LIMITS

Contents
Topic Page No.

Theory 01 - 04

Exercise - 1 05 - 12

Exercise - 2 13 - 17

Exercise - 3 18 - 20

Exercise - 4 20 - 21

Answer Key 22 - 23

Syllabus
Standard Limits, Indeterminant forms, L-H Rule, Series Expansion

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 LIMIT OF FUNCTION

KEY CONCEPTS
1. Definition :
The notion of limit is what separates calculus from other branches of mathematics.
It is very important to note that limits of a function at a point ‘x = a’, exists only when
the function is defined in the immediate neighbour- hood of ‘a’.
-1
For eg. Lim sin -1 x is non-existent, & Lim sin x = p / 6 .
x ®2 x ®1/ 2

Also it is necessary to note that if f(x) is defined only on one side of ‘x = a’, one sided limits
can be evaluated & if f(x) is defined on either side of ‘a’
both sided limits are to be considered.

As in Lim cos -1 x = 0 , though f(x) is not defined for x>1, even in it’s immediate vicinity..
x ®1 -

The most important aspect to be considered is that Lim necessarily implies

x ®a

‘x ¹ a’
In the notion of limits note very carefully that we are not at all concerned with what happens to the
function at x = a

THE THEORETICAL DEFINITION OF LIMITS

lim f ( x ) = l , if Ú Î > 0, $ some d > 0 such that | f ( x ) - l | < Î Ú 0 < | x - a | < d.
x ®a

2. Evaluation of Left Hand Limits (LHL) and Right Hand Limits (RHL) :
When 'x' approaches to 'a' i.e. when x ® a then this variable 'x' on R–line can do this job in two ways one
form the left hand side i.e. from negative side of the fixed point ‘a’ and second form the right hand side (i.e.
from positive side) of ‘a’ as shown in the figure below

-¥ (Left hand side) x x (Right hand side) +¥

a R-line

LHL is denoted by lim f ( x) or by lim f(x) and similarly RHL by lim f ( x ) or by lim+ f ( x ) and are
x ®a -0 x ® a- x ®a+ 0 x ®a
determined as (i.e., working rule is)

LHL = lim- f(x) = lim f ( a - h ) and RHL = lim f ( x ) = lim f (a + h) ; where h > 0
h ®0 + h®0
x ®a x ®a

Existence of Limit :
The limit of a function at a point exists if both left and right limits of the function at that point exist and are
equal. Thus lim f ( x ) exists Û lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x )
x ®a x ®a- x ®a +
Note :– (i) Limit of a function at a point (if exists) is unique.
(ii) If at some point of a continuous function its value and limit both exist, then they are necessarily equal.

3. Indeterminate Forms :
The concept of limit was evolved to deal with indeterminate forms of some functions at some specific points.
x2 - 4
For example the function f(x) = is ready to give its values at x = 0 , –1, 1, 3, 2 ..... etc.
x-2

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 Q f(0) = 2, f(–1) = 1, f(1) = 3, f ( 2 ) = (2 + 2 ).......etc.} but it fails to give its value at x = 2, as

22 - 4 0
f (2) = = (known as an indeterminate form)
2-2 0
0
(Note, that is capable of assuming any value, that is why it is called ‘indeterminate’), So in this case
0
we find the limit, as follows.

x2 - 4 (x - 2) (x + 2)
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim = lim (x + 2) = 4 ....(1)
x ®2 x ®2 x-2 x ®2 x-2 x ®2

x 2 - 4 ( x - 2) ( x + 2)
Q f (x) = = = x+ 2 Þ f(2) = 4 ....(2) is a wrong calculation,
x-2 x-2

0 ¥
will be explained in the class room. Following indeterminate forms are in our course, namely (i) (ii)
0 ¥
(iii) 0 ´ ¥ (iv) ¥ - ¥ (v) 1¥ (vi) ¥ 0 (vii) 0 0

4. Properties Of Limits :
f
· Let f and g be two real functions with domain D. We define four new functions f ± g ,fg , g , g ¹ 0 on domain
(D) by setting
· ( f ± g)( x ) = f ( x ) ± g ( x ) · ( f g)( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x )
æfö f (x)
ç ÷(x) =
( x ) if g ( x ) ¹ 0 for any x Î D .
· ,
g
è ø g
Following are some results concerning the limits of these functions.
Let lim f ( x ) = l and limg ( x ) = m . If l and m exist.
x®a x®a

(i) Sum and Difference Rule lim ( f ± g )( x ) = lim f ( x ) ± lim g ( x ) = l ± m

x ®a x ®a x ®a

(ii) Product Rule lim ( fg )( x ) = lim f ( x ) lim g ( x ) = lm

x ®a x ®a x ®a

æfö lim f ( x ) l
(iii) Quotient Rule lim ç ÷ ( x ) = x ®a =
x ®a g
è ø lim g ( x ) m , provided m ¹ 0
x ®a

(iv) Constant Multiple Rule lim Kf ( x ) = K.lim f ( x ) , where K is constant

x ®a x® a

(v) Modules Rule lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = l

x ®a x ®a

lim g( x )
lim ( f ( x ) )
g( x )
(vi) Power Rule = { lim f ( x )} x ®a
x ®a x ®a

(vii) Composite Function Rule x ®a

(
lim fog ( x ) = f lim g ( x ) = f ( m )
x ®a
) In particular

(a) limlogf
x ®a
( x ) = log lim
x ®a
(
f ( x ) = log l )
( ) lim f ( x )
= el
f x
(b) lim e = ex ®a
x ®a

1
(c) If lim f ( x ) = +¥ or -¥ , then lim =0
x ®a x ®a f (x)

