CONGRUENCE

INTR ODU CTIO N

16, 1
As you k_now that in geom etry, we learn abou t
geom etric al figur e~, thei r I;>roperties a~d
the relati?ns betw een th~m . Ever y geom etric al
figur e can be desc ribed by_its shap e, size
then by simp ly look ing at them we
and position. If we are give n two geom etric al figur es, of sa~ e
or not. Whe n two figu res are
can deter mine whe ther they have the same shap e
same size or not. In orde r to dete rmin €
shape, then we try to know whe ther they are of the
r. If they cove r each othe r exac tly,
this, we cut the two figur es and put one over the othe
e and sam e size. Whe n two figu res
then we say that the two figur es are of the same shap
are cong ruen t. In this chap ter, we
are of the same shap e and same size, we say that they
squa res, recta ngle s and trian gles .
shall study the cong ruen ce of line segm ents, angl es,

16.2 CONGRUENT FIGU RES

is, equa l in ever y resp ect. Thu s, if
The word 'con grue nt' mea ns 'sam e shap e and size', that
they are said to be cong ruen t. We can
two figures have exac tly the same shap e and size,
is a carb otl copy of the othe r. The
also say that two plan e figur es are cong ruen t if each
ruen ce. If two figu res are cong ruen t,
relation of two figur es bein g cong ruen t, is calle d cong
we can supe rpos e one figu re on the
then with out bend ing or chan ging their posit ions,
other so that they com plete ly cove r each othe r.
Thus, we can say that:
ed on the othe r, cove rs it exac tly.
Two plane figur es are cong ruen t, if each when supe rpos
to'.
We shall use the symb ol '=' to indic ate 'is cong ruen t
Thus, if there are two figur es F 1 and F 2 , then F 1 =F 2
mea ns that figu re F 1 is cong ruen t to
figureF 2 .

?ONGRUENCE OF LINE SEGMENTS Let ther e be

two line segm ents AB and CD as show n
we
in Fig. 1. In orde r to see whe ther
thes e two line segm ents are cong ruen t or not,
to supe rpos e it on the line segm ent
take a trace copy of line segm ent CD and then try
cong ruen t, othe rwis e not. Whe n
~ - If they cove r exac tly, the two line segm ents are
and D on B or C on B and D on A
th and CD cove r each othe r exac tly with C on A '
en AB and CD have the sam e leng th.
!:~~• in case of line segm ents , if two line segm ents have the
if they are cong ruen t, they have the sam e leng th.
sam e leng th, they are cong ruen t

A B C D
Fig.1
lience
' We obta in the follo wing resu lt:
e leng th.
'l'h . Two line segm ents are cong ruen t, if they have the sam
at l S l°
' ine segm ent AB= line segm ent CD, if AB= CD.
 · 2~_ _ _ _ _ _ _
11 16..
~
______ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _Ma._th ematic
- · - ·....:_:_:
s_ for =-~
~
CONGRUENCE OF TWO ANGLES C'o n~ide r tw o angle
s - B.-\C and ...:.. Q:R as ~ l!l
~ - ~- In orde-.r ro $:~ the rongr uenc e of these two angle
s we proce ed as follows.
Tok: a trae"e ropy of _QP R and try to super pose it on _ B.,.\C su~
that P falls on,A and ral'
PQ ~ lls al1.mg ray .-\B. If now. ray PR falls along ray .-\C.
then _QP R co,er s L BAC ~ dly
~ we &'\ Y that _B.:-\C and ,_ QPR are cong
ruent -

A B p a
Rg. 2
Clear ly. in such a situation L R 4.C and L QPR filtl ha,e the
same meas ure.
Thus . we obtai n the follow ing result :
Two ang les are congr uent., if they have the same meas
ure.
That is,
L BAC =L QPR , then m / BAC = m / QPR
CONG RUEN CE OF TWO SQUARES We know that
two plane figur es are cong ruent , if each
when supe rpose d on the other , cover s it exact ly, that
is, they have the same shape and
same size. Since all squa res ha,e the same shap e and the siz.e
of a squa re is deter mine d by
the lengt h of a side. Ther efore if we are given two squa
res ABC D and PQR S as shown in
Fig. 3 , then to see whet her they are cong ruent or not
, we make a trace copy of one of the
squa res, say, PQR S and try to supe rpose it on the other
squa re ABC D such that P falls on
A and side PQ falls on side AB. We find that the squa re
PQR S will cover squa re ABCD
. exac tly, if PQ =AB . Thus , we have the following fact:
Two squa res are cong ruent , if they hav e the same side lengt
h. That is,
=
squa re ABC D squa re PQRS, ifAB= PQ.
D C s R

A B p
C
Fig.3
CONGRUENCE OF TWO RECTANGLES The leng th and brea
dth of a recta ngle deter mine its
shap e and size. In orde r to see whet her two given recta ngles ABC
D and PQR S are congruent
or not, we mak e a trace copy of recta ngle PQR S. By supe
rposi ng it on recta ngle ABC D, we
find that it will cove r recta ngle ABC D exac tly, if AB =PQ
and BC =QR. That is, rectangles
ABC D and PQR S have the same leng th and brea dth. Thus , we
have the following fact:
 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
_!~~
_ _ _ _ __
c_e_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
gruen:.:.
~
Tw o rec tan gle s are con gr uen t, ·t adt h.
i the y hav e the sam e len gth and bre
D S A
C
1 - - -- - - - - - ~

p a
A B
Fig. 4
pe and the siz e of
TW O CIR CLE S We kno w tha t all circ les hav e the sam e sha g. ~)
coNGRUENCE O~
er two giv en circ les C 1 and C2 (Fi
by its rad ius . In ord er to see wh eth
is det erm me d ke it
8 circle
ma ke a tra ce cop y of one of the two circ les , say C 1 , and try to ma
are con gru ent or ~o t we circ le C 2 wil l cov er the circ le C 1 exa ctly
, if the y are of
~nd circ le. We fin d tha t the
cover the sec
foll ow ing fact:
the same rad ms . Th us, we hav e the
hav e the sam e rad ius .
Tw o cir cle s are con gru ent if the y

