Spatial distribution of the electric field at the bottom of a petri dish

placed at the center between two helmholtz coils (B field is perpendicular

to the dish)
Arrow plot (direction)of the electric field at the bottom of a petri dish placed at
the center between two helmholtz coils (B field is perpendicular to the dish)
 Therapeutic Applications of High Frequency
EMFs
• Hyperthermia in Cancer Treatment:

T = 41-45C for 30-60 min

T = 4 - 8 C

• Hyperthermia Mechanism:

Increase perfusion, permeability, pH

Increase metabolic activity, drug uptake
Radiosensitization, Chemosensitization
Cell death
 What causes EM Heating

• Ionic currents (ions {Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca 2+ }, free e-)

• Dipolar motion (polarization of atoms/molecules,
rotation of dipole molecules {water, amino-acids,
proteins, sugars}).
• Heat results from “friction” associated with motion of
permanent and induced dipoles, drift of conduction
charges.
Recall:
EM fields and materials:
• Degree materials are affected by E: electric permittivity (  ).
• Degree materials are affected by B: magnetic permeability ( ) -
for biological tissues (nonmagnetic) = free space.

• Complex permittivity:    o r   o ( ` j ``)

dielectric constant of free space
` polarization of bound charges
`` loss factor-conduction of free charges

• Conductivity ( high: “lossy” material)

   o ``
Recall:
E
2

SAR  W / Kg

• Boundary conditions between different tissues is of major
significance.
• Example: Fat and muscle interface
915 MHz Fat Muscle
 0.13 1.3
` 5.5 51

f 1 Ef
 ,  10
 m 10 Em
• Extra fat heating
 Hyperthermia
Depth of Penetration
Localization
Concentration of the fields in
the tumor without affecting
surrounding tissue.

Trade-off between localization and depth of penetration

• Reflections occur at the interfaces between different
types of tissues.
• Reflection depends on:
Specific type of tissue at the interface.
Frequency
Polarization
Angle of incidence of the propagating wave
Recall
Plane wave propagation: 2 E  k 2 E  0
k 2   2 

Reduction of plane wave amplitude in tissue (propagation

along z)  
2
 o   
2

   1     1
2     


 1 insulator


 1 conductor


1 tissue

 Bioheat Equation
heat loss
Specific Temperature Thermal to blood
MATERIAL
VARIABLES
PROPERTIES
conductivity
heat perfusion

T
c    kT  JE  Qh
t
Current
J  E
Heat heat loss
Electric field
Density Heat
 T density
Joule Heatto blood
intensity
 hb (T  Tbl ) perfusion
Time
Change k Conduction
n Electrical
conductivity
Heat transfer coefficient Blood temperature
 Potential Hyperthermia Techniques

1. Local Heating: RF, Microwave methods

• External : Capacitor plate applicator.

Pancake Coils (faraday’s law).

Wave guides, diploes and Microstrip
applicators
• Interstitial (invasive): Hyperdermic needles
2. Regional Heating (Deep Heating): Annular phased
array systems
 Examples of some HT applicators

Capacitor plate applicator Pancake coils

B
 E  
t
Examples of some HT applicators
BSD Deep Heating
 3D Treatment Plan
1. Segmentation of images
2. Stacking of MR/CT images
3. Positioning of Antennas
4. SAR calculation
5. Temperature Distribution
SAR
Computational Modeling
New Modalities )Nanoparticles)

Cell surface
receptor
Cell

Au coating

coating

Magnetic nanoparticle
 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

 The Biosavart Law (Current in coils B field)

 Faraday’s Law of induction ( E field calculation)
Coil 1

Coil 2

C.

Induced E field