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5. Some Standard Limits :

(i) If f ( x ) ® 0 , when x ® a , then :

sin f ( x )
(a) lim =1 (b) lim cos f ( x ) = 1
x ®a f (x) x®a

tan f ( x ) e ( ) -1
f x

(c) lim =1 (d) lim =1

x ®a f ( x) x ®a f ( x )

b ( ) -1
f x
ln éë1 + f ( x ) ùû
(e) lim = lnb, (b > 0 ) (f) lim =1
( )
x®a f x x ®a f (x)

1/ f ( x )
(g) lim éë1 + f ( x ) ùû = e
x ®a

lim f ( x ) = A > 0 and lim f ( x ) = B then lim éë f ( x ) ùû

f ( x)
(h) x ®a x ®a
= AB
x ®a

(ii) So from above Results :

sin x lim cos x = 1
(a) lim =1 (b) x ®0
x ®0 x

tan x ex - 1
(c) lim =1 (d) lim =1
x ®0 x x®0 x
ax - 1 ln (1 + x )
(e) lim = lna, ( a > 0 ) (f) lim =1
x ®0 x x® 0 x
x
æ 1ö
lim (1 + x )
1/ x
(g) =e (h) lim 1 + ÷ = e
x ®¥ ç xø
x ®0 è

xm - am xm - am m m -n
(i) lim = mam -1 (j) lim = a
x ®a x - a x ® a x n - an n

6. Methods of Evaluation of Limits :

(i) Substitution method (ii) Factorization method

(iii) Rationalization or double rationalization (iv) Expansion Method
(v) When x ® ¥ (vi) Simplification
(vii) Sandwich Theorem
(viii) Evaluation of a limits of the form 0 × ¥ , ¥ – ¥ , 0° , ¥ °
(ix) Evaluation of a limits of the form 1¥

(i) Substitution method : In some cases limit of a function can be found by simple substitution if on substitution
the function does not take indeterminate form.

(ii) Factorization method : If f(x) and g(x) are polynomials and g ( a ) ¹ 0 , then we have
f (x) lim f ( x ) f (a)
lim = x ®a
=
x ®a g( x ) lim g ( x ) g(a)
x® a

(iii) Rationalization or double rationalization :

In this method we rationalize the expression with the help of factor inside the square root and put the value
of x.

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(iv) Expansion Method : Using expansion of functions :

If x ® 0 and there is atleast one function in the given expression which can be expanded, then we express
Nr and Dr in the ascending powers of x and remove the common factor there.
The following expansions of some standard functions should be remembered :
x2 x3 x2 x 3
(a) ex = 1 + x + + + ...... (b) e- x = 1 - x + - + ......
2 3 2 3

( x loga ) ( x loga )
2 3
x 2 x3
(c) a x = 1 + ( x loga ) + + + ...... (d) log (1 + x ) = x - + - ......
2 3 2 3

x 2 x3 x3 x 5
(e) log (1 - x ) = -x - - - ..... (f) sin x = x - + - ......
2 3 3 5

x2 x 4 x 6 x3 2 5
(g) cos x = 1 - + - + ...... (h) tan x = x + + x + ......
2 4 6 3 15

x3 x3 x2 x 4
(i) sinh x = x + + + ...... (j) cosh x = 1 + + + ......
3 5 2 4

x3 x3 9x5
(k) tanh x = x - + 2x 5 - ....... (l) sin-1 x = x + + + ......
3 3 5

p æ x 3 9x5 ö x3 x 5 x 7
(m) cos-1 x = -çx + + + ....... ÷ (n) tan -1 x = x - + - + ......
2 è 3 5 ø 3 5 7

n (n - 1) æ x 11 2 ö
(1 + x ) (1+ x )
n 1/ x
(o) = 1 + nx + x 2 + ...... (p) = e ç1 - + x + ..... ÷
2 è 2 24 ø
(v) When x ® ¥
This type of problems are solved by the taking the highest power of the terms tending to infinity as common
in numerator and denominator then take the limit of the function.
(vi) Simplification:
In this method the indeterminate form is removed by simplifying the expression.
(vii) Sandwich Theorem : Suppose that g ( x ) £ f ( x ) £ h ( x )
for all x in some open interval containing c, except possibly
at c itself. Suppose also that
lim g ( x ) = lim h ( x ) = L ; Then lim f (x) = L
x ®c x ®c x ®c

This is Sandwich Theorem or Squeeze Play Theorem.

(viii) Evaluation of a limits of the form 0 × ¥ , ¥ – ¥, 0° & ¥°.

(ix) Evaluation of a limit of the form 1¥ :

é f(x) ù
f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = 0 , then
1 lim ê ú
If lim ë ( x ) ûú
(i) lim éë1 + f ( x ) ùû
x ®a ê g
x ®a x ®a
g( x ) =e
x ®a

g( x ) g( x ) lim ëé f ( x ) -1ûù g ( x )
(ii) If lim
x ®a
f ( x ) = 1,lim g ( x ) = ¥, then
x ®a
lim éë f ( x ) ùû = lim éë1 + ( f ( x ) - 1) ùû = e x®a
x ®a x®a

Particular case:
x
æ lö
lim (1 + lx )
1/ x
(i) = el (ii) lim 1 + ÷ = el
x ®¥ ç xø
x ®0
è

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 PART - I : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

* Marked Questions are having more than one correct option.