C, c.
Fig. 5
ius of C 1 = rad ius of C 2 .
That is, Cir cle C 1 =Cir cle C 2 , if rad

EXERCISE 16.1
les .
con cep t of con gru enc e of figu res with the help of cer tain exa mp
1. Explain the
2. Fill in the blanks: ..... .
nts are con gru ent if ...... . (ii) Two ang les are con gru ent if
(i) Two line seg me if ... .. .
con gru ent if ...... . (iv) Two rec tan gle s are con gru ent
(iii) Two squ res are
..
(v) Two circ les are con gru ent if .....
3. In Fig. 6, L. PO Q= L. ROS, can
we say tha t L POR L QOS =

0 A
p
0 Fig. 7
Fig. 6
 16.4 Mathematics for Clas
~
4· In Fig 7 a= b = c name the angle which is congruent to L
·
5. Is it corr,ect to say
' AOC. . .
that any two right angles are congrue t? Give reasons to Jusn1
n · Y Your
answer 0

=
6. In Fig. 8, L AOC L PYR and L
BOC = L QYR. Name th e angle wh'IC h ·IS
congruent to
L AOB .

B Q

0 A y F
Fig . 8
7. Which of the following statements are
true and which are false ;
(i) All squares are congruent.
(ii) If two squres have equal areas, they
are congruent.
(iii) If two rectangles have equal area ,
they are congruent.
(iv) If two triangles are equal in area, they
are congruent.

ANSWERS
2. (i) they are of equal lengths (ii) their measures are equal (iii) they have the same side length
(iv) their dimensions are same (v) they have the same radii
3. Yes 4. L. 800 5. Yes 6. L. PYQ
7. (i) F (ii) T (iii) F (iv) F

16.3 CONGRUENCE OF TWO TRI

ANGLES
Two tria ngl es are congruent if and only
oth er, so as to cover it exactly. if one of the m can be mad e to superp
ose on the
Let t:.ABC and t:.DEF be two congru
ent
DEF, so as to cover it exactly . In such triangles. Then, we can superpose ti ABC on 6
a superposition , the vertices of ti ABC
the vertices off: . DEF, in some order. will fall on
Let
ver tex B on ver tex E and ver tex C on ver us assume tha t the ver tex A falls on vertex D,
tex F.
A
D

B C E F
Fig. 9 (a)
The n sid e AB falls on DE , BC on
EF and CA on FD. Also LA superp
cor re~p ond ing ang le LD , LB on LE oses on .the
and LC on LF. Thu s, the order in whi
ch the vertices
 nruence ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
__.:1:..:::6:.:.::-5

~
b automa tically _ determ ines a corres ponde nce betwe en the sides and angles of th e
th
th e superp osition is exact, i.e. the triang les are con~ ent, e
fJ1 8t\Jang !es. ~d, if
Conse quentl y we get six equali ties; three
ti\'O espond ing s1d_es a~d angles are congru ent.
nd t~ree of the corres pondin g angles .
iffbe correspo nd mg sides ~
exactl y such that
follows from the above d1scuss1on that, if L.\ ABC superp oses on L\ DEF
It vertices of L\ ABC fall on the vertice s of L.\ DEF in the follow ing order
tbe
ABD ,BttE , CttF
equali ties
rnen, we have the follow ing six
AB== DE, BC= EF, CA = FD (i.e. Corres pondin g sides are congr uent)
LA== L D, L B= L E, L C= LF (i.e. Corres pondin g angles are congr uent)
the vertic es of
I the above discus sion we have consid ered one corres ponde nce betwe en
triangles ABC and DEF vi~. A ➔ D, B ➔ E and c ➔ F. But there can be many other
_
matchings betwe en the vertic es of two triang les as discus sed below.
corres pon~e rrces
In two trian¥ les AI:C and DEF, we have the follow ing six match ings or
between their vertice s:
ABD , B ttE and CttFw ritten asAB CttDE F
ABE, B tt F and C tt D writte n as ABC tt EFD
A B F, B tt D and C tt E writte n as ABC tt FDE
A B D, B tt F and C tt E writte n as ABC tt DFE
A BE, B tt D and C tt F writte n as ABC tt EDF
A BF, B tt E and C tt D writte n as ABC tt FED
If t, ABC is congr uent to L\ DEF, then in one of these six match
ings L.\ ABC superp oses on
ti DEF exactly and in that partic ular match ing corres pondin
g sides and angles will be con-
ng sides and three
gruent. Conse quentl y, we will have three equali ties of corres pondi
equali-ties of the measu res of corres pondin g angles .
If t, ABC is not congr uent to L.\ DEF, then L\ABC will not superp ose
exactl y L\ DEF in none
one part (a side or an
of the above six possib le match ings. Infact , in each match ing at least
angle) of L.\ ABC will not be equal to the corres pondin g part of L.\ DEF.
the congr uence of
From the above discus sion we obtain the follow ing gener al condit ion for
two triangles:
Two_triangles are congr uent if and only if there exists a corres ponde
nce betwe en their
of the two
ttzces such that the corres pondin g sides and the corres pondin g angles
riangles are equal or congru ent.
make s the six pairs
I~ 6. ABC is congr uent to L.\ DEF and the corres ponde nce ABC tt DEF
0
corresponding parts of the two triang les congru ent, then we write
=
L\ABC L\ DEF
=
!hcus, l'iABC L\ DEF if and only if AB= DE, BC= EF, CA= FD, LA= LD, LB= L E and
'- ::: L F.
of two triang les
~ - In the subseq uent discus sion, the order of the letters in the names le, ,1 ABC
For examp
~ <l o1dicat~ t~e corres ponde nce betwee n the vertices of two triang les.
the F Will indica te the corres ponde nce ABC tt DEF and L1 ABC = L1 DFE will indica te
'h 'l . /.', h . l betwe en the
1-'ond ence ABC tt DFE. T. us, we can easi Y m,er t e six equa ities
Correcorresn
N sponding parts of two triang les from the notati on L1 ABC = L1 DEF.

