Namma Kalvi 6th Tamil Guide 220920

www.nammakalvi.
com
FOR ORDERS CONTACT : 8925612359
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flTspd; Mrpu;thjk; ,Ue;jhy; vy;yhk; rhj;jpaNk
Dr.A.P.J. mg;Jy; fyhk;.
kjpg;gpw;Fupa jhshsu;> jiyikahrpupah;> jiyikahrpupia>
Kjy;tu; kw;Wk; md;gpw;fpdpa jkpoprpupag; ngUkf;fNs!
ehq;fs; 6 Mk; tFg;gpw;fhd (ngq;Fapd;) jkpo; mKJ> Gjpa

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb Gjpa gjpg;ghf ntspapLtjpy; kpfTk;
ngUikg;gLfpNwhk;.
fy;tp> mwpTj; NjlYf;fhd gazk; kl;Lkd;W. vjpu;fhy

tho;tpw;Fk; mbj;jsk;. cq;fs; iffspy; jtOk; ngq;Fapd; jkpo; mKJ
cq;fs; kdjpw;F ,jkhf mikAk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
,e;j jkpo; mKjpy;> ghlE}ypy; cs;s tpdh kl;Lkpy;yhky;

$Ljyhf rpy tpdhf;fSk; muRj;Nju;tpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;
tpdhf;fSk; mDgtkpf;f Mrpupau;fshy; njhFj;J toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Nju;tpw;F kl;Lkpd;wp tho;tpYk; Nghl;bj;
Nju;tpw;Fk; gad;gLk; tifapy; mikf;fg;l;Ls;sJ.
vspa ,dpa nkhopeil> fUj;Jfspd; Nfhu;itahd moF>

jkpowpit tsu;fF; k; rpe;jidj; Jspfs;. fw;git fw;wgpd; kdjpy;
mzptFf;Fk;. ,itnay;yhk; cs;slf;fpa vspa njspthd ngq;Fapd;
jkpo; mKij ed;F thrpAq;fs;..... epidtpy; epiy epWj;Jq;fs;.
muRg;nghJj;Nju;tpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz;fis ms;spf;FtpAq;fs;.
vq;fSf;F cWJizahf ,Ue;j ngw;Nwhu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;

kw;Wk; khztu;fs; midtUf;Fk; kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfis cupj;jhf;fpf;
nfhs;fpNwhk;.
,g;gbf;F
gjpg;gfj;jhu;.
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,ay; nghUz;ik / ,ay; ghlj;jiyg;Gfs; g.vz;

kdg;ghlg; ghly;fs; 1
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nkhop
,d;gj;jkpo; 6
jkpo;f;Fk;kp 12
1 tsh;jkpo; 17
jkpo;jN
; jd; fdT gypj;jJ 25
jkpo; vOj;Jfspd; tif njhif 28
myFj; Njh;T 37
rpyg;gjpfhuk; 41
fhzp epyk; 47
rpwfpd; Xir 52
2 ,aw;if fpotDk; flYk; 58
KjnyOj;Jk; rhh;ngOj;Jk; 61
jpUf;Fws; 64
myFj; Njh;T 72
3 mwptpay;Mj;jp#b 76
mwptpyhy; Ms;Nthk; 80
fzpadpd; ez;gd; 84
mwptpay; njhopy;El;gk;
xsp gpwe;jJ 88
nkhop Kjy;> ,Wjp vOj;Jfs; 91
myFj; Njh;T 98
gUtk; ,uz;L
fy;tp %Jiu 102
Jd;gk; nty;Yk; fy;tp 106
fy;tpf;fz; jpwe;jth; 111
4
fz;nzdj; jFk; E}yfk; Nehf;fp 117
,d vOj;Jfs; 120
myFj; Njh;T 128
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,ay; nghUz;ik / ,ay; ghlj;jiyg;Gfs; g.vz;