Section (A) :

1. lim | x | is equal to
x®0 x
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) does not exist

2. lim (1 - x + [x - 1] + [ 1 - x]) is equal to (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)

x ®1

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) - 1 (D) does not exist

lim x2 - 2 x - 3
3. x®-1 x +1
(A) 0 (B) – 4 (C) ¥ (D) does not exist

æ 100 ö
ç
ç å x k ÷ -100
÷
4. lim è k =1 ø is equal to
x ®1
x-1
(A) 0 (B) 5050 (C) 4550 (D) - 5050

Limit 3- x
5. x®9
is
4 - 2x - 2

2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) – (D) none
3 3 3

5 - x -2
6. Limit =
x ®1 2 - x -1
(A) 2 (B) 1/2 (C) - 1 (D) none

7. Limit
x®¥ ( (x + a ) (x + b) - x =)
a+b
(A) ab (B) (C) ab (D) none
2

5/3 5/3
8. Limit ( x + 2) - (a + 2) =
x ®a ( x - a)

5 5 3
(A) (a + 2) 2/3 (B) (a + 2) 3/2 (C) (a + 2) 2/3 (D) (a + 2) 3/2
3 3 5

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 - 3n + ( -1)n
9. lim is equal to (n Î N)
n® ¥ 4n - ( -1)n

3 3 3
(A) – (B) – if n is even ; if n is odd
4 4 4
3
(C) not exist if n is even ; – if n is odd (D) 1 if n is even ; does not exist if n is odd
4
1
x 3 sin + x +1
10. lim x is equal to
x ®¥
x2 + x + 1

1
(A) 0 (B) (C) 1 (D) none of these
2

3x + x
11. Limit =
x®0
7x - 5 x
(A) 2 (B) 1/6 (C) 0 (D) does not exist

n+1
lim 5 + 3n - 22 n
12. n® ¥ n n 2n + 3
is equal to
5 +2 +3
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) zero

2
13. Limit x - 9 x + 20 where [x] is the greatest integer not greater than x:
x ®5 x - [ x]
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 4 (D) none

14. lim tan 2 x - x is equal to

x®0 3x - sin x

(A) –1/3 (B) 1/2 (C) 1 (D) 0

x - cos 2 x
15. lim =
x®¥
x + sin x
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) ¥ (D) none

(x + x1/ 2 + x1/ 3 + x1/ 4 + x1/ 5 ) - 5

16. Lt =
x ®1 x -1
138 139 140 137
(A) (B) (C) (D)
60 60 60 60
x2
–

lim e – cosx
2
17. x ®0 3
is equal to
x sinx

x2
–

lim e – cosx
2

x ®0
x sinx
3

1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 6 12 8

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 x+1
æ x + 2ö
18. lim ç ÷ is equal to
x ®¥
è x - 2ø
(A) e4 (B) e -4 (C) e2 (D) none of these

x
æ 2 ö
19. lim ç x - 2x + 1 ÷ is equal to
x ®¥ ç x 2 - 4x + 2 ÷
è ø
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) e2 (D) e

cos Ax - cos Bx
20. Lt =
x ®0 x2
A 2 + B2 A 2 - B2 B2 - A 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
2 2 2

(
lim 1+tan2 x )
5

21. x ® 0+
x
is equal to
(A) e 5
(B) e2 (C) e (D) none of these

1
22. The limiting value of (cos x ) sin x as x ® 0 is:
(A) 1 (B) e (C) 0 (D) none of these

sin x
23. lim
x ®¥ x
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) does not exist (D) 1

1
æ x ö x3
24. Lim+ ç ÷ is equal to –
x ®0 è tan x ø

(A) e 1/3 (B) e –1/3 (C) Does not exists (D) 0

25. lim
(
sin e x-2 -1 )
is equal to
x ®2 ln ( x -1)
(A) 0 (B) - 1 (C) 2 (D) 1

lim ( x + 27) ln ( x - 2) is equal to

3

26. x®3 2
( x -9)
(A) - 8 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) - 9

27.
x ®¥ ê
ë úû x ® -¥
{ }
If l = lim é x 2 + 2x - xù & m = lim x 2 - 2x + x , where [ ] & { } represent integral and fractional

part respectively then l + m is equal to–

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

1 - cos3 x + sin3 x + ln (1 + x3 ) + ln (1 + cos x)

28. Lim
x ®0 x2 - 1 + 2 cos2 x + tan4 x + sin3 x
3 ln2
(A) (B) ln2 (C) (D) 3/2
4 4

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 sin (l n (1 + x ))
29. The value of xlim is equal to
®0
l n (1 + sin x )

1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) 1
2 4

lim ( 4 x -1)3
30. x®0 is equal to
æxö æ x2 ö
sin çç ÷÷ ln çç1 + ÷÷
èpø è 3 ø
(A) 9 p (ln 4) (B) 3 p (ln 4) 3 (C) 12 p (ln 4) 3 (D) 27 p (ln 4) 2
é pù
êx - 2 ú
31. lim ê ú
p ê cos x ú is equal to (where [ . ] represents greatest integer function)
x®
2 ê
ë ûú
(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) – 2 (D) does not exist
æ p ö æ p ö
32. lim n cos ç ÷ sin ç ÷ is equal to:
n®¥
è 4 nø è 4 nø
p p p
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
3 4 6

2x - 3 2x 2 + 5x
33. If < f(x) < then Limit
x ® ¥ f(x) :
x x2

(A) is equal to 1 (B) is equal to 2 (C) is equal to zero (D) does not exist

æ
| x| 3
éxù
3ö
34. lim- ç - ê ú ÷ (a > 0), where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x is
x®a ç a
è ë a û ÷ø
(A) a2 + 1 (B) a2 - 1 (C) a2 (D) – a2

PART - II : MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Evaluate the following limits :

