary and 3 teachers to 2 classes,
5 teachers to 3 classes in the intermediate
compulsory completion of elementary grades
compulsory enrollment of children in the public schools upon reaching 7 years old
• R.A. 1979: made permanent civil service eligibility of teachers
• R.A. 1265: daily flag ceremony shall be compulsory in all schools
• R.A. 1425: inclusion of life, works, and writings of Jose Rizal
• R.A. 4670: Magna Carta for Public School Teachers
Focus: National Development and High Profession
• make education relevant to the needs of the changing world
• emphasis on mastery learning and offers elective subjects
• Bilingual Educational Policy: use of English and Filipino as medium of instruction
• NCEE- National College Entrance Examination
• NEAT- National Elementary Assessment Test
• NSAT- National Secondary Assessment Test
Trends in Education
• Project IMPACT – Instructional Management by Parents, Community, and Teachers
• ISOSA – In School, Off School Approach
• CPS – Continuous Progression Scheme
• PRUDED – Program for a Decentralized Educational Development
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
Focus: Globalization, Quality Education and Human Rights
• promote national development and values education
• student-centered and multidisciplinary treatment of curriculum
• cognitive-affective manipulative- based curriculum
• emphasis on critical thinking, science and technology
AQUINO Administration
1987 Philippine Constitution
Highest budget for education
MECS to DECS (E.O. 117)
RAMOS Administration
Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM)
Creation of TESDA (R.A. 7796)
Creation of CHED (R.A. 7722)
ESTRADA Administration
Presidential Commission on Educational Reform (E.O. 46)
ARROYO Administration
DECS to DepEd
HSRT and Bridge Program for March 2004 Elementary graduates
EASTERN *Religion
*Institution
*Mysticism
*Eastern Philosophy
WESTERN *Science
*LOgic
*WEstern philosophy
*Reason
EASTERN
INDIAN
• Buddhism
• Jainism
• Carvaka
CHINESE
• Confucianism
• Taoism
• Mohism
• Legalism
WESTERN
CLASSICAL
• Naturalism
• Idealism
• Realism
• Pragmatism
CONTEMPORARY
• Perennialism
• Essentialism
• Progressivism
• Reconstructionism
EASTERN PHILOSOPHIES
B uddhism
I slam
T aois
C onfucianism
H induism
Z en Buddhism
S hintoism
Buddhism
Proponent: Siddharta Gautama
• believes in FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
truth of suffering (dukkha)
truth of the cause of suffering
truth of the end of suffering
the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering
• believes in the LAW OF KARMA
Buddhism in education
education is rooted in faith
continuing educational system – to receive additional teaching and learn from each other
during class discussions
c
Proponent: Muhammad ibn Abdullah
• has FIVE PILLARS
Shahada (confession of faith)
Salat (prayer)
Zakat (alms giving)
Ramadan (fasting)
Haji (pilgrimage)
Islam in Education
useful knowledge is necessary for the benefit of the self and of humanity
a truly Islamic government is required to provide all means to promote adequate education
for its citizen, to the best of its ability
TAOISM
Proponent: Laozi (Lao Tzu)
• TAO: a way of life, a philosophy advocating simplicity, frugality, and the joys of
being close to nature and being in harmony with the whole universe
Taoism in Education
physical exercises involve slow and controlled body movements to achieve mental stillness
CONFUCIANISM
Proponent: Confucius (K’ung Fu-Tzu)
• teaches moral life through devotion to the family, loyalty to the elders, love of learning,
brotherhood, civil service, and universal love and justice
GOLDEN RULE-Do not do unto others what you would not like others to do unto you.
GOVERNMENT- Sufficient food, weapons and the confidence of the people make a good government.