~ Note that L1PQR =L1 UVWw ill mean that LP= LU, LQ = LV, LR= LW,
PQ = UV.
'
and PR= UW.
 16.6 Mathematics for C/
~
16.4 SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS FOR CONGRUENC
E OF TWO TRIA NGL ES
In the prev ious secti on we have learn t that two trian
gles are cong ruen t if and only ·r
there exist s a corre spo~ denc e betw een their verti ces
such that the hcon:esp~nding sid~s
and corre spon ding angl es of two trian gles are cong
ruen t or e~ua l, t at is, six equalities
(thre e of the corre spon ding sides and thre e of the
corre spon ding angl es) hold good. N
the ques tion arise s: Wha t are the least poss ible cond
ition s to ensu re t?~ congruence°:
two trian gles? Do we need all the six cond ition s or a
less num ber ~f cond ition s will ensur!
the cong ruen ce of two trian gles? In this secti on, we
shall see that if thre e prop erly chos
cond ition s out of the six cond ition s, men tione d in the ·
the othe r three cond ition s are auto mati cally satisfied._
prev ious sect·ion, are sat·isfiied, then
en
Ther e are four such ca~es. In each
case we have a diffe rent comb inati on of three matc
hing parts . Let us now discu ss those
comb inati ons of three matc hing parts .
16.4.1 THE SIDE -SIDE -SIDE (SSS) CONGRUEN
CE CONDITION
Two triangles are congruent, if the three sides of one
trian gle are respectively equal to the
three sides of the othe r triangle.
In orde r to verif y the abov e prop erty, let us perfo rm
the following expe rime nt.
Experiment: Draw a !:!.ABC with AB= 5.5 cm, BC=
6.5 cm and CA= 4.3 cm. Draw another
Li PQR with PQ = 5.5 cm, QR= 6.5 cm and RP=
4.3 cm.
Thus , we have
AB =PQ ,BC =QR andC A=R P.
Now, mak e a trace copy of !:!.PQR and try to mak e it
cove r !:!.ABC with Pon A, Q on B andR
on C. You will find that the two trian gles cove r each
othe r exac tly.
A p

B C
R
Fig.9
Li ABC =Li PQR
Rem ark: ~f tw~ trian gles are congruen~ by SSS cond ition of congruen
ce, then they a~
iden tical . So, the corr espo ndin g angl es (angles oppo
site to equa l sides) will
also be equa l.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Exam ple 1 With out draw ing the trian gles , state the corre spon
denc e betw een the sides
and the angl es of the follo wing pair s of cong ruen t
trian gles :
=
(i) t1 ABC t1 PQR =
(ii) t1 ABC t1 QRP
Solution (i) We have ,
t1 ABC :t'.1 PQR
⇒ A+..:;P,B+..:;Q,C+..:;R
⇒ AB= PQ, BC= QR, AC= PR, LA= LP, LB=
LQa ndL C=L R
(ii) We have ,
. ~AB C:t1 QRP
 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ~1 ~6 '.: .: .- .7
gruenc~e- - - - -- -- -- -, -- -- --
~ ⇒ AH Q, BH Ra nd CH P
LQ , LB = LR and -L C= LP
⇒ AB = QR, BC =R P,A C = QP, LA = on, sta te
~he foll ow ing pai rs of tria ngl es (Fig. 10) , by app lyi ng SS S con diti
In . .
wh ich are con gru ent · St a t e th e res ult m sym boh c form:
A

5cm B
A D
C
(ii)
(i)
Fig. 10
hav e
Solution (i) In tria ngl es AB C and CDA, we (Co mm on)
= CD = 5 cm , BC = DA = 3 cm , and , AC = AC = 6. 7 cm .
AB
hav e
By SS S con diti on of con gru enc e, we
ti AB C= ti CD A
hav e
(ii) In tria ngl es AB C and AR D, we (Co mm on)
cm ,BC =B D= 3c m and , AB =A B= 3.l cm
AC =A D= 9.2
e, we hav e
So, by SS S con diti on of con gru enc
tiA BC =tiA BD
con gru ent ,
ich of the foll ow ing pai rs of tria ngl es are con gru ent ? If the y are
Example 3 Wh
.
wri te out the pai rs of equ al ang les
(i) ti AB C: AB = 3 cm, BC =
4 cm, CA = 2 cm
FD = 1 cm
l\ DE F: DE =2 cm , EF =3 cm and !

, QR = 15 cm , PR = 18 cm
(ii) ti PQ R : PQ = 17 cm
ti DE F: DE = 18 cm, EF = 17 cm
, DF = 15 cm .

(i) In tria ngl es AB C and DE

F, we hav e
Solution
AB =E F= 3 cm ,BC =F D = 4cm
and CA =D E= 2 cm
e, we hav e
So, by SS S con diti on of con gru enc
£\A BC = tiE FD
osi te to the se sid es are equ al.
Sin ce AB = EF , the ref ore ang les opp
⇒ LC =L D
Sim ilar ly, BC = FD ⇒ LA = LE
and, CA =D E ~ LB =L F
we hav e
(ii) In tria ngl es PQ R and DE F,
PQ = EF = 17 cm , QR = FD = 15
cm and RP = DE = 18 cm
e, we hav e
So, by SS S con dit ion of con gru enc
l\ PQ R =l\ EF D
⇒ LP = LE , LQ = LF and LR = LD
 16 .8
f\,l.1tt101nf 1t1, ,~,
Ex am pl e4 ln Fi~·. 1 J. it. i:-- g·iv '"
1
t 1 (, ' /
t'll thn l AH c'I> :i nd , \ I) /JC . - -.:.!~~ \
P r ovc, thn t. 6.. -\D C ,\
('/1 ,•\ .
So lut ion In ,"-. /\D C' nn d t'. CH, \. b
w e' hn vt'
.A B = CD I\ I
IO iVl ' ll I
AD = BC'
!C:i,·t,n l
AC = AC
!C o mm o n 1'irkl
So . by SS S cri ter ion or co
ng ru mH'l'. Wl' hn vt'
l.i AD C = 1.i CB A
C
EX ER CI SE 16 .2 Fig . 11
1. In the fol low ing pa
irs of tria ng les (Fig. 12
s,'d es. By ap ply ing SS to 15), the lengt11s of the
S co nd itio n, de ter mi ne sid es a re indica ted ,.,
for m. wh ich are co ng ru ent. St t th 10 11
a e e res ult In syi nb
" oi::·'
A
D
'"