(i) lim (x + sin x) (ii) lim (tan x – 2 x)
x ®2 x ®3

lim3 lim xx
(iii) x® x cos x (iv) x ®5
4

2. Evaluate the following limits :

éæ 3 -1
ö ù
5 + x -1 Lim êç x - 4x ÷ ú x +h - x
(i) Lim (ii) x ® 2 êç 3 ÷ ú (iii) Lim
x ® - 4 x 2 + 4x ëè x - 8 ø û h®0 h

é 1 1 ù 1 - cos x 2
(iv) Lim ê 2
- 2 ú (v) Lim
x ® 2 ë x ( x - 2) x - 3x + 2 û x ®0 1 - cos x

1 - tan x
1+ x - 1- x Lim
(vi) Lim 3 (vii) x® p 1 - 2 sin x
x®0 1+ x - 3 1- x 4

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 ì x +1 , x < 1
3. (i) If f(x) = í , evaluate lxim f(x).
î2 x - 3 , x ³ 1 ®1

ìx+l , x <1
(ii) Let f(x) = í , if lxim f(x) exist, then find value of l.
î2 x - 3 , x ³ 1 ®1

4. Which of the followings are indeterminate forms. Also state the type.

(i) lim [ x ] , where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function

x ®0 + x

(ii) lim x2 + 1 – x (iii) lim (tan x) tan2x

x ® -¥ p
x®
2

1
(iv) lim ({x}) lnx , where { . } denotes the fractional part function
x ®1+

5. Evaluate the following limits, if exists

1 - cos 4 x lim 3 sin x - cos x

(i) lim (ii) p
x ®0 1 - cos 5 x x® p
6
x-
6

tan 3x - 2x 2 2
(iii) lim (iv) lim (a + x ) sin( a + x ) - a sin a
x ®0
3 x - sin 2 x x ®0
x

6. Evaluate each of the following limits, if exists

x3 - 3x + 1 4x 3 - x 2 + 2x - 5
(i) lim (ii) lim
x ® -1 x -1 x ®1 x 6 + 5x 3 - 2x - 4

a + 2x - 3 x
(iii) lim ,a¹0
x ®a
3a + x - 2 x
1
æ ö
7. im çç (( x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x + 3) ( x + 4))4 - x ÷÷
Evaluate xl® ¥ è ø

a + b sin x - cos x + ce x
8. If lx im exists, find the values of a, b, c. Also find the limit
®0
x3

9. Evaluate the following limits :

x
lim æ 1 + 2x ö
(i) x®
p (tan x) tan2x
(ii) lim ç ÷
4 x ®¥
è 1 + 3x ø
px
sec
(iii) lim (1 + lnx ) 2
(iv) lim (x )x 2
x ®1 x ®0 +

(v) lim- (tan x) cosx

p
x®
2

(vi) lim ([x]) 1–x , where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function

x ®1-

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 c
10. If lxim
®1 (
1 + ax + bx 2 ) x -1
= e 3 , then find conditions on a, b and c.

ASSERTION/REASON TYPE

11. im æç tanæç p + x ö÷ ö÷ x = e
STATEMENT-1 : xl®0 ç ÷
è è4 øø

STATEMENT-2 : xl®
im (1 + f(x))g(x) = xl®ima f ( x ) . g( x ) , if lim f(x) = 0 and lim g(x) = ¥.
a e x ®a x ®a

(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.

(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1.

(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.

(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.

2x 4 + 3 x 3 + 7 x 2
12. STATEMENT-1 : lim 4 2
= .
x®¥ 3 x + 2x + 3 x 3
STATEMENT-2 : If P(x) and Q(x) are two polynomials with rational coefficients, then
P( x ) coefficient of highest power of x in P( x )
lim =
x®¥ Q( x ) coefficient of highest power of x in Q( x )

(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.

(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1.

(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.

(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.

COMPREHENSIONS :

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions.

Comprehension # 1
n
æ x ö
Consider two functions f(x) = nl®
im ç cos ÷÷ and g(x) = – x 4b , where b = lim æç x 2 + x + 1 - x 2 + 1 ö÷ ,
¥ ç nø x ®¥ è ø
è
then

13. f(x) is
-x2 x2
- x2 x2
(A) e (B) e 2 (C) e (D) e2

14. g(x) is
(A) – x2 (B) x2 (C) x4 (D) –x4

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 Comprehension # 2

Let f(x) = p – cot–1(tanx) ; x Î -

p p FG IJ
and g(x) = –tan –1(cotx) ; x Î (0, p). Now consider a circle x2+
,
2 2 H K
y2 – py = 0. y = f(x) cuts the circle at points C and D and y = x cuts the circle at points A and B.

sin{f 2 ( x) - g2 ( x)}
15. lim is-
x ®0 x

p
(A) p (B) (C) 2p (D) doesn't esists
2

16. Area of quadrilateral ABCD is-

p2 p2 p2 p2
(A) (B) ( 2 + 1) (C) ( 2 - 1) (D)
4 2 8 8 8

f ( x) sin1 + cos(f(x))
17. Let l = lim -1 , lim
x ® l cos1 + sin(g(x)) is-
x®-
p +
f ( x) + p
2

(A) cot1 (B) 1 (C) –cot1 (D) none of these

Comprehension # 3

AB is arc of a circle, C is its mid-point, O is the centre of this circle. Tangents at A and B meet in T. Tangent at
C meets tangents at A and B in D and E respectively. Further Ð AOC = q and Radius of the circle is R

p
18. Area of triangle ABT, if q = is-
3
3R2 3 3R2
(A) (B) 2 3 R 2 (C) 3R 2 (D)
2 4

19. Area of triangle TDE is-

2R2 (1 - cos q)2 R 2 (1 - cos q) 2
(A) (B)
sin 2q sin2 q
R 2 (1 - cos q) 2 R 2 (1 - cos q) 2
(C) (D)
sin 2q sin q

Area of ( DABT )
20. lim is equal to-
q® 0 Area of ( DTDE)

1
(A) 2 (B) (C) 6 (D) 4
2

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Match the Column :

This section contains 3 questions numbered (26-28). Each question contains statements given in two
column which have to be matched. Statements (A,B,C,D) in Column–I have to be matched with
statement (P,Q,R,S) in Column–II.