Confucianism in Education
WESTEERN PHIOSOPHIES
CLASSICAL *pragmatism
*realism
*idealism
*naturalism
MODERN *perennialism
*essentialism
*progressivism
*existentialism
*social reconstructivism
PRAGMATISM
• practical for life and encourage them to grow into better people
APPLICATION TO EDUCATION
• student-centered
• teacher as facilitator
REALISM
DESCRIPTION
APPLICATION TO EDUCATION
• Teaching methods: Socratic method, Disputation and Discussion, Lecture, Memorization, Use
of visuals and problem-solving
IDEALISM
APPLICATION TO EDUCATION
• teacher-centered
NATURALISM
DESCRIPTION
• oldest philosophy that believes that the nature is the aggregate of physical objects
• child as a gift of nature with potentialities for natural growth according to laws of nature
APPLICATION TO EDUCATION
Classical Philosophies
*pragmatism
*realism
*idealism
*naturalism
PERENNIALISM
DESCRIPTION
APPLICATION TO EDUCATION
• Classroom Management: orderly rows, neat room, creating rules, always seeking rational
people
ESSENTIALISM
DESCRIPTION
• children should learn the traditional basic subjects and that these should be learned
thoroughly and rigorously
APPLICATION TO EDUCATION
PROGRESSIVISM
DESCRIPTION
APPLICATION TO EDUCATION
• teacher is a facilitator
EXISTENTIALISM
DESCRIPTION
• individuals are responsible for determining for themselves what is true, beautiful, false, right
or wrong
APPLICATION TO EDUCATION
• school assists students in knowing themselves and learning their place in society
SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM
DESCRIPTION
APPLICATION TO EDUCATION
• focuses on student experience and taking social action on real problems such as violence,
hunger, terrorism, inflation
• emphasis on social sciences and focus on present and future trends as well as national and
international issues
MODERN PHILOSOPHIES
*PERENNIALISM
*PROGRESSIVISM
*ESSENTIALISM
*EXISTENTIALISM
*SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM
OTHER PHILOSOPHIES
*BEHAVIORISM
*CONNECTIONISM
*COGNITIVISM
*INSTRUMENTALISM
*HEDONISM
*ALTRUISM
*UTILITARIANISM
*SELF-REALIZATION
*RATIONALISM
• study of groups and societies and how they affect the people
• encompassed all the elements of society (i.e. social relation, social stratification, social
interaction, culture)
SOCIETY- a group of organized individuals who think of themselves as a distinct group, and who live
together sharing the same culture occupying the same territory, who interrelates and interacts with
one another, recruits its members by intergroup sexual production and has a shared comprehensive
culture, with common shared attitudes, sentiments, aspirations, and goals
• a process whereby people learn attitudes, values and actions appropriate to individuals as
members of a particular society, where a member of a group learns and internalizes the
norms and standards of the other member among whom he/she lives
Family
• smallest social institution
• Psychomotor and manipulative skills- how to walk, dance, and to use properly kitchen tools,
utensils, etc.
• Recreational skills
School
• an institution, center of learning, established by society in which the accumulated
experiences of the past generations are passed on to the incoming generation by means of
systematized programs of instruction
Agent of Socialization
Agent of Modernization
Agent of Socialization
student government trains the students to become good leaders and followers
Assimilation – an individual loses entirely of previous group identity and takes on that of
another group
knowledge about the latest development in science and technology, and about the nations
and people of the world
Agent of Modernization
development of oral and written communication and other modern means of communication
CHURCH
• a lifetime school of learning
History
Prophecies
Divine Values
-logos – study
• science that studies the origin and development of man, his work and achievements
which includes the study of physical, intellectual, moral, social, and cultural
development of man, including his customs, mores, folkways, and beliefs
CULTURE
--a set of learned behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals that characterize a particular
society or population. (Ember, 1999)
-the learned norms, values, knowledge, artifacts, language, and symbols that are constantly
communicated among people who share a common way of life (Calhoun, et.al., 1994)
the sum total of symbols, ideas, forms of expressions, and material products associated with
a system (Johnson, 1996)
Characteristics of Culture
*transferable
*continuous
*symbolic
*dynamic
*shared
*adaptive
*learned
*universal
*borrowed
Elements of Culture
Language
• an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture
• Inclusive of speech, written characters, numerals, symbols and gestures, and expressions of
verbal and non-verbal communication
Mores
• are the customs, norms, and behaviors that are acceptable to a society or social group
Norms
Folkways
Sanctions
Values
• are collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable and proper or bad,
undesirable and improper in a particular culture
Cultural Change-- refers to all alteration affecting new trait or trait complexes to change the
culture’s content and structures
Technological Change-- revision that occur in man’s application of his technical knowledge
and skills as he adopts himself to environment
Freedom
Justice
giving others what is due to them; rendering to every man that exact measures of his due
without regard to his personal worth or merit
Right
means what is just, reasonable, equitable, what ought to be, what is justifiable, something
that is owed or due to others
Duties
refer to the those that are due justice, to another individual or collective persons and to God.
Accountability
means to be answerable for; emphasizes liability for something of value either contractually
or because of one’s position of authority
Authority
refers to the right given to give commands, enforce laws, take action, make decisions, and exact
obedience, determine or judge
Responsibility
refers to trustworthy performance of fixed duties and consequent awareness of the penalty for
failure to do so.
Cultural relativism
Culture shock
Ethnocentrism
Xenocentrism
Enculturation
Acculturation
Indoctrination
Assimilation
Accommodation
SOCIAL MOBILITY
Horizontal Mobility
Vertical Mobility
Intergenerational Mobility
Intragenerational Mobility
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
refers to a society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like
wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power (social
and political).
Emotional Stability-- being even-tempered, particularly in the face of challenges and threats
Drive-- urgent basic need pressing for satisfaction impelling
Compassion- sympathetic pity and concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others
Innovativeness-- the skill and imagination to create new ideas; original and creative in thinking