( i)

B
6cm
C E 6cm
F
A
Fig. 12

A
~s
~
(ii i) /,
C
D ,."
I ~

I
B C D E
7c m
B 7cm
Fig . 13
Fig. 14
D D

A
C

Fig. 15 B
Flg .16
2 . In Fig. 16, A D = D C and AB = BC.
 - - - -------------- - -- -- -- -~1.: :.6.:. : . .9
,uen
c{llig ~
11 ce - - - - .
V (i) Is 8 AB O = t1 CBD?
ans we r (i).
th tch ing pairs you have used to
(ii) s tate the ree pa rts of ma 8
DC an d BC =A D. - - - - - ----"J
·g 17 AB = ~
A
1n FI . '
9-
(i) Is 8 AB C = t1 GOA?
have you used?
(ii) What con gru en ce con diti on
not given in the question
(iii) You have use d som e fact, ' C
what is tha t? D
Fig . 17
If t pOR = D. EF D,
ua ls L E?
4.
e of D. PQ R equ als ED ? (ii) Which ang le of D. PQ R eq
(i) Wh ich sid
res pe ctiv ely. If als o,
d PQ R are bot h iso sce les with AB = AC an d pQ = PR
_ Tria ngles AB C an dit ion do you use ?
5
and BC = OR , are the two triangles congruent? Wh ich con
AB== PO
re of LR ?
If l.. B == 50° , wh at is the me asu d D lie on the
iso sce les tria ngl es on a com mo n ba se BC suc h tha t A an
6_ ABC and
DBC are bot h dit ion do you use ? If
BC . Are tria ngl es AD B and AD C con gru ent ? Wh ich con
same side of
°; then find L ADB.
L BAG= 40 ° an d L BO C= 100 18 .
n bas e AB , and AC = BO an d BC = AD as sh ow n in Fig . •
7. t),, ABC and D. AB O are on a
com mo c o
sta tem ent s is tru e?
Which of the foll ow ing

(i) ti AB C = D. AB O

(ii) Ll AB C = L1 AD B

B
(iii) ti AB C = t1 BA D A
Fig . 18
int of ba se BC.
Fig . 19, D. AB C is iso sce les wit h AB = AC, Dis the mid -po
8. In
(i) ls ti AD B =11 AO C?
at yo ur an sw er.
tch ing pa rts you use to arr ive
(ii) State the thr ee pa irs of ma
A
A

Fig . 20
g Fig . 19
les wit h AB = AC. Sta te if
11 AB C =11 ACB. If yes, state three
· ~:, F;_g. 20, 11 AB C is iso sce
you r an sw er.
a 10ns tha t you us e to arr ive at
 i116~.~1~
o ____________
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _M_a_th
- _e_m
~a~ t~/c::!...'
s~ . rc
1o. Triangles AB C and DBC have side
BC common, AB = BD a nd AC = CD ~
congruent? State in symbolic form. . Are the two trlarigi
Which congruence co nd ition do you
equal L. AC D? Why or why not? use? Does ~ A es
80

AN SW ER S
1. (i) ABC = DE F (ii) ABC = ABO
(iii) 6. ABO = 6. FEC
(iv) 6. OAB =6. OCD 2. Yes; AB, CB ; AD, CD ; BO, BO
3. (i) Yes (ii) sss (iii) AC = CA 4. (i) PR (ii) L p
5. Yes, SSS, 50° 6. Yes, SSS, 130° 7. (iii)
8. (i) Yes (ii) AB, AC ; AO, AD ; BO, DC
9. Yes , AB = AC, BC = CB and AC
10. Yes, 6. AB C= 6. DBC, SSS, Yes = AB

16.4 .2 SAS CO NG RUE NCE CON

DIT ION
Tw o tria ngl es are con gru ent if two
sid es and the inc lud ed ang le of the
equ al to the two sid es and the inc lud one are respectively
ed ang le of the other.
In ord er to ver ify the abo ve fac t, we
per for m the following exp erim ent .
Experiment: Dra w a 6. AB C wit h
AB = 6 cm, AC = 4 cm and LA =60
wit hP Q = 6 cm, PR = 4 cm and LP = °. Also, dra w a 6. PQR
60°.
Thu s, we-hav e
AB =P Q,A C =P R and LA = LP
Ma ke a tra ce copy of !:!..ABC and try to
cover 6.PQR wit h A on P, Bo n Q and
C onR .
C
R

A 6cm B p
6cm a
Fig.21
Yo u wil l fin d tha t the two tria ngl es
will cover eac h oth er exa ctly .
He nce , !).A BC = !).PQR ·.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Exa mp le 1 In eac h of the following pai rs of
tria ngl es the me asu res of som e par
ind ica ted alo ng sid e. By the app lica ts are
tion of SAS con gru enc e condition,
wh ich are con gru ent . Sta te the res ult state
in sym bol ic for m .
Sol utio n (i) In tria ngl es AB C and PQ R, we hav
e
AB =P Q,A C= PR and LA = LP =
40°
So, by SA S-c ong rue nce con diti on, We
hav e
!).A BC = I). PQ R
 __:.1~6~-!!11
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
11ruence::..-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
~ C A