21. Match the following

Column - I Column - II
2
æ n4 ö
(A) ç lim
n ®¥ 13 + 23 + ..... + n 3
÷ is (p) 64
è ø
x 32 - 1 2
(B) lim is equal to (q)
x®1 x -1 9

x 3 + x 2 - 12 1
(C) lim equals (r)
x® 2 x-2 2

lim esin x - x - 1
(D) is equal to (s) 16
x®0 x2

22. Match the Column :

A right angled triangle has legs 1 and x. The hypotenuse is y and the angle opposite to the side x is q.
Column - I Column - II
Lim- y- x
(A) q®
p (p) 0
2

Lim- y - x
(B) q®
p (q) 1/2
2

Lim- y 2 - x 2
(C) q®
p (r) 1
2

Lim- y 3 - x 3
(D) q®
p (s) ¥
2

23. Match the following

Column-I Column-II
1 - cos 2 x
(A) lim equals (p) an even number
x ®0 x2

x3
(B) lim equals (q) an odd number
x ®0 x - sin x
n
n2 år
r =1
(C) lim n
equals (r) a prime number

år
n®¥
3

r =1

x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x8 - 4
(D) lim equals (s) a composite number
x®1 x -1

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 PART - I : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following limit is not unity,

sin (p sec 2 x)
(A) Lim
x ®0 p x2

(B) Lim ({x} + {-x}) , where { } denotes the fractional part function
x ®1

ln ( x - 1) sin (tan t)
(C) Lim
x ® 2+ x - 2 . sin x - 2 ( ) (D) Lim
t®0 t

2. lim æç x - x 2 ln æç1 + 1 ö÷ ö÷ is equal to :

x ®¥ ç
è è x ø÷ ø

1 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 2 3

(e x - 1) tan2 x
3. lim
x ®0 x3
(A) does not exist (B) exists and equals 0
(C) exists and equals 2/3 (D) exists and equals 1

4. A weight hangs by a spring and is caused to vibrate by a sinusodial force. Its displacement f(t) at
time t is given by an equation of the form-

a
f ( t) = [sin(kt ) - sin( ct )] Then lim f ( t) is-
c - k2
2
c® k

a t at at at
(A) - c o s ( 2 k t ) (B) - cos(kt) (C) sin(kt) (D) cos( 2kt )
2k 2k 2k 2k

1
åk =1k(k + 2)(k + 4) as n ® ¥
n
5. The lim it of
4
n
(A) exists and equals 1/4 (B) exists and equals 0
(C) exists and equals 1/8 (D) does not exists

-1
6. lim+ cos (1- x ) is equal to
x®0
x

1
(A) (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
2

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 1

The value of lx ®imp (1 + [ x ])

ln (tan x )
7. is equal to (where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function)
4

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) e (D) e-1

x (1 - cos x) 1
8. lim = l and lim x tan æç ö÷ = m then–
x ®0 x - sin x x ®¥ è xø
(A) l & m both are prime (B) l is prime and m is composite

(C) l is composite & m is prime (D) l is prime and m is neither prime nor composite

tan3 x - sin3 x
9. Lim is equal to
x ®0 x5
(A) 3/2 (B) –3/2 (C) 0 (D) Does not exists

3
e x - tan x + sin x - 1
10. Lim exists and is non-zero, then the value of n is
x ®0 xn

(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 0

éæ n
kp ö æ kp ö ù
n

11. If k is an integer such that lim êç cos ÷ ç- cos ÷ ú = 0 then

n ®¥
ëêè 4ø è 6 ø ûú
(A) k is divisible neither by 4 nor by 6
(B) k must be divisible by 12 but not necessarily by 24
(C) k must be divisible by 24
(D) either k is divisible by 24 or k is divisible neither by 4 nor by 6

1
n
12.
x®0
x
a f
lim e 1 - 1 exists, n ÎN , then ‘n’ can be
n
ex + 1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 7

cot -1 1
x
FH IK
13. lim
x® 0 x
(A) Exists and is equal to one
(B) does not exists as R.H.L is 1 and L.H.L is -1
(C) does not exists as R.H.L and L.H.L both are non–existent.
(D) does not exists as R.H.L exists but L.H.L does not.

é x ù - é sin x ù
ê sin x úû êë x úû
lim ë
14. x ®0 é tan x ù is equal to,( [ ] represents the greatest integer function)
êë x úû
(A) 1 (B) -1 (C) 0 (D) Does not exists

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15.
é
(
lim ê 1 - e x
x®0 ëê
sin x ù
ú )
x ûú , where [×] represents greatest integer function, is equal to
(A) – 1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) does not exist

ax 2 + bx + c
16. Let a, b be the roots of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where 1 < a < b and lim = 1, then which of
x ®x ax 2 + bx + c
0
the following statements is incorrect
(A) a > 0 and x0 < 1 (B) a > 0 and x0 > b
(C) a < 0 and a < x0 < b (D) a < 0 and x0 < 1

lim x3
17. If x ®0 = 1, then constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ are (where a > 0)
a + x (bx - sin x )