ehfhpfk;> gz;ghL Mrhuf;Nfhit 132
fz;kzpNa fz;Zwq;F 137
jkpoh; ngUtpoh 143
5 kdk; ftUk; khky;yGuk; 148
ghlwpe;j xOFjy;
kaq;nfhypfs; 152
jpUf;Fws; 160
myFj; Njh;T 164
njhopy;> tzpfk; ehdpyk; gilj;jtd; 168
flNyhL tpisahL 173
tsUk; tzpfk; 179
6
$bj; njhopy; nra; ciog;Ng %yjdk; 184
Rl;nlOj;Jfs;> tpdh vOj;Jfs; 186
myFj; Njh;T 193
gUtk; %d;W
ehL> r%fk;> muR> epUthfk; ghujk; md;iwa ehw;wq;fhy; 197
jkpo;ehl;by; fhe;jp 203
7 NtYehr;rpahh; 207
GJikfs; nra;Ak; NjrkpJ
ehy;tifr; nrhw;fs; 209
myFj; Njh;T 219
mwk;> jj;Jtk;> rpe;jid guhguf; fz;zp 223
ePq;fs; ey;yth; 227
8 grpg;gpzp Nghf;fpa ghit 232
ghjk; 236
vy;yhUk; ,d;Gw
ngah;r;nrhy; 239
jpUf;Fws; 249
myFj; Njh;T 251
kdpjk;> MSik Mrpa N[hjp 255
kdpj Neak; 261
9 Kbtpy; xU njhlf;fk; 267
,d;Dapu; fhg;Nghk;
mzp ,yf;fzk; 270
myFj; Njh;T 278
ngq;Fapd; - jkpo; mKJ 6 - jkpo;
kdg;ghlg;gFjp
gUtk; 1
,d;gj;jkpo;
jkpOf;Fk; mKnjd;WNgh; - me;jj;
jkpo; ,d;gj; jkpo;vq;fs; capUf;F Neh; !
jkpOf;F epyntd;W Ngh; - ,d;gj;
jkpo; vq;fs; r%j;jpd; tpisTf;F ePh; !
jkpOf;F kznkd;W Ngh; - ,d;gj;
jkpo; vq;fs; tho;Tf;F epUkpj;j Ch; !
- ghujpjhrd;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
khkio Nghw;WJk; khkio Nghw;WJk;
ehk ePh; Ntyp cyfpw;F mtd; mspNghy;
Nky;epd;W jhd; Ruj;jyhd;
- ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
fhzp epyk;
fhzp epyk; Ntz;Lk; - guhrf;jp
fhzp epyk; Ntz;Lk; - mq;Fj;
J}zpy; mofpajha; - ed;khlq;fs;
Ja;a epwj;jpdjha; - me;jf;
fhzp epyj;jpilNa - Xh; khspif
fl;bj; juNtz;Lk; - mq;Ff;
Nfzp mUfpdpNy - njd;idkuk;
fPw;Wk; ,sePUk;
gj;Jg; gd;dpuz;L - njd;idkuk;
gf;fj;jpNy NtZk;.
- ghujpahh;
penguinpub.2014@gmail.com www.penguinbooks.in
jpUf;Fws;
nfLg;gJ}ck; nfl;lhh;f;Fr; rhh;tha;kw;W Mq;Nf

vLg;gJ}ck; vy;yhk; kio.
<d;w nghOjpd; nghpJtf;Fk; jd;kfidr;

rhd;Nwhd; vdf;Nfl;l jha;.
,dpa csthf ,d;dhj $wy;

fdpapUg;gf; fha;fth;e; jw;W.
- jpUts;Sth;
gUtk; 2
%Jiu
kd;dDk; khrwf; fw;NwhDk; rPh;J}f;fpd;
kd;ddpd; fw;Nwhd; rpwg;Gilahd; - kd;dw;Fj;
jd;Njrk; my;yhy; rpwg;gpy;iy fw;Nwhh;f;Fr;
nrd;w ,lnky;yhk; rpwg;G
- xsitahh;
jpUf;Fws;
Nkhg;gf; FioAk; mdpr;rk; Kfe;jphpe;J