5cm B p 5cm
A

Fig. 22 (i)

e
(ii) In tria ngl es AB C and PQ R, we hav
dL C= LP = 50°
CB =P Q= 5.5 cm, CA =P R= 4cm an
hav e
So, by SA S con gru enc e con diti on, we
Li CB A =LiP QR

R
A

p 5.5c m a
B 5.5c m C

Fig. 22 (ii)
e
(iii) In tria ngl es AB E and CB D, we hav
LA = LC = 40°
AB = CB = 5.2 cm, AE =C D= 5 cm and
hav e
So, by SA S con gru enc e con diti on, we
LiE AB: :::L iDC B

A
A

C 3cm D 3cm C

Fig. 22 (iv)
Fig. 22 (iii)
. 22 (iv)], we hav e
(iv) In tria ngl esA BD and AC D [Fig
= LA DC = 90° .
BD =C D= 3 cm ,AD =A D and LA DB
hav e
So, by SA S con gru enc e con diti on, we
LiA DB ::::LiADC
 ~_
11 16 ~
_________
~ 212 _________
_________
M_a_t_h_em-..::a
Ex am pl e2 W hi ch of th e fo llo wi ng
(i) /!:J. AB C: AB = 2 cm ,
L Z = 40°
(ii) /!:J. PQ R: PQ = 5 cm
L D = 55°
Solution (i) In 1!:J.ABC an d /!:J.XY
AB = XZ , = 2 cm AC = YZ
Th us in /!:J. AB C' an d XY
' Z th e tw o sid es an d in
ar e eq ua l to tw o sid es
So , by SA S co ng ru en ce
=
1!:J.ABC l!:J. ZX Y
(ii ) In /!:J. PQ R, th e in clu
In /!:J. DE F, th e in clu de d
W e ha ve ,
PQ = EF = 5 cm an d PR =
So , th e gi ve n tri an gl es
Example 3 Sh ow th at
in an iso sc ele s tri an gl
Solution Le t /!:J. AB C be an iso sc ele
Th en , we ha ve to pr ov e
Dr aw th e bi se cto r AD of
No w, in /!:J. s AB D an d AC
AB = AC
L BA D = L CAD
an d, AD =A D
Th er ef or e, by SA S co ng
l!:J. AB D = l!:J. AC D
⇒ LB = LC
Ex am pl e4 Sh ow th at
th e bi se cto r of ve rti ca
ba se at rig ht an gl es .
Solution Le t /!:J. AB C be an iso sc ele
Le t AD be th e bi se cto r
No w, in l!:J.8 AB D an d AC
AB = AC
LB AD = L CA D [ ·.· AD
an d, AD = AD
⇒ BD = CD an d LA
Th er ef or e, by SA S co ng
!). AB D =l!:J. AC D
Bu t, LA D B + LA D C =
LA D B = LA DC = 90°
He nc e, AD bi se ct s BC
~ti=cs::..'.for CJ
pa irs of tri an gl es ar e co ~
ng ru en t?
AC = 4 cm , L A = 40 ° ;
l!:J. XY Z : XZ = 2 cm
, YZ ::: 4 c
rn,
, PR = 6 cm , L P = 55°;
~ DE F: DE = 6 cm , EF :::
5
Cm ,
Z, we ha ve
= 4 cm an d L A= L Z =
40 °
cl ud ed an gl e of on e tn·
an d' th e co rre sp on di· ng . de d an 1 f an
1n clu g e o th e ot he r. g1e
co nd iti on , we ha ve
de d an gl e be tw ee n PQ
an d PR is L P
an gl e be tw ee n DE an d
EF is L E
DE = 6 cm bu t L P * L E
ar e no t co ng ru en t.
e , an gl es op po sit e to eq
ua l sid es ar e equal.
s tri an gl e su ch th at AB
= AC . A
th at L B= L C.
L A m ee tin g BC in D.
D , we ha ve
(G ive n]
[ ·: AD is th e bi se cto r of
LA ]
(C om mo n sid e]
ru en ce co nd iti on , we ha B D C
ve
Fig . 23
(C or re sp on di ng pa rts of
co ng ru en t tri an gl es ar
e equal]
l an gl e of an iso sc ele s
tri an gl e bis ec ts the
A
s tri an gl e su ch th at AB
= AC .
of ve rti ca l an gl e LA m ee
tin g BC in D
D, we ha ve
[G iv en ]
is th e bi se cto r of LA ]
[C om mo n sid e]
D B = LA DC
ru en ce co nd iti on , we ha B D C
ve
Fig .24
18 0° [L in ea r pa ir pr op
er ty ]
at rig ht an gl es .
 16.13
-
-- - --------------
(l)ence - - -- - - - - - - - -
nd LC.
In .'1AB C, L A= 100° and AB =AC . Find L B a
have ,
~ We
~srTlP
si,ution AB = AC (Give n!

⇒ L B=L C l·: Angl es opp. to equa l sides are equa l J

Now,
L A + LB + LC= 180° [ ·: Sum of angle s of a trian gle= 180° ]
[ ·: LB= L C]
⇒ L A + L B+ LB= 180°
⇒ 100° + 2LB = 180°
⇒ 2 L B = so·
⇒ L B=4 0°
Henc e , L B= LC = 40°
A
A

C D
C B
B
~ Fig . 25
Fig . 26

LA.
Example 6 In Fig. 26,A B =AC and LACD = 120°. Find
Solution We have , [Giv en]
AB= AC
l]
⇒ L B= L C [·: Angl es oppo site to equa l sides are equa
Now ,
[Ang les of a linea r pair]
LAC B + L ACD = 180°
⇒ L C+ 120° = 180° [·: Sum of angl es ofa trian gle is 180° ]
⇒ LC = 60°
[ ·: LB= L C]
L B= 60°
Now ,
L A + L B + LC= 180° [ ·: Sum of angl es of a trian gle is 180° )
0

