12.

6
Endocrine
System
Harith,Aiman,Danish,Mursyid
Adam,Amirul,Amin,Nazhan
Human Endocrine System/Sistem Endokrin Manusia
made up of glands that
secrete chemical
substances, that is
hormones.
The endocrine glands are
ductless glands.
Hormones are secreted
directly into the blood flow.
Hormones influence and
affect specific target cells.
terdiri daripada kelenjar yang
merembeskan pengutus bahan
kimia iaitu hormon
kalenjar endokrin tidak berduktus
hormon dirembeskan terus ke
dalam aliran darah
hormon memberikan kesan dan
mempengaruhi sel sesaran yang
spesifik
 The Function of Hormones Secreted by Each Endocrine
Glands / Fungsi hormon yang dirembeskan oleh setiap
jenis kelenjar endokrin
The pituitary gland is the main gland of the endocrine system
because it secretes hormones that control the secretion of other
endocrine glands.
The pituitary gland is located at the bottom of the
hypothalamus in the brain.
The pituitary gland is made up of two lobes, which are the
anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. Each lobe secretes
hormones that have certain functions
Kalenjar pituitari merupakan kalenjar utama dalam sistem
endokrin kerana kalenjar ini merembeskan hormon yang
mengawal rembesan kalenjar endokrin yang lain
Kalenjar pituitari terletak pada dasar hipotalamus di
dalam otak
Kalenjar pituitari terdiri daripada dua lobus iaitu lobus
anterior dan lobus posterior. Setiap lobus merembeskan
hormon yang mempunyai fungsi yang tertentu
Lobus anterior

Hipotalamus

Lobus posterior
Stimulating hormone is the hormone that
regulates the secretion of other hormones. Such
as, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). For
example, TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to
secrete thyroxine.
Growth hormone, oxytocin and antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) are hormones that act
directly on target organs. For example, GH
acts directly on the bone.
The hypothalamus secretes gonadotrophin-
releasing hormone (GnRH). GnRH stimulates
the pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH into
the blood.
Hormon perangsang ialah hormon yang
mengawal atur rembesan kelenjar hormon yang
lain . Ini termasuk hormon perangsang tiroid
(TSH) dan hormon adrenokortikotrof (ACTH).
Contohnya, TSH merangsang kelenjar tiroid
untuk merembes tiroksina.
Hormon pertumbuhan (GH), oksitosin dan
hormon antidiuresis (ADH) ialah hormon yang
bertindak secara langsung pada organ sasaran .
Contohnya, GH bertindak terus pada tulang.
Hipotalamus merembeskan hormon
perembes gonadotrofin (GnRH). GnRH
merangsang kelenjar pituitari untuk
merembes FSH dan LH ke dalam darah
 Adrenal Gland Pancreas
Hormone : Aldosterone Hormone : Insulin
Tissues / organs : Kidneys Tissues / organs : Liver, muscles and adipose tissues
Function : Reduce blood glucose level and converts
Function : Increase the reabsorption of salts in
excess glucose to glycogen
kidneys
Hormone : Glucagon
Hormone : Adrenaline
Tissues / organs : Liver, muscles and adipose tissues
Tissues / organs : Muscle tissues, liver and heart Function : Increase blood glucose level
Function : Increase the level of sugar and fatty
acids in the blood

Ovary Thyroid Gland

Hormone : Oestrogen
Tissues / organs : Gonad, skin, muscles and Hormone : Thyroxine
bones Tissues / organs : All tissues
Function : Repairs and stimulate the thickening Function :
of uterus wall 1. Increase the metabolism rate
2. Increase body temperature
Testis
Hormone : Progesterone 3. Regulates growth and development
Tissues / organs : Gonad Hormone : Testosterone
Function : Stimulates the development of the Tissues / organs : Gonad, skin, muscles and
uterus wall and the formation of the placenta bones
Function : Stimulates teh development of
secondary sexual characteristics in the male and
spermatogenesis
 KELENJAR ADRENAL TESTIS
HORMON: ALDOSTERON HORMON:TESTOSTERON
TISU: GINJAL TISU: GONAD,KULIT,OTOT DAN TULANG
FUNGSI: MENINGKATKAN PENYERAPAN SEMULA
FUNGSI: MERANGSANG PERKEMBANGAN
GARAM MINERAL DI GINJAL
CIRI-CIRI SEKS SEKUNDER LELAKI
HORMON: ADRENALINA DAN SPERMATOGENESIS
TISU: TISU OTOT,HATI DAN JANTUNG
FUNGSI: MENINGKATKAN ARAS GULA DAN ASID
LEMAK DALAM DARAH

