MATHEMATICAL

BACKGROUND
For Fundamental Control Theory

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CONTENTS
 The fundamentals of complex variables.
 The fundamentals of Laplace transforms.
 Demonstration of the applications of Laplace transforms to solve linear ordinary differential
equations.
 Concept of transfer functions and how to apply them to the modeling of linear time-invariant
systems.

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LAPLACE TRANSFORM
 The Laplace transform is one of the mathematical tools used to solve linear ordinary differential
equations. In contrast with the classical method of solving linear differential equations, the
Laplace transform method has the following two features:
 The homogeneous equation and the particular integral of the solution of the differential
equation are obtained in one operation.
 The Laplace transform converts the differential equation into an algebraic equation in s-
domain. It is then possible to manipulate the algebraic equation by simple algebraic rules to
obtain the solution in the s-domain.
 The final solution is obtained by taking the inverse Laplace transform.

 =∫
 ‘s’ is a complex variable s = σ + jω
 For solving a differential equation w.r.t time ‘s’ is considered as complex frequency.

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INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
 = ∫
 where c is a real constant that is greater than the real parts of all the singularities of F(s).

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EXAMPLE

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LAPLACE TRANSFORM TABLE

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THEOREMS ON LAPLACE TRANSFORM

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CONVOLUTION THEOREM

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PARTIAL FRACTION

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TRANSFER FUNCTION

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ANALYTIC FUNCTION
A function G(s) of the complex variable s is called an analytic
function in a region of the s plane if the function and all its
derivatives exist in the region.
 For instance, the function given in previous slide is analytic at every
point in the s-plane except at the points s = 0 and s = —1. At these
two points, the value of the function is infinite.
 As another example, the function G(s) = s + 2 is analytic at every
point in the finite s-plane
 G(s)=1/(s*(s+1))

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SINGULARITIES, POLES AND ZEROS OF A FUNCTION


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COMPLEX NUMBERS

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FUNCTION OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE

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