(A) b = 1, a = 36 (B) a = 1, b = 6 (C) a = 1, b = 36 (D) b = 1, a = 6

18. If l = xl®
im (sin x + 1 – sin x ) and m = lim [sin x + 1 – sin x ], where [.] denotes the greatest integer
¥ x®-¥
function, then :
(A) l = m = 0 (B) l = 0 ; m is undefined
(C) l, m both do not exist (D) l = 0, m ¹ 0 (although m exist)

12n + 22(n - 1) + 32(n - 2) + ..... + n2.1

19. Lim is equal to :
n®¥ 13 + 23 + 33 + ..... + n3
1 2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 2 6

20. lim log sin x is equal to

x ®0+ sin
x
2

1
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 4 (D)
4

MULTIPLE OPTIONS CORRECT

ì 2x
1+ , 0£ x <1 lim f(x) exists, then value of a is :
21. Let f(x) = ïí a , if x ®1
ï ax, 1 £ x < 2
î
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 2 (D) – 2

x 2 - 9 x + 20
22. Let f(x) = (where [x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x), then
x - [ x]

(A) xl®5
im- f(x) = 0 (B) xl®5
im+ f(x) = 1

(C) lx im
®5 f(x) does not exist (D) none of these

im (1 + ax + bx 2 )x = e 3, then possible values of a and b is/are :

If xl®
2

23. 0

3 1 3 3 3
(A) a = 3, b = 0 (B) a = ,b= (C) a = ,b= (D) a = ,b=0
2 2 2 2 2

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 If xlim (cos x + a sin bx ) x = e2 , then the possible values of ' a ' & ' b ' are :
1
24. ®0
(A) a = 1 , b = 2 (B) a = 2 , b = 1 (C) a = 3, b = 2/3 (D) a = 2/3 , b = 3

cos 2 - cos 2 x
25. If f(x) = , then
x2 - | x |

(A) xl®im
-1
f(x) = 2 sin 2 (B) lxim
®1
f(x) = 2 sin 2

(C) xl®im-1 f(x) = 2 cos 2 (D) lxim

®1
f(x) = 2 cos 2

x(1 + a cos x ) - b sin x 1+ a cos x b sin x

26. If l = lx im 3 = lx im 2 – lx im , where l Î R, then
®0
x ®0
x ®0
x3
(A) (a, b) = (–1, 0) (B) a & b are any real numbers
1
(C) l = 0 (D) l =
2

x 2 +2
27. If f(x) = , then
3 x -6

1 im f(x) = 1 1 im f(x) = – 1
(A) xl®im
-¥
f(x) = – (B) lx ® ¥
(C) xl®im
-¥
f(x) = (D) lx ® ¥
3 3 3 3

28. If f(x) = | x |sinx , then

(A) xl®0
im- f(x) = 1 (B) xl®0
im+ f(x) = 1

(C) lx im
®0 f(x) = 1 (D) limit does not exist

(ax + 1)n
29. lim is equal to
x®¥ xn + A
–
(A) an if n Î N (B) ¥ if n Î Z & a = A = 0
1 –
(C) if n = 0 (D) a n if n Î Z , A = 0 & a ¹ 0
1+ A

30. im sin 2 x + a sinx = p (finite), then

If xl® 0
x3
(A) a = – 2 (B) a = – 1 (C) p = – 2 (D) p = – 1

PART - II : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Evaluate the following limits.

lim x - x log x + log x - 1 (iii) lim ( x - [ x]) (where [ .] is G..I.F.)

2
x 4 - 3x 3 + 2
(i) lim (ii)
x ® 1 x 3 - 5x 2 + 3x + 1 x ®1 x -1 x ®0

(iv)
lim 3x + | x |
(v) lim ( x 2 - 9)
RS 1 + 1 UV (iv) xlim 1
x ® 0 7x - 5| x| x®3 T x + 3 x - 3 W ® 0 1- e 1/ x

3x lim x4 - 4 e1/ x + 1
(v) lim (vi) (vii) lim
x ® 0 | x | + 2 x2 x ® 2 x 2 + 3x 2 - 8 x®0 e1/ x - 1

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2. Evaluate the following limits :

ln(1+ x 2 + x 4 ) In(1+ x ) - x
(i) Lim (ii) Evaluate Lim
x ®0
(e x -1)x x ® 0+
x

Evaluate: Lim
LM n sin x OP + Lim LM n tan x OP where [*] denotes the greater function and n ÎI - l0q
3.
x® 0 N x Q x® 0 N x Q

æ ln (cos 3x) . 2 sin x ö

4. Evaluate : lim ç ÷
x ®0 è x2 ex - e- x ø
sin x
æ sin x ö x -sin x
5. lim ç ÷
x ®0 è x ø

Fa
Evaluate. Lim G
1/ x
+ a2
1/ x
+ a3
1/ x
+...... an
1/ x
I nx

6.
H x®¥
1
n JK where a1, a 2 , a 3 .... an > 0

ax - a-x
7. lim (a > 0 )
x® ± ¥ a x + a-x

Lim
LM x+ x+ x - x =
OP
8. x® ¥ N Q
sin( a + 3h) - 3 sin( a + 2h) + 3 sin( a + h) - sin a
9. lim
h® 0 h3

1.n + 2( n - 1) + 3( n - 2) + ...... + n.1

10. Evaluate: lim
n ®0 12 + 22 + 3 2 + ...... + n 2

1 - cos(1 - cos x )
11. lim
x ®0 x4

x l n(1 + x) + 2cos x - 2
12. Lim is equal to :
x ®0 x3
1 - cos x cos 2x cos3x cos 4x
13. Lim is equal to :
x ®0 x2
x + sin x
14. lim
x® ¥ x + cos x

15. (
lim cos x + 1 - cos x
x ®¥
)