Nehf;ff; FioAk; tpUe;J
nts;sj;J mida kyh;ePl;lk; khe;jh;jk;
cs;sj;J midaJ cah;T
nrhy;Yf nrhy;ypy; gaDila nrhy;yw;f
nrhy;ypy; gad;,yhr; nrhy;
- jpUts;Sth;
flNyhL tpisahL
ghAk;Gay; ek;CQ;ry; - Iyrh
gdp%l;lk; cly;Nghh;it - Iyrh
fhAk;fjph;r; Rlh;$iu - Iyrh
fl;Lkuk; thOk;tPL Iyrh
kpd;dy;thp mhpr;Rtb - Iyrh
gpbf;Fk;kPd;fs; ek;nghUs;fs; - Iyrh
KoepyNt fz;zhb - Iyrh
%r;rlf;Fk; ePr;ry; Nahfk; - Iyrh
njhOk; jiytd; ngUthdk; - Iyrh
JzpNthL njhopy; nra;Nthk; - Iyrh
gUtk; 3
ghujk; md;iwa ehw;wq;fhy;

Gy;ntsp nay;yhk; G+f;fh lhfpg;
Gd;dif nra;j nghw;fhyk; !
fy;iyf; $l fhtpa khf;fpf;
fl;b epWj;jpa fiyf;$lk;! (GJikfs;)
md;id ehl;bd; mKj Rugpay;

md;dpa ehLfs; grpjPu
mz;zy; fhe;jpapd; rpd;df; ifj;jb
mwj;jpd; Cd;W Nfhyhf
GJikfs; nra;j NjrkpJ
G+kpapd; fpof;F thrypJ ! - jhuhghujp
guhguf; fz;zp
1. jk;caph;Nghy; vt;TapUk; jhndd;W jz;lUs;$h;
nrk;ikaUf;F Vty;vd;W nra;Ntd; ghuhguNk !
2. vy;yhUk; ,d;Gw;W ,Uf;f epidg;gJNt
my;yhky; Ntnwhd;W mwpNad; guhguNk !
- jhAkhdth;
jpUf;Fws;
1. kdj;Jf;fz; khrpyd; Mjy; midj;jwd;
MFy ePu gpw
2. ,d;dhnra; jhiu xWj;jy; mth;ehz
ed;dak; nra;J tply;
3. gFj;Jz;L gy;Yaph; Xk;Gjy; E}Nyhh;
njhFj;jtw;Ws; vy;yhk; jiy
- jpUts;Sth;
fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fs;
 nra;Aspd; nghUisr; nrhe;j eilapy; $Wjy; - vOJjy;.
 jkpo; nkhopapd; ,dpikia czu;e;J Nghw;Wjy;.
 jkpo;nkhopapd; jdpr;rpwg;Gfisg; gl;baypLjy;.
 jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; jdf;fhd ,yf;Ffis cUthf;Fjy;.
 vOj;Jfspd; tif> njhiffis mwpjy;.
kdtiuglk;
ths; mKJ
caph;
Njhs;
epyT
Njd; ,d;gj;jkpo;
ePh;
ths;
kzk;
Nty;
ghy; Ch;
EioAk; Kd;
ekJ jha;nkhopahfpa jkpioj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;

Nghw;Wfpd;wd. jkpo; tzf;fk; jw;fhy ,yf;fpa kughf
Mfptpl;lJ. ghujpjhrd; jkpiog; gytpjq;fspy;
Nghw;Wfpwhh;. fz;Nzz‚ kzpNa‚ vd;W Foe;ijiaf;
nfhQ;RtJ
tJk; cz;L. mJNghy mth; ek; k; nre;jjkpOf;Fg;
ngah;fs; gy #l;
l;b kfpo;tijf; fhz;Nghk;.
jkpOf;Fk; mKnjd;WNgu; - me;jj;

jkpo; ,d;gj; jkpo;vq;fs; capUf;F Neu;!*
!*
jkpOf;F epyntd;W Ngu; - ,d;gj;

jkpo; vq;fs; r%fj;jpd; tpisTf;F ePu!*
!; *
jkpOf;F kznkd;W Ngu; - ,d;gj;

jkpo; vq;fs; tho;Tf;F epUkpj;j Cu;!*
jkpo; vq;fs; ,sikf;Fg; ghy; - ,d;gj;