⇒ LA + 60° + 60° = 1so

⇒ LA =60°
Example7 later al trian gle is 60°
Prov e that meas ure of each angle of an equi
Solution , AB= BC= CA A
Let !1AB C be an equi later al trian gle. Then
of a trian gle are equa l.
Since angl es oppo site to equa l sides
AB= BC
.. . (i)
⇒ LC= LA
and, BC= CA
... (ii)
==> LA =LB
From (i) and (ii), we get B C
LA= LB= LC Fig . 27

..._
 Mathe matic s for Class \I
~6 .14
But, L A+ L B+ LC= 180° [., Sum angle p,op erly of a ttiangJ, I
~.!i.-----------------~::::::=~~~~
L A + LA + L A = 180°
⇒ 3L A = 1so·
⇒ LA= 60°
Henc e, L A= L B= L C= 60°.
EXEFICISE 16.3
1. By applying SAS congruence condition, state
which of the following pairs (Fig. 28) of triangl
are congruent. State the result in symbolic form
A es
A

C C
(i)
(ii)

D C ~ c

~ A
A B
(iii) Fig. 28 a (iv)
2. State the cond ition by which the following
pairs of triang les are cong ruent .
A

B D D

C
B
(I)
(II)
D
'\.
D

A~C
I
:L
A
B
B
(HI) Fig. 29 (Iv)
 16.15
9.'uence
0. e
~ line se~m ents AB and CD bisect each other at
3. Ill hich of the follow ing statem ents is true?
6 DOB (ii) 6 AOC = 6 BOD
W(i) t:, AOC =
...) t:. AOC 6 ODB.
=
(Ill . f h"
the three pairs o mate Ing parts, you have used to arive at
sta te
he answer.
1
. e-segments AB and CD bisect each other at
o. AC and BO
g triang les AOC and BOD. State the three
4. un joined formin
ns betwe en the parts of the two triang les, that are A
ar~ality relatio Fig.30
congr uent?
e~en or othe~ ise know~. Are the two triangles .
do you use?
§rate in symbo lic form. Which congr uence condition
s L A and meets the base BC in D.
~ ABC is isosce les with AB= AC. Line segme nt AD bisect
s.
(i) Is 6 ADB =6 ADC?
r (i) .
(ii) State the three pairs of match ing parts used to answe
(iii) Is it true to say that BO= DC? B
s. In Fig. 31, AB= AD and L BAG= L DAG.
triang les
(i) State in symbo lic form the congr uence of two
ABC and ADC that is true. C
A
true :
(ii) Complete each of the following , so as to make it
(a) L ABC= .. .... . .
(b) L AGO= .. ..... . D
(c) Line segm ent AC bisects .. ... and ..... Fig . 31
B~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C
7. In Fig. 32 , AB II DC and AB= DC.
(i) Is 6 AGO:: 6 CAB?
r (i).
(ii) State the three pairs of match ing parts used to answe

(iii) Which angle is equal to L CAD?

A D
(iv) Does it follow from (iii) that AD II BC?
Fig. 32

ANSWERS
(ii) t:.ADC :t:. ADB (iii) t:. ABD =t:. COB
1. (i) ti AOB=.t:. COD
(ii) SSS (iii) SAS (iv) SAS
(iv) ti ABC=.t:. PQR 2. (i) SSS

I I , I
3· (ii) AO, BO · CO DO · L AOC L BOD
4. OA:: OB, OC= OD, L AOC= L BOO-, Yes ; t:.AOC=. t:. BOD; SAS
(iii) Yes
: · (i) Yes (ii) AB,AC ; AD,AD ; L BAD= L CAD
L ADC (b) L ACB (c) L A, L C
· ('.) ti ABC=. t:. ADC (a)
7 DCA, L BAG (iii) L ACB (iv) Yes
. (i) Yes (ii) AC, CA ; DC, BA ; L I
16.43
'II. • ASA CONG RUEN CE CONDITION
'Wo t • the ivclud ed side of the one are
resp i:iangles are congr uent if two angle s and
ed of the other.
ectively equal to the two angle s and the includ side
 16.1 6 Mathematics~
In orde r to veri.(y the abov e stat .
eme nt, let us pe rform the followin ~
g exp enm ent.

C R

A
f?o~ { 50°
6.5cm B p 6.5cm
A Fig. 32a
Q

Experiment: Dra w a 6 ABC with

AB = 6.5 cm , L A = 60° and L B =
with PQ = 6.5 cm, L P= 60° and 50° . Also , draw a I!. PQR
L Q = 50°. Thu s, we hav e two tria
that AB =PQ , L A= L P and L B= ngl es ABC and PQR such
L Q. Mak e a trac e copy of 6AB C and
A on P , Bon Q and Con R. tryt oco ver6 PQR with
You will find tha t the two tria ngle
s will cover each othe r exa ctly .
=
Hen ce, t!iABC 6 PQR .
Rem ark : By ang le sum pro pert y of a tria ngle
, give n two ang les of a tria ngle , the
be dete rmi ned . Thu s, whe neve r third can
one side and any two ang les of
give n, we can cha nge this to the a triangle are
type , two ang les and incl ude d side
con diti on ASA is app lied. , and the

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Exa mpl e 1 In eac h of the follo win g pair s of
tria ngle s give n in Fig. 33, the mea
par ts are indi cate d alon g side . sure s of some
By app lyin g ASA con gru enc e con
whi ch are con grue nt. Sta te the ans dition, state
wer in sym boli c form .
Solution (i) In d's ABC and PQR , we hav
e
BC = QR = 6 cm, L ABC = L PQR
= 50° and L AC B = L PRQ = 40°
By ASA con grue nce con diti on,
we hav e
6A BC :6P QR
A
p

f::1:1'
40"
f::1:1'
B 40"
6an C Q
Gan F

Fig. 33 (i)
(ii) In !!i's PQR and XYZ, we hav e
QR=:= YZ= 5.5 cm
L PQ R = L XYZ =90°
and , L PRQ = L XZY = 40°
~ 16.17

So, by ASA congruence condition, we have

6. PQR =6. XYZ
i:·•
p X

y 5.5cm
z
a 5.5cm R

Fig. 33 (ii)

