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Ejercicios de Sistema de Potencia - Electical Power
Ejercicios de Sistema de Potencia - Electical Power
S V I Z
Spu = , Vpu = , Ipu = and Zpu = ...(5.3)
SB VB I B Z B
where, S (apparent power), V(voltage), I(current) and Z(impedance) are phasor or complex
quantities and denominators (i.e., SB, VB, IB and ZB) are always real numbers. To completely
define a per-unit system, minimum four base quantities are required.
Two independent base values can be arbitrarily selected at one point in a power system.
Usually, the three-phase base volt-ampere SB or (MVA)B and the line-to-line base voltage VB or
(kV)B are selected. The base value has the same units as the actual quantity and hence making
the per-unit quantity dimensionless. Then, in order for electrical laws to be valid in the per-unit
system, following relations must be used for other base values:
(MVA) B
IB = ...(5.4)
3 (KV ) B
(KV ) B 3
and ZB = ...(5.5)
IB
Now substituting for IB from eqn. (5.4), the base impedance becomes
(KV ) 2B
ZB = ...(5.6)
(MVA) B
Note that phase and line quantities expressed in per-unit values are the same, and the
circuit laws are valid, i.e.,
*
Spu = Vpu · I pu ...(5.7)
Here Spu = per-unit complex power = Ppu + j Qpu
Vpu = per-unit voltage
*
Ipu = complex conjugate of per-unit current Ipu
100 Electrical Power Systems
Vphase
IL = ...(5.10)
ZL
where ZL is load impedance per phase.
Substituting IL from eqn. (5.10) in eqn. (5.9), we get,
FG V IJ *
HZ K
phase
Sload(3f) = 3. Vphase
L
3|Vphase|2
\ Sload(3f) =
ZL*
3|Vphase|2
\ ZL = *
...(5.11)
Sload (3 f )
3|Vphase|2 (MVA) B
Zpu = *
× ...(5.13)
Sload (3 f ) (KV) 2B
|Vpu|2
\ Zpu = *
...(5.15)
Sload (pu)
Power System Components and Per Unit System 101
The impedance of generators, transformers and motors supplied by the manufacturer are
generally given in per-unit values on their own ratings. For power system analysis, all impedances
must be expressed in per-unit values on a common base.
When base quantities are changed from (MVA)B, old to (MVA)B, new and from (KV)B, old to
(KV)B, new, the new per-unit impedance can be given by
VpB
ZpB = ...(5.19)
IpB
VSB
ZSB = ...(5.20)
ISB
From Fig. 5.8, we can write,
VS = ES ZS IS ...(5.21)
Ep = Vp ZpIp ...(5.22)
Also Es = a.Ep ...(5.23)
Substituting Es from eqn. (5.23) into eqn. (5.24), we obtain
VS = aEp ZSIS ...(5.24)
Substituting Ep from eqn. (5.22) into eqn. (5.24), we get,
VS = a(Vp ZpIp) ZSIS ...(5.25)
Eqn. (5.25) can be converted in per-unit form, i.e.,
102 Electrical Power Systems
Ip IpB
= =a
Is ISB
Ip Is
\ =
IpB ISB
ZS
\ Z1(pu) = Zp(pu) +
ZSB
\ Z1(pu) = Zp(pu) + ZS(pu) = Z(pu) ...(5.31)
Similarly on the secondary side,
Z2(pu) = ZS(pu) + Zp(pu) = Z(pu) ...(5.32)
Therefore, per-unit impedance of a transformer is the same whether computed from primary
or secondary side.
Example 5.1: A single phase two-winding transformer is rated 25 kVA, 1100/440 volts, 50 Hz.
The equivalent leakage impedance of the transformer referred to the low voltage side is 0.06 78°
9. Using transformer rating as base values, determine the per-unit leakage impedance referred
to low voltage winding and referred to high voltage winding.
Power System Components and Per Unit System 103
Solution: Let us assume high voltage side is primary and low voltage side is secondary
windings.
Transformer rating = 25 kVA = 0.025 MVA
Vp = 1100 volt = 1.1 kV; VS = 440 volt = 0.44 kV
(MVA)B = 0.025, VpB = 1.1 kV, VSB = 0.44 kV.