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 PART-I IIT-JEE (PREVIOUS YEARS PROBLEMS)

lxim 1 - cos 2( x - 1)
1. ®1 [IIT – 1998]
x -1

(A) exists and it equals 2

(B) exists and it equals - 2

(C) does not exist because x - 1 ® 0

(D) does not exist because left hand limit is not equal to right hand limit.

x tan 2x - 2x tan x
2. lxim is equal to [IIT-JEE-1999]
(1 - cos 2 x ) 2
®0

1 1
(A) 2 (B) - 2 (C) (D) -
2 2

x
æ ö
3. im ç x -3 ÷ equals to
For x Î R, xl® [IIT-JEE - 2000]
¥ ç x+2 ÷
è ø

(A) e (B) e -1 (C) e-5 (D) e5

2
4. lim sin( p cos x ) equals to [IIT-JEE-2001]
x ®0 2
x

p
(A) - p (B) p (C) (D) 1
2

x
5. im (cosx -1) (cos x - e ) is a finite non-zero number, is
The integer ' n ' for which xl® [IIT-JEE-2002]
0
xn
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

((a - n) nx - tanx ) sin nx

6. If lx®
im = 0, where n is a non-zero real number, then a is equal to [IIT-JEE-2003]
0
x2
n+1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) n (D) n +
n n

x2
a - a2 - x2 -
lim 4
7. Let L = x ®0 x4 , a > 0. If L is finite, then [IIT-JEE-2009]

1 1
(A) a = 2 (B) a = 1 (C) L = (D) L =
64 32

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SUBJECTIVE

axe x - b ln (1 + x ) + cxe - x
8. Find the values of constants a, b & c so that lxim =2. [IIT – 1997, 6]
®0
x 2 sin x

PART-II AIEEE (PREVIOUS YEARS PROBLEMS)

1- cos 2x
1. lim is equal to [AIEEE– 2002]
x ®0 2x
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 0 (D) does not exist

x
x-3ö
2. lim æç ÷ , x Î R, is equal to [AIEEE– 2002]
x ®¥ è x + 2 ø

(A) e (B) e–1 (C) e–5 (D) e5

3. im x f ( 2) - 2 f ( x ) is equal to
Let f(2) = 4 and f¢(2) = 4, then xl® 2 x-2
(A) 2 (B) – 2 (C) – 4 (D) 3

f ( x) - 1
4. If f(1) = 1, f¢(1) = 2, then lxim
®1
is equal to
x -1

1
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 1 (D)
2

lim lnx - [ x ] , n Î N, where [x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x.
n
5. x ®¥
[AIEEE– 2002]
[x]
(1) has value – 1 (2) has value 0 (3) has value 1 (4) does not exist

x
æ x 2 + 5x + 3 ö
6. lim ç 2 ÷ is equal to [AIEEE– 2002]
x ®¥ ç x + x + 3 ÷
è ø
(A) e4 (B) e2 (C) e3 (D) e

æ xö
ç 1 - tan ÷ (1 - sin x )
limp è 2ø
7. x® is equal to [AIEEE– 2003]
æ xö
ç 1 + tan ÷ (p - 2 x )
2
3

è 2ø

1 1 1 1
(A) (B) – (C) (D) –
16 16 32 32

8. im ln( 3 + x ) - ln( 3 - x ) = k , then the value of k is :

If xl® [AIEEE– 2003]
0 x

1 2 2
(A) 0 (B) – (C) (D) –
3 3 3

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9. Let f(a) = g(a) = k and their nth derivatives f n(a), g n (a) exist and are not equal for some n. Further if

lim f (a) g( x ) - f (a) - g(a) f ( x ) + g(a) = 4, then the value of k is equal to [AIEEE– 2003]
x ®a g( x ) - f ( x )
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0

2x
im æç 1 + + 2 ö÷
a b
10. If xl® ¥ è
= e 2, then the values of a & b are [AIEEE– 2004]
x x ø
(A) a Î R, b Î R (B) a = 1, b Î R (C) a Î R, b = 2 (D) a = 1, b = 2

1 - cos(ax 2 + bx + c )
11. Let a and b be the distinct roots of ax + bx + c = 0, then xl®
2 im is equal to :
a ( x - a )2
[AIEEE– 2005]

1 a2 a2
(A) (a – b)2 (B) - (a – b)2 (C) 0 (D) (a – b)2
2 2 2

f (3 x ) f (2x )
12. Let f : R ® R be a positive increasing function with xlim = 1. Then xlim . [AIEEE– 2010]
®¥ f ( x) ®¥ f ( x )

2 3
(A) (B) (C) 3 (D) 1
3 2

NCERT BOARD QUESTIONS

Evaluate.

x2 - 9 4x 2 - 1
1. lim 2. lim
1 2x - 1
x ®3 x - 3 x®
2

1 1
x+h - x (x + 2) 3 - 2 3
3. lim 4. lim
h ®0 h x ®0 x

5 5
(1 + x)6 - 1 (2 + x) 2 - (a + 2) 2
5. lim 6. lim
x ® 0 (1 + x)2 - 1
®
x a x-a

x4 - x x2 - 4
7. lim 8. lim
x ®1
x -1 x ®2
3x - 2 - x + 2

x4 - 4 x7 - 2x 5 + 1
9. lim 10. lim
x® 2 x 2 + 3 2x - 8 x ®1 x 3 - 3x 2 + 2

1 + x3 - 1 - x3 x3 + 27
11. lim 12. lim
x ®–3 x5 + 243
x ®0 x2

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 æ 8x - 3 4x 2 + 1 ö x n - 2n
13. lim ç - 2 ÷ 14. Find 'n' , if lim = 80 , n Î N
x ® è 2x - 1 4x - 1 ø
1
x®2 x - 2
2