(iii) In 6.'sAOD and BOC, we have

L ADO = L CBO = 100°
[Vertically opposite angles]
LADD= LCOB
and, OB = OD = 2 cm
So, by ASA congr_uence condition, we have
:. 6.AOD =6. COB C

A Fig. 33 (iii)

(iv) In 6.'s ABC and BAD, we have

L CAB = L DBA = 30°
L ABC = L EAD =55°
and, AB=BA
By ASA congruence condition, we have
6. ABC~ 6. BAD

A (' 17- t c ) B

Fig. 33 (iv)
16 18
Mathematics to, Ct
Example2 Wh1rh ofth<' followi nl! pai rs nf ~
Lriangl cs are congru ent'!
l11 \A/ W. J\13 = 10 cm, L A =
40°, L li = 1J5°
,\X YZ : XY = 10 cm, / Y = 40°
, L Z = 8!j 0
ti i> A PQH : l'H = 1J cm , L P =37
°, L R = 64 °
A DE F: DE = 5 cm , L D = 37°,
L.F = 64°
Solution ( i) In ll XYZ , we hav e

C
z

85•

40'

A
10cm B y
10cm X

Fig. 34

LY = 40° and LZ = 85°

L X = 180° - (LY + LZ) = 180°
- (40° + 85°) = 55°
Thu s , in li sABC and XY Z, we
hav e
AB =X Y = 10 cm
L A= LY =40 °
and , LB = LX = 55°
By ASA congruence condition, we
hav e
/.\A BC :llY XZ
(ii ) In ll's PQR and DEF, we have
PR =D E= 5cm
LP = L D = 37°
and , L R= LE = 64°
By ASA congruence condition, we
have
ll PQR =ti DFE or li PRQ =ll DEF
a
F

37'
37°
p 5cm R D 5cm

Fig. 34

_A
 16.19
(l)Bnce
rnng~
V EXERCISE 16.4
by ASA condit ion?
. h of the follow ing pairs of triang les are congr uent
WhiC
1.
A
(ii)
A
(i)

40°
C B D C
B
A
~ a

(iii)
30°

p
B C
A
p

(iv)
45°
C Q 5cm R
B 5cm
~
Fig. 36

2- In Fig. 37, AD bisect s LA and AD .l BC.

(i) Is d ADB d ADC? = used in (i) .
(ii) State the three pairs of matching parts you have
(iii) Is it true to say that BO = DC ?
A

D C
B
Fig.37
..__
 _1, 6~-=:
20~ __________
_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _M_a_t_h_em__;,;,a.:.:.:tic:.:s~fo::'..'.r~CI
ass v,,
3. Draw any triangle AB C. Use AS
A condition to construct ano the r tria
4 . In t::.. AB C, it is known that LB ngl e con gru ent to it.
= LC . Imagine you have another cop
y of ti AB C
(i) Is ti AB C = ti AC B?
(ii) State the three pairs of match
ing parts you have used to ans we
(iii) Is it true to say that AB = AC ? r (i).
5. In Fig. 38, AX bisects L. BA G as
well as L. BOC. State the thre e fac
t::..ABO=:t::..ACO. ts nee ded to ensure th t
a
C

D X

Fig. 38
6. In Fig .39 , AO = OB an dL A=
LB .
A

B
Fig. 39
(i) Is ti AO C= ti BO D?
(ii) Sta te the matchir1g pai r you hav
e used , which is not given in the que
(iii) Is it true to say tha t LA GO = stio n.
L BO O?

ANSWERS
1. (i) t::.. AB O :==: 11 COO (ii) 11 ADB =t::.. ADC (iii) 11 AB C= t::.. PQ R
(iv) No 2. (i) Yes (ii) L BAD, L CAD; AD, AD; LA DB
4. (i) Yes ,LA DC (iii) Yes
(ii) L AB C,L AC B;L AC B,L AB C;B
5. (i) L CAD= L BAD, L GOA = L C, CD (iii) Yes
BOA ; AD= AD
6. (i) Yes (ii) LA OC , L BOD
(iii) Yes

16.4.4 RHS CONGRUENCE COND

ITION
Tw o rig ht tria ngl es are con gru ent
if the hyp ote nus e and one side of the
equ al to the hyp ote nus e an d one sid one are respecti vely
e of the oth er.
 16.21
11ruence
con!!. . · en t .
verify • expenm
the above fact, let us perform the fioII owmg
rder to
p
1,1° . e_nt: Draw a /!i ABC. such that LC is a right A
~ tenuse AB =10 cm, and side AC= 8 cm
i111gle,draw a b. . PQR with L.R = 900 ; hypoten us~
.~,s~ 10
cin a nd side PR =8 cm .
p(} we have two triangle s ABC and PQR such that
fhtlS, 0

_ R == 90 , hypoten use AB = hypoten use PQ and

1
1C-
~ AC == side
1-- PR ass h own m. F'1g. 40.
,ide
·
111
ake a trace copy of /!i PQR and try to cover C Q
R

' A]JC with Pon A , Q on

~ow , B an d Ron C. You will find 8

lhat the two triangle s will cover each other exactly. Fig.40
~ ce , t.ABC
pell
=t!iPQR.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPL ES

example 1 In each of the followin g pairs of right triangle s, the measur es of some parts are
indicate d along side. State by the applicat ion of RHS congrue nce conditio n
which are congrue nt. State each result in symboli c form.
Solution (i) In /!i's ADB and BCA, we have
LADB = LBCA = 90°
[Hypote nuse]
AB=AB
and, AD = BC = 8 cm
So, by RHS congrue nce conditio n, we have
t!iADB =t!iBCA
D

D C

Af--- ----- ----- =::.. c

A 10 cm
B
(i) (ii)

Fig. 41

(ii) In /!is ABC and ADC, we have

LABC = LADC = 90°
[Hypote nuse]
AC=AC
and, BC= DC= 4.5 cm
So, by RHS congrue nce conditio n, we have
=
t!iABC t!iADC

.. . - J
11t6~.2~2~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
_ __ _M_a_t_he_m_a_t..::.::ics for c 1
~ ~
Example 2 In Fig. 42, PL _1_ OB and PM ..L OA such th ~t
PL = PM. Is A PLO =~ PMO? Give reason s m
suppo rt of your answe r .