Base impedance on the 440 volt side of the transformer is
2
VSB (0.44) 2
ZSB = = = 7.744 ohm
(MVA) B (0.025)
Per-unit leakage impedance referred to the low voltage side is
Zs, eq 0.06 78°
ZS(pu) = = = 7.74 ´ 10 -3 78° pu .
ZSB 7.744
If Zp, eq referred to primary winding (HV side),
FG N IJ × Z
2
FG 11. IJ 2
Zp, eq = a2.Zs, eq =
HN K
1
2
S, eq =
H 0.44 K ´ 0.06 78°
Example 5.2: Figure 5.10 shows single line diagram of a single- phase circuit. Using the base
values of 3 kVA and 230 volts, draw the per-unit circuit diagram and determine the per-unit
impedances and the per-unit source voltage. Also calculate the load current both in per unit and
in Amperes.
VB2 =
FGH 433IJK ´ 230 = 433 volt = 0.433 kV
230
and VB3 =G
FH 120IJK ´ 433 volts = 118.09 volts = 0.11809 kV.
440
(VB1 )2 (0.23)2
ZB1 = = = 17.63 ohm
( MVA ) B 0.003
(VB2 )2 (0.433)2
ZB2 = = = 62.5 ohm
( MVA )B 0.003
(V B3 )2 (0.11809 )2
ZB3 = = = 4.64 W
( MVA )B 0.003
(MVA) B 0.003
IB3 = = kA = 25.4 Amp
(V B3 ) 0.11809
1000
x2(ohm) = 0.1 × 96.8 = 9.68 ohm
ZB2 = 62.5 W
9.68
\ x2, new = = 0.1548 pu
62.5
xline (ohm) 3
xline (pu) = = = 0.048 pu
ZB2 62.5
Power System Components and Per Unit System 105
0.956 0°
\ IL(pu) = = 2.355 - 64.86° pu
0.4058 64.86°
Example 5.3: Figure 5.12 shows single-line diagram of a power system. The ratings of the
generators and transformers are given below:
G1 : 25 MVA, 6.6 kV, xg1 = 0.20 pu
G2 : 15 MVA, 6.6 kV, xg2 = 0.15 pu
G3 : 30 MVA, 13.2 kV, xg3 = 0.15 pu
T1 : 30 MVA, 6.6 D 115 Y kV, xT1 = 0.10 pu
T2 : 15 MVA, 6.6 D 115 Y kV, xT2 = 0.10 pu
T3 : Single-phase unit each rated 10 MVA, 6.9/69 kV, xT3 = 0.10 pu.
Draw per-unit circuit diagram using base values of 30 MVA and 6.6 kV in the circuit of
generator-1.
Solution: The chosen base values are 30 MVA and 6.6 kV in the generator 1 circuit.
Consequently, the transmission line base voltage of Line-1 is 115 kV. For generator-2 base
voltage is also 6.6 kV.
106 Electrical Power Systems
As the transformer T3 is rated 6.9 kV and 69 kV per phase, the line voltage ratio is
6.9 3 69 3 = 12/120 kV. Therefore, base line voltage for generator-3 circuit is
12
´ 115 =
FGH IJK
120
11.5 kV.
Therefore, line kV base on H.V. side of transformer T3 is the same as that of transmission
line, i.e., 115 kV.
(MVA)B = 30
30
xg1 = 0.2 ´ = 0.24 pu
25
30
xg2 = 0.15 ´ = 0.30 pu
15
FG 30IJ = 0.20 pu
xT2 = 0.10
H 15K
xT3 = 0.10 G
FH 120IJK = 0.11 pu
2
115
(115) 2
ZB, line = = 440 W
30
120
xLine-1 = = 0.27 pu
440
90
xLine-2 = = 0.205 pu.
440
Figure 5.13 shows the per-unit circuit
diagram. Fig. 5.13: Per-unit circuit diagram.
Example 5.4: A 100 MVA, 33 kV, three phase generator has a reactance of 15%. The generator
is connected to the motors through a transmission line and transformers as shown in Fig. 5.14.
