Power flow

Dr Bakary Diarra
BIUST Palapye
 Power flow analysis
I. Linear system resolution using Gauss elimination

II. Non-linear systems resolution

1. Using Gauss-Seidel
2. Using Newton-Raphton

III. Application to power flow

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 Gauss elimination
For a linear system
+ + +⋯+ =
+ + +⋯+ =
⋮
+ + +⋯+ =
In matrix form
…
…
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ = ⋮ ⋮
…

The variables are eliminated progressively

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 Gauss elimination
 First step →eliminate from all the rows from

( ) ( ) ( ) … ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) … ( ) ( )
← −
0 =
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
0 ( ) ( ) … ( ) ( ) ( )
← −

 Second step →eliminate from all the rows from

( ) ( ) ( ) … ( ) ( )
( )
0 ( ) ( ) … ( ) ( )
⋮ ⋮ = ⋮
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
… ( )
← ( ) ( )
−
0 ( ) ( ) ( )
0

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 Gauss elimination
 Last step →eliminate from all the rows
from
( ) ( ) ( ) … ( ) ( )

0 ( ) ( ) … ( ) ( )
⋮ ⋮ = ⋮
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ( )
0 … ( ) ( ) ← −
0 0

 The solution are obtained as

( ) ( )
= → =

 Using back substitution we can get all the other

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 Example
Solve this equation using Gauss elimination

6 +2 + =3
4 + 10 + 2 = 4
3 + 4 + 14 = 2

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 Gauss elimination
 This resolution technique is easy

 But too memory and time consuming

 Not suitable for very large systems

 Alternate solutions?

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 Iterative solutions
 In an iterative method the final solution is obtained by
successive computation of intermediate solutions
until a given constraint is satisfied
 General form
+1 = for = 0, 1, 2, …
 Constraint form or stop condition is given by
< tolerance level

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 Jacobi method
Considering the previous linear system, the row can
be written as follows
+ + ⋯+ + ⋯+ =

= [ − + + ⋯+ + + ⋯+ ]

1
= − −

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 Jacobi method
Relationship between new and old values is
1
( + 1) = − ( )− ()

with = 1,2, … ,
In matrix form
+1 = + where = ( − )

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 Jacobi method
 D is a diagonal of matrix from A and
1/ 0 0 … 0
0 1/ 0 … 0
=
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
0 0 0 … 1/

 Once the two matrices found, the resolution is easy

 It has less time and memory requirement compared to

Gauss elimination

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 Jacobi method Example
 Considering this system
1
−3 + 1.9 = 0 = ( + 1.9)
→ 3
+ −3=0
=3−
 Applying Jacobi (Gauss method)

+1 = + 1.9
given 0 = 0 =1
( + 1) = 3 −
= 10

 With = 1, … , running until an accuracy is satisfied

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 Gauss-Seidel method
 The relationship between new and old values is
1
( + 1) = − ( + 1) − ()

with = 1,2, … ,

 In matrix form, it has the same formula

+1 = + where = ( − )

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 Gauss-Seidel method
 And D is the lower triangular matrix of A
0 0 … 0
0 … 0
= ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
⋮
…

 Once the two matrices found, the resolution is easy

 It has less time and memory requirement comparable

to Jacobi

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 Gauss-Seidel method Example
 Considering this system
1
−3 + 1.9 = 0 = ( + 1.9)
→ 3
+ −3=0
=3−
 Applying Gauss-Seidel

+1 = + 1.9
given 0 = 0 =1
( + 1) = 3 − +1

 With = 1, … , running until an accuracy is satisfied

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 Newton-Raphson method
 For a non-linear system

= ⋮ =

 We can write
− =0
Supposing that = + ∆ as is approximated
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 Newton-Raphson method
 The equation is rewritten as
− +∆ =0
 Using Taylor series expansion
+∆ = +∆ +⋯
 We deduce
( + 1) = ( ) + −
Extended Gauss-Seidel
 In the non-linear case, D needs to be specified

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 Newton-Raphson method
 The 1st order Taylor series gives
−
= ( +∆ )= + +⋯
1!
−
= = + +⋯
1!
 Then we obtain

= + −

( + 1) = ( ) + () −
 is the Jacobian matrix equivalent to previous
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 Newton-Raphson method
The Jacobian matrix is

…
…
= = ⋮
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ … ⋮

The size of the matrix depends on the number of

unkowns
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 Newton-Raphson method
 Instead of inverting , we use the relationship
()
+1 − = −
( )∆ =∆ ()
 Steps of computation
1. Compute ∆ ( )
2. Compute ( )
3. Compute ∆ ( ), then deduce ( + 1) from ∆
 Low time and memory requirement

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 Comparison of methods
Newton-Raphson converges in many cases
where Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel don’t
The number of iteration is independent from
the size of the matrix in Newton-Raphson
contrary to Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel
The convergence is obtained in maximum 10
iterations in power flow studies with Newton-
Raphson

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 Application to power flow
Different types of buses
Other buses

The power delivered to a bus is

divided in terms of generator
Bus and load
= −
= ∠ G L
= −

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 Application to power flow
Three types of buses
 Swing (or slack) bus : just one in the system for
convenience, numbered 1. It is the reference bus
∠ = 1∠0° per unit. and to be computed.

 Load ( ) bus: and are input. and are to be

computed. Most frequent type of bus.