KELENJAR TIROID OVARI

HORMON: TIROKSINA HORMON: ESTROGEN
TISU: SEMUA TISU TISU: GONAD,KULIT,OTOT DAN TULANG
FUNGSI: 1)MENINGKATKAN KADAR FUNGSI: MEMBAIKI SERTA MERANGSANG
METABOLISME PENEBALAN DINDING UTERUS
2)MENINGKATKAN SUHU
BADAN HORMON: PROGESTERON
3)MENGAWAL ATUR PANKREAS TISU: GONAD
HORMON: INSULIIN FUNGSI: MERANGSANG PERKEMBANGAN
PERTUMBUHAN DAN
TISU: HATI,OTOT DAN TISU ADIPOS
PERKEMBANGAN DINDING UTERUS DAN
FUNGSI: MENGURANGKAN ARAS GLUKOSA
DARAH DAN MENGGALAKKAN
PEMBENTUKAN PLASENTA
PENUKARAN GLUKOSA BERLEBIHAN
KEPADA GLIKOGEN
HORMON: GLUKAGON
TISU: HATI OTOT DAN TISU ADIPOS
FUNGSI: MENINGKATKAN ARAS GLUKOSA DARAH
 Involvement of the Nervous System and Endocrine System
in ‘fight or flight’ situation / Penglibatan Sistem Saraf dan
Sistem Endokrin dalam Situasi Cemas
in emergency or "fight or flight" situation,
hypothalamus transmits nerve impulses directly to
adrenal medulla and adrenal medulla cells are
stimulated to secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline
this includes an increase in:
heart rate
respiratory rate
blood pressure
blood glucose level
metabolic activity
the heart pumps more oxygen and glucose to the brain and
skeletal muscle because additional energy is needed to fight
or run quickly. In emergency, both
endocrine and nervous system work together to produce
immediate response to deal with dangerous situation. When
this mechanism manage to control fight or flight situation,
bodily changes that have occured return to normal range
Dalam keadaan kecemasan atau "lawan atau lari",
hipotalamus menghantar impuls saraf secara langsung
ke medula adrenal dan sel medulla adrenal dirangsang
untuk mengeluarkan adrenalin dan noradrenalin. Ini
termasuk peningkatan dalam:
kadar degupan jantung
kadar respirasi
tekanan darah
tahap glukosa darah
aktiviti metabolik
jantung mengepam lebih banyak oksigen dan glukosa ke otak dan
otot rangka kerana tenaga tambahan diperlukan untuk melawan
atau berlari dengan cepat. Dalam keadaan kecemasan, kedua-
duanya
sistem endokrin dan saraf bekerjasama untuk menghasilkan tindak
balas segera untuk menangani situasi berbahaya. Apabila
mekanisme ini berjaya mengawal keadaan pertarungan atau
penerbangan, perubahan tubuh yang terjadi kembali ke jarak normal
 Nervous System
Differences
is made up of a network of millions
of neurones
Contains target tissues or
Signal is in the form of electrical
impulses through neurones
Nerve response is quick and
immediate
The duration of the effect is short
The effect of an impulse produces
the response of an organ
Endocrine System
Similarities Differences
The duration of the effect is long
The effect of hormones produces
responses in several organs
organs Consists of ductless endocrine glands
Signal is delivered by organic chemical
substances, which are hormones,
through blood flow
The response is slow and prolonged
Produces a response to
a stimulus
Functions to regulate all
activities of the body
 Sistem Saraf
Perbezaan
Tempoh kesan adalah singkat
Terdiri daripada rangkaian berjuta-
juta sel neuron
utusan dihantar dalam bentuk
impuls elektrik melalui neuron
gerak balas saraf adalah cepat dan
serta-merta
kesan impuls menghasilkan gerak
balas satu organ
Sistem Endokrin
Persamaan Perbezaan
Tempoh lesan adalah lama
Terdiri daripada kelenjar endokrin
Mempunyai tisu atau tanpa duktus
organ sasaran utusan diangkut oleh bahan kimia
organik iaitu hormon melalui aliran
darah
gerak balas adalah perlahan dan
berpanjangan
Menghasilkan gerak balas kesan hormon menghasilkan kerak
terhadap sesuatu balas terhadap beberapa organ
rangsangan
Berfungsi menyelaraskan
segala aktiviti badan
Soalan dan jawapan
Cadangkan perbezaan antara sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin

Suggest the differences between nervous system and endocrine system

Nervous system responses are quick and immediate. For example, when you touch a hot
plate you will pull your hand back quickly . While endocrine system responses are slow and
prolonged. Like, our body growth.
Next, nervous system deliver signal in the form of electrical impulses through neurones .
For endocrine system, signal is delivered by organic chemical substances, which are
hormones, through blood flow.

Respon sistem saraf cepat dan serta merta. Contohnya, menarik tangan dengan pantas
apabila tersentuh periuk panas. Manakala respon sistem endokrin perlahan dan
berpanjangan. Seperti, pertumbuhan tubuh badan.
Seterusnya, sistem saraf menghantar utusan dalam bentuk impuls elektrik melalui
neuron. Manakala sistem endokrin, utusan diangkut oleh bahan kimia organik iaitu hormon
melalui aliran darah
 Sistem Saraf
Perbezaan / Differences
Tempoh kesan adalah singkat
Terdiri daripada rangkaian berjuta-juta sel neuron
utusan dihantar dalam bentuk impuls elektrik melalui
neuron
gerak balas saraf adalah cepat dan serta-merta
kesan impuls menghasilkan gerak balas satu organ
Is made up of a network of millions of neurones
Signal is in the form of electrical impulses through
neurones
Nerve response is quick and immediate
The duration of the effect is short
The effect of an impulse produces the response of an
organ
Sistem Endokrin
Tempoh kesan adalah lama
Terdiri daripada kelenjar endokrin tanpa duktus
utusan diangkut oleh bahan kimia organik iaitu hormon
melalui aliran darah
gerak balas adalah perlahan dan berpanjangan
kesan hormon menghasilkan kerak balas terhadap
beberapa organ
The duration of the effect is long
The effect of hormones produces responses in
several organs
Consists of ductless endocrine glands
Signal is delivered by organic chemical substances,
which are hormones, through blood flow
The response is slow and prolonged