jkpo; ey;y Gfo;kpf;f Gytu;f;F Nty;!
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ngq;Fapd; - jkpo; mKJ 7 6 - jkpo;
jkpo; vq;fs; cah;Tf;F thd; - ,d;gj;

jkpo; vq;fs; mrjpf;Fr; Rlh;je;j Njd;!
jkpo; vq;fs; mwpTf;Fj; Njhs; - ,d;gj;

jkpo; vq;fs; ftpijf;F tapuj;jpd; ths;!
ghlypd; nghUs;
mKjk; kpf ,dpikahdJ. mJ NghyNt jkpOk; ,dpikahdJ. mj;jifa

,d;gk; jUk; jkpo; vq;fs; capUf;Fk; ,izahdJ.
jkpOf;F epyntd;Wk; ngah;. ,d;gj;jkpo; vq;fs; r%f tsu;rr ; pf;F
mbg;gilahd ePu; Nghd;wJ.
jkpOf;F kzk; vd;Wk; ngau;. mJ vq;fs; tho;tpw;fhf
hfNt
Nt cUthf;fg;gl;l Cu;
MFk;.
jkpo; vq;fs; ,sikf;Ff; fhuzkhd ghy; Nghd;wJ. ey;y Gfo;kpFe;j
Gytu;fSf;Ff; $u;ikahd Nty; Nghd;w fUtpahFk;.
jkpo; vq;fs; cau;tpw;F vy;iyahfpa thdk; Nghd;wJ. ,d;gj;jkpo; vq;fs;
Nrhu;it ePf;fp xspur; nra;Ak; Njd; Nghd;wJ.
jkpo; vq;;fs; mwpTf;Fj; Jiz nfhLf;Fk; Njhs; Nghd;wJ. jkpo; vq;fs;
ftpijf;F ituk; Nghd;w cWjp kpf;f ths; MFk;.
E}y;ntsp
ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngah; Rg;Guj;jpdk;.

ghujpahhpd; ftpijfs; kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpd;
fhuzkhfj; jk; ngaiug; ghujpjhrd; vd
khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;. jk; ftpijfspy;
ngz;fy;tp> ifk;ngz; kWkzk;>
nghJTilik> gFj;jwpT Kjyhd Gul;rpfukhd
fUj;Jfisg; ghLnghU Ushfg; ghbAs;shh;. vdNt> ,th;
Gul;rpf;ftp vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;. ,tiug; ghNte;jh;
vd;Wk; Nghw;Wth;.
nrhy;ypd; nghUs;
epUkpj;j - cUthf;fpa tpisT - tpisr;ry;

r%fk; - kf;fs; FO mrjp - Nrhh;T
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fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. ,d;gj;jkpo; vd;w ghliy ,dpa XirAld; ghLf.

2. jkpio mKJ> epyT> kzk; vd;W ngahpl;L miog;gJ gw;wp tFg;giwapy;
fye;JiuahLf.
mKjh : tzf;fk;> uhjh
uhjh : tzf;fk; mKjh
mKjh : ehk; fw;w ,d;gj;jkpo; ghlg;gFjpapy; mKJ> epyT> kzk; vd jkpio
miog;gjhf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ vt;thW nghUe;Jk;.
uhjh : mKJ vd;gJ rhth kUe;jhFk;. jkpo; mopahky; cyfpy; epiyj;J
epw;Fk; nkhopahFk;. mjdhy; jkpo; mKJ vd;W miof;fpwhh;fs;.
,NjNghd;W epyT vd;gJ Fsph;r;rpahd ey;y xspjuf;$bajhFk;.
Mifahy;> epyT Ngh Nghd;
d;W ,dpikahd nkhopahf xsph;fpd;wJ.
kzk; vd;gJ eWkzk;. vdNt> jkpo;nkhopahdJ cyfk; KOtJk;
jkpo; kzj;ijg; gug;gp tUfpwJ. ,j;jia rpwg;Gfis cilaJ.
mKjh : mUikahd jfty;. kpf;f ed;wp.
3. jkpOf;F ePq;fs; #l;l tpUk;Gk; ngah;fisg; gl;baypLf.
 md;idj;jkpo;  xz;lkpo;
 ,d;gj;jkpo;  tz;lkpo;
 Kj;jkpo;  nre;jkpo;
 ,aw;jkpo;  Njd;jkpo;
 ,irj;jkpo;  mKjj;jkpo;
 ehlfj;jkpo;  fd;dpj;jkpo;
4. jkpo;f; ftpijfs;> ghly;fisg; gbj;J kfpo;f
(v.fh) jkpNo capNu tzf;fk;
jha;gps;is cwtk;kh> cdf;Fk; vdf;Fk;
mkpo;Nj eP ,y;iy vd;why;
mj;jidAk; tho;tpy; frf;Fk; Gspf;Fk;
jkpNo cd;id epidf;Fk;
jkpod; vd; neQ;rk; ,dpf;Fk; ,dpf;Fk; - ftpQh;. fhrp Mde;jd;
kjpg;gPL
rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;en