Solution In A s PLO and PMO , we have

LPLO = LPMO = 90°

OP=OP [Hypo tenuse ]

and,P L=PM [Given ]

So, by RHS condit ion of congru ence, we have 0 M A

APLO===APMO. Fig.42

Example 3 If AABC is an isosce les triang le such that AB= AC, then altitud
e AD from A 00
BC bisect s BC (Fig. 43 ).
Solution In right triang lesAD B and ADC, we have
Hyp . AB = Hyp. AC
!Given!
AD=A D
ICommon side]
So, by RHS criteri on of congru ence,
AABD : AACD
BD=DC ·.- Corre spond ing parts of above l
[ congr uent triang les are equal j

A p

B D C Q M R
Fig. 43 Fig. 44
Example 4 In Fig. 44, it is given that LM = MN, QM = MR , ML ..L PQ and MN l PR.
Prove that PQ = PR .
Solution In right triang les QLM and MNR, we have
Hyp. QM= Hyp. MR [Given!
LM= MN [Given]
So, by RHS crit erion of congru ence, we have
AQLM = ~ MNR
⇒ L Q = LR [·: Corres pondin g parts of congr uent tria ngles are equal I
.
⇒ PR= PQ [ ·: Sides oppos ite to equal angles are equnl I
 __ __ __ __ __ __ _1:..::6:.:.:.2==3
uence__ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __
~ equa l. Prov e that 6 ABC is an
ample 5 A D ,_BE and _CF, the altit udes of~ ABC are
~~ eqm late ral trian gle.
A

D C
Fig. 45

Solution In righ t trian gles BCE and BFC , we have

Hyp . BC = Hyp . BC
[Giv en]
BE= CF
So, by RHS crite rion of cong ruen ce, we have
~BC E =~B FC
an~ equ al]
⇒ LB= LC [·: Corr espo ndin g part s of cong ruen t trian gles

⇒ AC= AB ... (i) [·: Side s oppo site to equ al angl es are equ al]

Sim ilarl y, ~AB D =~AB E

equa l]
⇒ LB = LA [Cor resp ondi ng part s of cong ruen t trian gles are
⇒ AC= BC ... (ii) [Sid es oppo site to equa l angl es are equa l]
From (i) and (ii), we get
AB =BC =AC
Hen ce, ~AB C is an equi later al trian gle.
EXERCISE 16.5
1· In each of the follo wing pairs of right triangles, the mea sure s of som e part s are indic
ated alon g
ce condition whic h are cong ruen t. Stat e each
side. State by the appl icati on of RHS congruen
result in sym bolic form. (Fig. 46)
A

D C

(i) (ii)

8
A 5cm

I
j
 16.24 Mathema tics for CJ

A
~
B

(iii) (iv)

3cm C Ai----------.:::.. c
B

(v)

B C

Fig.46
2. ll ABC is isosceles with AB= AC. AD is the altitude from A on BC.
A
(i) Is ll ABO= ll ACa?
(ii) State the pairs of matching parts you have used to answer (i).
(iii) Is it true to say that BO= DC?
3. ll ABC is isosceles with AB= AC. Also, AD l. BC meeting BC in 0.
Are the two triangles ABO and AGO congruent? State in symbolic
form. Which congruence condition do you use? Which side of !l ADC
equals am Which angle of ll ADC equals LB?
4. Draw a right triangle ABC. Use RHS condition to construct another
triangle congrue nt to it.
5. In Fig. 4 7, BO and CE are altitudes of ll ABC and BO= CE. s
(i) Is ll BCD= ll CBE? Fig. 47
(ii) State the three pairs of matching parts you have used to answer (i) .

ANSWERS
1. =
(i) ll ADB ll BCA =
(ii) fl ADB fl ADC (iii) fl AOB =fl DOC
(iv) fl ABC= fl ADC (v) fl ABO= fl CBD
2. (i) Yes (ii) AB, AC; AD, AD ; LADB, LADC (iii) Yes
3. Yes, fl ABO= fl AGO, RHS, CO, LC
5. (i) Yes (ii) BO, CE ; CB ; BC, L BOC, L CEB
 16.25
.,n1ance
y/'W' ~ - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------"7
' ,--· THINGS TO REMEMBER
. ,=s are congruent, if they have exactly the same shape and size.
v0ftQL1v
1. 1i rwo line segments are congruent, if they have the same length .
: /I_; TWO angles are congruent, if they have the same measure.
(_'_'.l r.,--o squares are congruent, if they have the same side length.
{ru ,\ .
. ) Two rectangles are congruent, If they have the same length and breadth.
1
' ' ) Ti-VO circles are congruent, if they have the same radius.

\~,a triangles are congru_ent, if in matching of their vertices, the three sides and the three angles of
5- 7i 1e triangle are respectively equal to the corresponding parts of the other.
~~S congruence Condition : Two triangles are congruent, if three sides of one triangle are
J. respectively equal to the three sides of the other.
_ SAS congruen~e Condtion: Two trianf!les are congruent, if two sides and the included angle of
"· one are respectively equal to the two sides and the included angle of the other.
6. ASA Congruenc~ Condition: Two triangles are congruent, if two angles and the included side of the
one are respectively equal to the two angles and the included side of the other.
i. RHS Conwuence Condition_: Two right triangles are congruent, if the hypotenuse and one side of
the one tnangle are respectively equal to the hypotenuse and one side of the other.
_
8 In an isosceles triangle, the angles opposite to equal sides are equal.
9_ The bisector of the vertical angle of an isosceles triangle bisects the base at right angles.
1o. Two congruent figures are equal in area but two figures having the same area need not be
congruent.