Motors have rated inputs of 40 MVA, 30 MVA and 20 MVA at 30 kV with 20% reactance-each.
Draw the per-unit circuit diagram.
Solution:
Solution: Assuming,
(MVA)B = 100 and (KV)B = 33 in the generator circuit.
\ xg = 0.15 pu
110
(KV)B, line = 33 ´ = 113.43 kV
32
In the motor circuit
32
(KV)B, motor = 113.43 ´ = 33 kV.
110
(33) 2
Now ZB = = 10.89 W
100
(32) 2
ZB, T1 = ZB, T2 = W = 9.309 W
110
\ xT1(W) = 0.08 × 9.309 W = 0.744 W
0.744
\ xT1, new (pu) = = 0.0683 pu
10.89
\ xT2, new (pu) = 0.0683 pu
(113.43) 2
ZB, line = = 128.66 W
100
60
\ xline(pu) = = 0.466 pu
128.66
FG IJ 2
H K
100 30
xmotor 1 (pu) = 0.20 ´ ´ = 0.413 pu
40 33
100 F 30I
´G J
2
30 H 33K
xmotor-2 (pu) = 0.20 ´ = 0.551 pu
100 F 30I
´G J
2
xmotor-3 (pu) = 0.20 ´
20 33 H K
= 0.826 pu.
Example 5.5: Three single phase transformers are given with their name plate ratings. Determine
the reactance diagram YY and Y, connections, picking the voltage and power bases for the
three-phase bank.
Transformer ratings (1 B) : 1000 kVA
12.66/66 kV
xl = 0.10 pu
xm = 50 pu
Solution: For single-phase transformer
(KV) 2B1
ZB1 =
(MVA) B
(KV)2B2
ZB2 =
(MVA) B
1000
(MVA)B = = 1.0
1000
(KV)B1 = 12.66 kV
(KV)B2 = 66 kV
(12.66) 2
\ ZB1 = W = 160.27 W
1
(66) 2
ZB2 = W = 4356 W
1
Actual reactances (referred to the primary) are:
xl = 0.1 × 160.27 W = 16.027 W
xm = 50 × 160.27 = 8013.5 W.
Let us consider now the three-phase interconnections of these single-phase transformers. If
we connect the primaries in Y (secondaries can be Y or D) and assume (MVA)B, 3f and (KV)B, L L,
then (MVA)B, 3f = 3 × 1 = 3.0
16.027
\ xl = = 0.1 pu
160.27
8013.5
xm = = 50 pu
160.27
Reactance diagram of YY and YD connections
is shown in Fig. 5.16. Note that reactance diagram
for DY and DD is also same.
Fig. 5.16: Reactance diagram of three-phase
transformers (YY, YD, DY and DD).
Power System Components and Per Unit System 109
Example 5.6: Draw the per-unit impedance diagram of the system shown in Fig. 5.17. Assumed
base values are 100 MVA and 100 kV.
50 9.24
Similarly for G2,
80 9.24
100 F 13.8 I
´G J pu = 0.33 pu.
2
40 H 10.45K
For T2, xT2, new = 0.1 ´
110 Electrical Power Systems
(100) 2
ZB, line = = 100 ohm
100
Z12 (ohm) (4 + j 16)
Z12(pu) = = = (0.04 + j0.16) pu
ZB, line 100
(2 + j 8)
Z13(pu) = Z23(pu) = = (0.02 + j0.08) pu
100
The load is specified as:
S = 50(0.8 + j0.6) = (40 + j30) MVA.
(124) 2
*
ZLOAD (ohm) = = 307.52 -36.87° ohm
(40 + j 30)
(124) 2
Rparallel = = 384.4 ohm; \ Rparallel(pu) = 3.844 pu
40
(124) 2
Xparallel = = 512.5 ohm; Xparallel(pu) = 5.125 pu.
30
The reactance diagram is shown in Fig. 5.18. The load is represented as series combination
of R and L.
Example 5.7: Figure 5.19 shows a sample power system networks. Find the current supplied by
the generator, the transmission line current, the load current, the load voltage and the power
consumed by the load.
