Gen 145 Research Paper Outline Instructor’s Points (15% of your grade)

Directions: This Research Paper Outline is 15% of your total grade for this semester must include the following information.

1. Write your research commodity topic

2. Write an Introductory paragraph that includes a hook, main idea, and thesis statement (200-250 words)
3. An APA 7th Edition Reference Page (10 – 15 sources to back up your thesis statement)

Name: Section:

Research Topic HYBRID VECHICLES

Introduction In order to be considered a "hybrid automobile," a vehicle must have at least two major propulsion systems. Hybrid
automobiles may be driven by either a gasoline or electric engine. "Hybrid" is an appropriate descriptor of this
vehicle's powertrain configuration. Electricity may be generated from a variety of sources, including hydrogen,
propane, compressed natural gas (CNG), and even solar power. As part of this effort, automobile electronics must be
optimized to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. In Chicago and other places, hotel parking incentives may be
available to hybrid drivers. In older fleets, fuel economy may be traded in favor of increased range, power, and
pollution. (Gao, 2007)
Auxiliary electric motors assist the primary engine in a gasoline-electric hybrid system. However, a hybrid engine does
not have the same power and performance capabilities as gasoline engines. Although cars may operate on gasoline
alone, electric motors are essential when the vehicle wants to get to a place that demands considerable amounts of
power to be driven on fuel alone. All of them include passing, navigating hills, and getting the vehicle moving again
when a pause has been reached. The Toyota Prius, for example, is a hybrid vehicle that can coast and stop without ever
requiring a conventional gasoline engine at all.
There are various hybrid technologies that can be used to gasoline-powered automobiles. Fuel savings may be
realized, but the higher design and manufacturing costs would exceed the benefits. Electric and hybrid cars can only be
successful if the government provides financial assistance to both producers and consumers. Regenerative brakes,
aerodynamic improvements, and lightweight construction materials are just a few of the anticipated achievements.
Thesis statement (Xing, 2011)

If hybrid cars are widely embraced, a significant increase in sales might have significant advantages for the
environment and the economy. (Gillette) (Lewton, 2016)

Types of hybrid vehicle: "Hybrid electric cars" are automobiles with an internal combustion engine and electric propulsion. "Hybrid Electric
Vehicle" is a word used to describe a hybrid vehicle that employs both a mechanical engine and an electric motor.
Gen 145 Research Paper Outline Instructor’s Points (15% of your grade)

Name: Section:

Idea 1 Series Hybrid: The additional power is then stored in the battery pack. When detached from the driving wheels, the Internal
Combustion Engine (ICE) may operate at its most efficient level. The limitations of series hybrid drivetrain systems include the high
power of each component and the necessity for a generator. Internal combustion engine power is actually converted twice before it gets
to the wheels. So it's more expensive than the parallel system.

Idea 2 Parallel Hybrid: The wheels and batteries are powered by an ICE support system and a traction motor, respectively, in this proposal.
There is a mechanical connection between an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. As a result, it's feasible that the
electrical machine may be made more cost-effectively and to weigh less overall. A variety of configurations for combining an ICE with an
electric motor are feasible. For speed coupling, torque coupling, or any combination of the three options, the usage of planetary gears is
possible.

Idea 3 Series-Parallel Hybrid: This design combines the advantages of a series and parallel architecture. In order to run an electric motor and
replenish the battery, an ICE relies on the generator.

Idea 4 Parallel or Blended Plug-In Hybrids: Engine and electric motor are physically coupled to the wheels, and they both drive the car in
typical driving situations. At low speeds, electric-only functioning is more common.

Some typical modes for

a parallel hybrid
configuration

Idea 1 Electric power only: Battery power is all that the electric motor needs to reach its typical top speed of 40 kilometers per hour; the ICE
does not provide any more power beyond that. A common mode of transportation for city driving and reverse gear is to operate in this
manner. (Hung, 2012)

Idea 2 ICE power only: Only the heat engine kicks on while travelling at speeds more than 40 kilometers per hour. This is the standard
technique to drive on the highway. (Lin, 2003)

Idea 3 Regenerative breaking: An electric motor may generate electricity by harnessing the kinetic energy of a vehicle when it slows down or
stops.

Idea 4 CE + battery charging: When less power is needed, the batteries are recharged using the extra power. It is more efficient to operate the
engine at a greater torque than is strictly required. (Pandžić, 2018)
Gen 145 Research Paper Outline Instructor’s Points (15% of your grade)

Name: Section:

Example of Hybrid
Vehicle

Idea 1 Honda Civic. The flywheel is replaced by an electric motor in Honda's IMA (Integrated Motor Assist) ICE with a continuously variable
gearbox. (Prajapati, 2014)

Idea 2 Influence of scale: If a Volvo 26-ton truck is fitted with 200 kg of batteries, it can only run on electric power for two minutes! Adding
additional batteries is not feasible due to space limits.

Idea 3 Cadillac Escalade Hybrid: Escalade Hybrid blends Escalade's style and practicality with luxury and presence of Cadillac's brand to save
money on gas. An electronically variable transmission, a 300-volt storage system, and a 6.0L Vortex V8 engine with Active Fuel
Management power the Escalade Hybrid's two-mode hybrid powertrain. (Weiss, 2012)

Idea 4 Mercury Mariner Hybrid: It's hard to go wrong with the Mercury Mariner Hybrid SUV if you're concerned about the environment. The
vehicle's hybrid engine provides a number of additional benefits, including decreasing pollution and increasing fuel economy. The
Mariner Hybrid is available in only one configuration: front-wheel drive or four-wheel drive. The Mariner Hybrid's 2.5-liter four-cylinder
engine is mated to an electric motor. (Reynolds, 2007)

References
Gao, D. W. (2007). Modeling and simulation of electric and hybrid vehicles. Proceedings of the IEEE, 95(4), 729-745.
Gillette, G. (n.d.). THE BENEFITS OF PLUG-IN–HYBRID AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES. RESEARCH JOURNAL 2015, 36.
Hung, J. Y. (2012). On parallel hybrid-electric propulsion system for unmanned aerial vehicles. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 51, 1-17.
Lewton, D. L. (2016). Application of Floating Pedal Regenerative Braking for a Rear-Wheel-Drive Parallel-Series Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle with
an Automatic Transmission.
Lin, C. C. ( 2003). Power management strategy for a parallel hybrid electric truck. IEEE transactions on control systems technology, 11(6), 839-849.
Pandžić, H. &. (2018). An accurate charging model of battery energy storage. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 34(2), 1416-1426.
Prajapati, K. C. (2014). Hybrid vehicle: A study on technology. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 3(12), 8.
Reynolds, C. &. (2007). How hybrid-electric vehicles are different from conventional vehicles: the effect of weight and power on fuel consumption.
Environmental Research Letters, 2(1), 014003.
Weiss, M. P. (2012). On the electrification of road transport-Learning rates and price forecasts for hybrid-electric and battery-electric vehicles. Energy
Policy, 48, 374-393.
Xing, Y. M. (2011). . Battery management systems in electric and hybrid vehicles. Energies, 4(11), 1840-1857.
Gen 145 Research Paper Outline Instructor’s Points (15% of your grade)