 Voltage controlled ( ) bus: and are input. and

are to be computed. Buses with generators, shunt
capacitors and static vars. Maximum and minimum var
limits of these systems are also input.

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 Bus admittance
The bus (node) admittance is obtained
applying nodal analysis
The relationship between the current sources
and the nodes (bus) voltages gives
…
…
… = ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
…

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 Bus admittance
From a circuit, the steps are
Transformation of voltages to their equivalent
current sources (source transformation)
Determination of matrix elements
Diagonal values =∑ for ≠
Off diagonal values = =−

For Bus admittance only generators, lines and

transformers are considered not loads!!!
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 Bus admittance
Example: demonstration from nodal analysis
1 2 1 2
j1 j0.4 j0.8 − 2.5

− 1.25
−1
DC  1
2 
1 DC
2
3 3

0.08
− 12.5
4
4

Initial circuit Circuit after source transformation

All impedances transformed to admittances
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 Bus admittance
Example
Bus General form of
−8.5 2.5 5 0 = + →
= 2.5 −8.75 5 0 =
5 5 −22.5 12.5
0 0 12.5 −12.5 Most of the time,
Bus voltages is neglected

=∑ for ≠
= =
0
0 =−

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 Application to power flow
 Bus admittance and current =
 For bus , current and power =∑
∗ ∗
= = + = ∑ with = 1, 2, … ,
 Exponential form
=V and =Y with , = 1, 2, … ,
 Then the previous equation becomes
∗

+ = =V Y V

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 Application to power flow
 Then the previous equation becomes
∗

+ = =V Y V

 Relationship of and

=V Y V ( − − )

=V Y V ( − − )

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 Power flow with Gauss-Seidel
 The current expressions
∗ ( + )∗ −
= + → = ∗ → = ∗

= = + +⋯+ + ⋯+

 Using Gauss-Seidel
1
= − − →

1
( + 1) = ( )− ( + 1) − ( )

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 Power flow with Gauss-Seidel
Final expression for a load bus
1 −
( + 1) = ∗ − ( + 1) − ( )
( )

∗
 The calculation is done with ( ) and just after with
∗
( + 1) in each iteration
 The final voltage is then obtained by
1 −
( + 1) = ∗ − ( + 1) − ( )
( + 1)

PS: = + = − → =− very often

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 Power flow with Gauss-Seidel
For voltage controlled bus, and are unknown

( + 1) = ( ) ( ) ( ( )− ( )− )

 For < , the index is + 1 as for the voltage previously

 is fixed but we compute = +
 We keep the imaginary part and determine its real part
so that = + → = −

 Finally = +

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 Power flow with Gauss-Seidel
For swing bus, and are input
After the computation of all the other unknowns in the
system, the active and reactive powers are obtained
= ( )∑ (0 − − )

= ( ) (0 − − )

The final value of each quantity is used in this

calculation

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 Example
For this system, determine and in two iterations
and draw the power flow diagram …
MVA base is 100 MVA

0 = 0 =1

400 + 320
̅ =− = −4 − 3.2
100

300 + 270
̅ =− = −3 − 2.7
100

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 Power flow with Newton-Raphson
Relationship of and
= ∑ − − , = ∑ ( − − ) are
non-linear of the form = ( )

⋮ ⋮ ⋮
= = and = = ; = =
⋮ ⋮ ⋮

The terms , are in per-unit and in radians

The swing bus is omitted as and are known
And = = ( ), = = ( ), = 2,3, … ,

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 Power flow with Newton-Raphson
Jacobian matrix for ≠
1 = = − −

2 = = − −

3 = =− − −

4 = = − − , = 2,3, … ,

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 Power flow with Newton-Raphson
Jacobian matrix for =
1 = =− ∑ − −

2 = = +∑ − −

3 = = ∑ − −

4 = =− +∑ − −
for , = 2,3, … ,

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 Power flow with Newton-Raphson
Jacobian final matrix

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 Newton-Raphson steps
 Step 1
∆ () − ( )
∆ = =
∆ () − ( )
 Step 2
Compute the Jacobian matrix
 Step 3
Gauss elimination to find ∆ ( )
1( ) 2( ) ∆ () ∆ ()
=
3( ) 4( ) ∆ () ∆ ()
 Step 4
( + 1) () ∆ ()
+1 = = +
( + 1) () ∆ ()

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 Newton-Raphson steps
 Criterion based on ∆ called power mismatches
 Voltage controlled bus, is known and not
needed, we can remove from and from and
both partial derivatives from the Jacobian
 At the end of each iteration, is computed
 If = + > , the voltage
controlled bus is changed to load bus with =

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 Example
Using a 100 MVA base, determine the voltage
and angle at bus 2. Choose 0 = 1 and
0 = 0 and do two iterations

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 Fast decoupled methods
 For rapid solutions, J is reduced to and ()
∆ =∆ ()
∆ =∆ ()

 In this method, and ( ) are neglected

 Additional simplification possible in some cases with

the approximation ≈ ≈ 1.0 and ≈

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 Line flow and losses
Let’s consider the following system
The current from bus to and vice versa
= − =−
Complex power (flow) from to
∗
=
Complex powers (flow) from to
∗
=
Power loss in the line corresponds to the
Power system algebraic sum of and
= +

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 Conclusion
 The power flow analysis can be done using
different methods
 Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson are the most
used ones
 These methods permit to get the different
quantities in the system at any time
 Power flow analysis is required for the system
control

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