5 MVA 10 MVA
11.2/132 kV 138/69 kV
NT1 = 0.10 pu NT2 = 0.10 pu
Solution: Choose
(MVA)B = 100
(KV)B = 138
\ VB1 =
FGH 138IJK × 11.2 = 11.71 kV
132
VB2 = 138 kV
VB3 = 69 kV
(138) 2
\ ZB2 = = 190.44 W
100
(69) 2
ZB3 = = 47.61 W
100
10 + j 10 10 + j 10
\ Z (pu)
Line =
= = 0.0525 (1 + j1) pu
ZB2 190.44
30 30
Z (pu)
Load = = = 0.63 pu
ZB3 47.61
Now using eqn. (5.16)
xT1,old ´ (KV)2B, old (MVA) B, new
xT1, new = ´
(MVA) B, old (KV)2B, new
Here xT1, old = 0.10 pu, (KV)B, old = 11.2 kV,
(KV)B, new = 11.71 kV, (MVA)B, old = 5, (MVA)B, new = 100
. )2
(112 100
\ xT1, new = 0.10 ´ ´ pu = 1.83 pu.
5 . )2
(1171
100
Similarly xT2 = 0.10 ´ = 1 pu
10
Note that old and new base voltage are name here.
112 Electrical Power Systems
0.956 0°
\ I(pu) = pu
j 183
. + 0.0525 + j 0.0525 + j 1 + 0.63
0.956 0° 0.956
\ I(pu) = = pu
(0.6825 + j 2.8825) 2.962 76.68°
100 ´ 106 3
Now IB1 = ´ = 4934.6 Amp
3 . ´ 10 3
117
11.2
IB2 = ´ 4934.6 = 418.7 Amp
132
138
IB3 = ´ 418.7 = 837.4 Amp.
69
Generator current
\ Ig = |I(pu)| × IB1 = 0.3227 × 4934.6 = 1592.4 Amp
Transmission line current
|I2| = 0.3227 × 418.7 Amp = 135.11 Amp
Load current
|I3| = 0.3227 × 837.4 = 270.23 Amp
Load voltage,
VL(pu) = I(pu) × ZL(pu) = 0.3227 -76.68° × 0.63 pu
Power System Components and Per Unit System 113
Example 5.8: The single line diagram of a three-phase power system is shown in Fig. 5.21.
Select a common base of 100 MVA and 13.8 kV on the generator side. Draw per-unit impedance
diagram.
VB2 = 13.8
FGH 220 IJK = 220 kV
13.8
Base voltage on the high voltage side of T2 is
VB3 = 220 kV
and on its Low voltage side,
VB4 = 220
FGH 11 IJK = 11 kV
220
xT1 = 0.10
FGH 100IJK = 0.20 pu
50
xT2 = 0.10 G
FH 100IJK = 0.20 pu
50
xT3 = 0.10 G
FH 100IJK = 0.20 pu
50
xT4 = 0.10 G
FH 100IJK = 0.20 pu
50
For motor, using eqn. (5.16)
Here xm, old (pu) = 0.20, (MVA)B, old = 80, (KV)B, old = 10.45 kV
(MVA)B, new = 100, (KV)B, new = 11 kV
(VB2 ) 2 (220 ) 2
ZB, 23 = = = 484 W
(MVA) B 100
(VB5 ) 2 (132) 2
ZB, 56 = = = 174.24 W .
(MVA) B 100
50
\ xline-1(pu) = pu = 0.1033 pu
484
70
xline-2(pu) = pu = 0.4017 pu.
174.24
The load is at 0.8 pf lagging is given by
SL(3f) = 57 36.87°
Load impedance is given by
(V L - L )2 (10.45)2
ZL = =
SL* ( 3f) 57 -36.87°
\ ZL = (1.532 + j1.1495)W.
Power System Components and Per Unit System 115
(11) 2
ZB, load = W = 1.21 W
100
(1.532 + j 1.1495)
\ ZL(pu) = pu = (1.266 + j 0.95) pu
1.21
The per-unit equivalent circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 5.22.