; jLj;J vOJf.
1. Vw;wj; jho;tw;w ________ mika Ntz;Lk;
m) r%fk; M) ehL ,) tPL <) njU
2. ehs; KOtJk; Ntiy nra;J fisj;jth;f;F ________ Mf ,Uf;Fk;
m) kfpo;r;rp M) Nfhgk; ,) tUj;jk; <) mrjp
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3. epyT + vd;W vd;gjidr; Nrh;j;J vOjf; fpilf;Fk; nrhy; ________

m) epynad;W M) epyntd;W ,) epytd;W <) epyTvd;W
4. jkpo; + vq;fs; vd;gjidr; Nrh;j;J vOjf; fpilf;Fk; nrhy; ________
m) jkpoq;fs; M) jkpnoq;fs; ,) jkpOq;fs; <) jkpo;vq;fs;
5. „mKnjd;W… vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gphpj;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ
m) mKJ + njd;W M) mKJ + vd;W
,) mKJ + xd;W <) mK + njd;W
6. „nrk;gaph;… vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gphpj;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ
m) nrk;ik + gaph; M) nrk; + gaph;
,) nrik + gaph; <) nrk;G + gaph;
tpilfs;
1. tpil : (m) r%fk;
2. tpil : (<) mrjp
3. tpil : (M) epyntd;W
4. tpil : (M) jkpnoq;fs;
5. tpil : (M) mKJ + vd;W
6. tpil : (m) nrk;ik + gaph;
,d;gj;jkpo; ghlypd; fUj;Jf;F Vw;wgb nghUj;Jf
1. tpisTf;F - (m) ghy;

2. mwpTf;F - (M) Nty;
3. ,sikf;F - (,) ePh;
4. GytUf;F - (<) Njhs;
tpil: 1 - (,) 2 - (<) 3 - (m) 4 - (M)
xj;j Xirapy; KbAk; (,iaGr;) nrhw;fis vLj;J vOJf
(v.fh) Ngh; - Neh;

fhy; - ghy; Njs; - ths;
thd; - Njd; jha; - Nra;
Ngh; - Ch; ehs; - jhs;
FW tpdh
1. ghujpjhrd; jkpOf;Fr; #l;bAs;s ngah;fs; ahit?

* mKjk; * epyT * kzk;
2. ePq;fs; jkpio vjNdhL xg;gpLtPh;fs;?
 ehq;fs; jkpio capNuhL xg;gpLNthk;.
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 Vndd;why; caph; cs;stiujhd; clYf;F kjpg;G. mJ Nghy jkpo;

cs;stiujhd; jkpoDf;F kjpg;G.
rpWtpdh
1. ,d;gj;jkpo; - ghlypy; cq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;j mbfs; ,uz;lid vOJf.

‘jkpOf;Fk; mKnjd;WNgh; - me;jj;
jkpo; ,d;gj; jkpo;vq;fs; capUf;F Neh;!
jkpo; vq;fs; cah;Tf;F thd; - ,d;gj;
jkpo; vq;fs; mrjpf;Fr; Rlh;je;j Njd;!
2. r%f tsh;r;rpf;Fk; ePUf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;G ahJ?