sin3x sin2 2x
15. lim 16. lim
x ® a sin7x x ®0 sin2 4x

1 - cos 2x 2 sin x - sin 2x

17. lim 18. lim
x ®0 x2 x ®0 x3

1 - cos 6x
1 - cosmx lim
19. lim 20. x®
p
æp ö
x ® 0 1 - cosnx 3 2 ç - x÷
è3 ø

sin x - cos x 3 sin x - cos x

lim lim
21. p p 22. p p
x®
4 x- x®
6 x-
4 6

sin 2x + 3x sin x - sina

23. lim 24. lim
x ® 0 2x + tan3x x ®a
x- a

cot 2 x - 3 2 - 1 + cos x
25. lim 26. lim
x ® cos ec x - 2
p
6
x ®0 sin2 x

sin x - 2sin3x + sin5x x4 - 1 x3 - k 3

27. lim 28. If lim = lim 2 , then find the value of k.
x ®0 x x ®0 x - 1 x ®k x - k 2

lim
(x + y)sec(x + y) - x sec x ( sin(a + b)x + sin(a - b)x + sin2ax )
29. 30. lim .x
y ®0 y x ®0 cos 2bx - cos 2ax

x
tan3 x - tan x 1 - sin
lim lim 2
31. x®
p
æ pö 32. x ®p xæ x xö
4 cos x +
ç 4 ÷ø cos ç cos - sin ÷
è 2è 4 4ø

|x-4|
33. Show that lim does not exists.
x ®4 x-4

ì k cos x p
ïï p - 2x when x ¹
2 æ pö
34. Let f(x) = íï and if xlim f(x) = ç ÷ , find the value of k.
p p
è2ø
3 x= ®
2
ïî 2

ì x + 2 x £ -1
35. Let f(x) = í 2 find 'c' if xlim f(x) exists.
î cx x > -1 ®-1

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 EXERCISE # 1
PART # I
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (B) 7. (B)
8. (C) 9. (A) 10. (C) 11. (D) 12. (D) 13. (D) 14. (B)
15. (B) 16. (D) 17. (C) 18. (A) 19. (C) 20. (C) 21. (A)
22. (A) 23. (A) 24. (D) 25. (D) 26. (C) 27. (B) 28. (B)
29. (D) 30. (B) 31. (C) 32. (B) 33. (B) 34. (C)

PART # II

3 3
1. (i) 2 + sin 2 (ii) tan 3 – 23 (iii) cos (iv) 55
4 4

1 3 1
2. (i) – (ii) (iii) if x > 0; ¥ if x = 0 (iv) ¥
8 2 2 x
3
(v) 2 (vi) (vii) 2
2
3. (i) Limit does not exist (ii) l = –2
4. (i) No (ii) No (iii) Yes, ¥0 form (iv) No
16 1
5. (i) (ii) 2 (iii) (iv) 2a sina + a2 cos a
25 3

3 12 2 5 1
6. (i) – (ii) (iii) 7. 8. a = 2, b = 1, c = –1 and limit = –
2 19 3 3 2 3
2
-
p
9. (i) e –1
(ii) 0 (iii) e (iv) 1 (v) 1 (vi) 0

10. a + b = 0 and bc = 3

11. (D) 12. (C) 13. (B) 14. (A) 15. (C) 16. (B) 17. (C)

18. (D) 19. (A) 20. (D) 21. (A- S), (B- P) , (C-S) , (D-R)

22. (A- p)(B- p), (C- r) , (D- S) 23. (A- pr), (B-ps), (C-pr), (D- qr)

EXERCISE # 2
PART # I

1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (B) 7. (B)

8. (D) 9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (D) 12. (B* 13. (D) 14. (A)

15. (A) 16. (D) 17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (A) 20. (A) 21. (BC)

22. (ABC) 23. (BCD) 24. (A, B, C,D) 25. (A, B) 26. (A, D) 27. (A, B)

28. (A, B, C) 29. (A, B, C, D) 30. (AD)

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 PART # II

1. (i) 5/4 (ii) 2 (iii) does not exist (iv) does not exist (v) 6
(iv) does not exist (v) does not exist (vi) 8/5 (vii) does not exist

2. (i) 1 (ii) –1/2

1
3. (2n-1) 4. 9 5. 6. (a 1 .a 2 . a 3 ......a n )
e

é1 a >1 é-1 a > 1

a x - a- x ê0 ax - a- x ê
7. (i) lim = a =1 (ii) lim = ê0 a =1 8. 1/2
x ®¥ ax + a- x ê x ®-¥ a x + a- x
êë -1 0 < a < 1 êë 1 0 < a < 1

1 1
9. -cos a 10. 1/2 11. 12. - 13. 15 14. 1 15. 0
8 2

EXERCISE # 3

PART # I

1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (D) 7. (A, C)

8. a = 3, b = 12, c = 9

PART # II

1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (A) 7. (C)

8. (C) 9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (D) 12. (D)

EXERCISE # 4

1 1 -32 5 3
1. 6 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 3 6. (a + 2 ) 2
x 3 2
8 1
7. 7 8. 8 9. 10. 1 11. 0 12.
5 15

7 3 1 m2
13. 14. n=5 15. 16. 17. 2 18. 1 19.
2 7 4 n2
20. 3 21. 2 22. 2 23. 1 24. 2 a cosa 25. 4

1 2
26. 27. 0 28. k=
4 2 3

2a 1
29. sec x (x tan x + 1) 30. 31. –4 32. 34. k=6
a 2 - b2 2
35. c=1

Arride learning Online E-learning Academy Page No. # 23

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