 ‘ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyF” vd;gJ ts;Sth; thf;F. ey;y tpisr;riyg; ngw
ePh; mtrpak;.
 cyf caph;fs; midj;Jk; tho;tjw;F Mjhukhf tpsq;FtJ ePuhFk;.
 ,d;gj;jkpo; vq;fs; r%f tsh;r;rpf;F mbg;gilahd ePh; Nghd;wJ.
,JNt r%f tsh;rr ; pf;Fk; ePUf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;G MFk;.
rpe;jid tpdh
Nty; vd;gJ Xh; MAjk;. jkpo; Vd; NtYld; xg;gplg;gLfpwJ? cq;fs;

fUj;ijf; $Wf.
 Nty; xU $h;ikahd MAjkhFk;.
 gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; Nghh; nra;aTk;> Ntl;ilahlTk; ,f;fUtp gad;gl;lJ.
 ehd;F gilfSs; xd;W Ntw;gilahFk;.
 ‘thspd; Kidia tpl Ngdhtpd; Kid $h;ikahdJ” vd;gh;. mjdhNy>
Gyth;fs; vOj;jhzpiaf; nfhz;L vOJk; jkpo;g; ghly;fs; kdpj
cs;sq;fis CLUtpg; ghh;f;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
 mjdhy;jhd; ftpQd; NtiyAk; jkpioAk; xg;gpl;Lg; ghbAs;shh;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
I. epug;Gf:
1. ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngah; ___________.
tpil : Rg;Guj;jpdk;
2. Gul;rpf;ftp ghNte;jh; vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaiu cilath; ___________.
tpil : ghujpjhrd;
3. ghujpahhpd; ftpijfs; Nky; gw;Wnfhz;L jk; ngaiu khw;wpf; nfhz;lth;
___________.
www.nammakalvi.com
tpil : ghujpjhrd;
II. rpWtpdh:
1. ghujpjhrd; - Fwpg;G tiuf.
ngah; : ghujpjhrd;
,aw;wpath; : Rg;Guj;jpdk;
ngw;Nwhh; : fdfrig - ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahh;
gpwg;G : 29.04.1891
rpwg;Gg; ngah; : ghNte;jh;> Gul;rpf;ftp
,aw;wpa gilg;Gfs; : FLk;g tpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL> jkpopaf;fk;> ghz;bad;
ghpR> mofpd; rpwg;G> ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;
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kdtiuglk;
vz;jpirapYk;
cyfk; rpwe;J nre;jkpopd;
tho toptif Gfo; E}y;gy
nra;Ak;
fw;gjw;F
mwj;ijj; ngha;
jkpo;f;Fk;kp
jUk; mfw;Wk;
cz;ikia mwpahik
Cl;Lk; ,d;gk; ePfF
; k;
jUk;
EioAk; Kd;
$l;lkhff;$bf; Fk;kpabj;Jg; ghb MLtJ kfpo;r;rpahd

mDgtk;. Fk;kpapy; jkpiog; Nghw;wpg;ghb MLtJ ngUk;
kfpo;r;rp jUtjhFk;. thUq;fs!! jkpopd; ngUikia
thahug; Ngryhk;. fhjhuf; Nfl;fyhk;. ,irNahL ghlyhk;.
Fk;kp nfhl;b Mlyhk;.
nfhl;Lq;fb Fk;kp nfhl;Lq;fb> ,sq; ngha; mfw;Wk;; cs;sg; G+l;lWf;Fk; - md;G

NfhijaNu Fk;kp nfhl;Lq;fb - epyk; G+z;ltupd; ,d;gg; ghl;bUf;Fk; - capu;
vl;Lj; jpirapYk; nre;jkpopd; Gfo; nka;Gfl;Lk;; mwNkd;ik fpl;Lk; ,e;j
vl;blNt Fk;kp nfhl;Lq;fb
b! Nkjpdp tho;top fhl;bUf;Fk;!
- ngUQ;rpj;jpudhu;
Cop gyE}W fz;lJthk;> mwpT
Cw;nwDk; E}y;gy nfhz;lJthk; - ngUk;
Mopg; ngUf;fpw;Fk; fhyj;jpw;Fk; Kw;Wk;
mopahkNy epiy epd;wJthk;!
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ghlypd; nghUs;
,sk;ngz;fNs! jkpopd; Gfo; vl;Lj;jpirfspYk; gutpLk; tifapy;

iffisf; nfhl;bf; Fk;kpabg;Nghk;.
gy E}W Mz;Lfisf; fz;lJ jkpo;nkhop. mwpT Cw;whfpa E}y;fs;
gytw;iwf; nfhz;l nkhop. ngUk; fly; rPw;wq;fs;> fhy khw;wq;fs; Mfpa vtw;whYk;
mopahky; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; nkhop.
ngha;ik mfw;Wk; nkhop> jkpo;. mJ kdj;jpd; mwpahikia ePf;Fk; nkhop
md;Gila gyupd; ,d;gk; jUk; ghly;fs; epiwe;j nkhop
nkhop; capu; Nghd;w cz;ikia
Cl;Lk; nkhop; cau;e;j mwj;ijj; jU
jUk;k; nkhop. ,e;j cyfk; rpwe;J tho;tjw;fhd
topfisAk; fhl;Lk; nkhop jkpo;nkhop.
E}y;ntsp
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; ,aw;ngah; khzpf;fk;.

,th; ghtyNuW vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngauhy;
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. fdpr;rhW> nfha;ahf;fdp>
ghtpaf;nfhj;J> E}whrphpak; Kjyhd E}y;fis
,aw;wpAs;shh;. njd;nkhop> jkpo;rr ; pl;L> jkpo;epyk; Mfpa
,jo;fis elj;jpdhh;. jdpj;jkpioAk; jkpOzh;itAk; gug;gpa
ghtyh; ,th;. ,g;ghly; fdpr;rhW vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
,e;E}y; vl;Lj; njhFjpfshf ntspte;Js;sJ. ,J jkpOzh;T epiwe;j ghly;fisf;
nfhz;lJ.
nrhy;Yk; nghUSk;
Mopg;ngUf;F - fly; N
Nfhs; Cop - ePz;lnjhU fhyg;gFjp
Nkjpdp - cyfk; cs;sg;G+l;L - cs;sj;jpd; mwpahik
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. jkpo;f;Fk;kp ghliy ,irNahL ghb kfpo;f.

2. gpd;tUk; ftpij mbfisg; gbj;J kfpo;f.
thd;Njhd;wp> tsp Njhd;wp> neUg;Gj; Njhd;wp
kz; Njhd;wp> kio Njhd;wp> kiyfs; Njhd;wp
Cd; Njhd;wp> caph; Njhd;wp> czh;T Njhd;wp
xsp Njhd;wp> xyp Njhd;wp> tho;ej
; me;ehs;
Njd; Njhd;wpaJ Nghy kf;fs; ehtpy;
nre;jkpNo! eP Njhd;wp tsh;e;jha;! thop!
- thzpjhrd;
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kjpg;gPL

; jLj;J vOJf.
1. jha; nkhopapy; gbj;jhy; ________ milayhk;.
m) gd;ik M) Nkd;ik ,) nghWik <) rpWik
2. jfty; njhlh;G Kd;Ndw;wj;jhy; ________ RUq;fptpl;lJ.
m) Nkjpdp M) epyh ,) thdk; <) fhw;W
3. nre;jkpo; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gphpj;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ ________.
m) nre; + jkpo; M) nrk; + jkpo; ,) nrd;ik + jkpo; <) nrk;ik + jkpo;
4. ngha;afw;Wk; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gphpj;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ________.
m) ngha; + mfw;Wk; M) ngha; + fw;Wk;
,) ngha;a + fw;Wk; <) ngha; + afw;Wk;
5. ghl;L + ,Uf;Fk; vd;gijr; Nrh;j;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ________.
m) ghl;bUf;Fk; M) ghl;LUf;Fk;
,) ghbUf;Fk; <) ghbapUf;Fk;
6. vl;L + jpir vd;gijr; Nrh;j;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ ________.
m) vl;Lj;jpir M) vl;bjpir ,) vl;Ljpir <) vl;b,ir
tpilfs;
1. tpil : (M) Nkd;ik
2. tpil : (m) Nkjpdp
3. tpil : (<) nrk;ik + jkpo;
4. tpil : (m) ngha; + mfw;Wk;
5. tpil : (m) ghl;bUf;Fk;
6. tpil : (m) vl;Lj;jpir
eak; czh;e;J vOJf
1. ghly; mbfspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;WNghy; tUk; (Nkhid) nrhw;fis vLj;J

vOJf.
nfhl;Lq;Fb - NfhijaNu
vl;L - vl;blNt
Cop - Cw;nwDk;
Mop - mopahky;
nka; - Nkjpdp
2. ghly; mbfspy; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;WNghy; tUk; (vJif) nrhw;fis vLj;J
vOJf.
nfhl;Lq;fb vl;Lj; - vl;blNt
vl;Lj;jpirapYk; Mopg; - mopahkNy
Cop gyJ}W Mop
ngha; mfw;Wk; nka; Gfl;Lk;
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FW tpdh
1. jkpo;nkhopapd; nray;fshff; ftpQh; $Wtd ahit?

 jkpo;> ngha;ia mfw;Wk; nkhop
 kdjpd; mwpahikia ePf;Fk; nkhop
 ,d;gk; jUk; ghly;fs; epiwe;j nkhop
 caph;Nghd;w cz;ikia Cl;Lk; nkhop
 cah;ej
; mwj;ijj; jUk; nkhop
 ,e;j cyfk; rpwe;J tho;tjw;fhd topfisAk; fhl;Lk; nkhop> ek; jkpo;nkhop.
2. nre;jkpopd; Gfo; vq;nfy;yhk; gut Ntz;Lk; vd;w ftpQh; $Wfpwhh;?
 nre;jkpopd; Gfo; vl;Lj; jpirfspYk; gut Ntz;Lk; vd;W ftpQh; $WfpwhH;.
rpWtpdh
1. fhy nts;sj;ij vjph;j;J epw;Fk; nkhop jkpo; vd;W ftpQh; $Wtjd; fhuzk; vd;d?
 <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ghf ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fisg; ngw;w
goikahd nkhop ek; jkpo;nkhop
 ‘fhynts;sj;ij vjph;fF ; k; jkpo; vd;W gpwe;jts; vd;W czuhj
,ay;gpduhk; vq;fs; jha;” vd;W jkpopd; njhd;ikiag; ghujpahh; $Wfpwhh;.
 mwpT Cw;whfpa E}y;fs; gytw;iwf; nfhz;l nkhop jkpo;nkhop.
 rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjy; ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;tiu gy ,yf;fpaq;fisf;
fz;Ls;sJ jk; jkpo;nkhop.
 ngUk; fly; rPw;wq;fs;> fhy khw;wq;fs; vtw;whYk; mopahky; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;
nkhop ek; jkpo; nkhop vd;W ftpQh; $Wfpwhh;.
2. jkpo;fF
; k;kp ghlypd; top ePq;fs; mwpe;J nfhz;ltw;iw ck; nrhe;j eilapy; jUf.
 jkpo;nkhopapd; rpwg;gpid mwpaKbfpwJ.
 jkpo;nkhop gy mwptpay; tsh;r;rpf;F Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;eJ
; tUfpd;wJ.
 ,aw;ifr; rPw;wj;ijAk; gy ,dq;fspd; vjph;igAk; kPwp mopahky;
epiyj;jpUf;Fk; nkhop.
 jkpopd; Gfo; vl;Lj;jpirfspYk; gutNtz;Lk;.
 ngha;ia mfw;Wk;ƒ cah;e;j mwj;ijj; jUk;ƒ ,d;gk; jUk;ƒ ghly;fisj;jUk;ƒ
cz;ikia Cl;Lk;ƒ cyfk; rpwe;J tho topfisf; fhl;Lk; nkhop ek; jkpo;
nkhopahFk;.
rpe;jid tpdh
jkpo;nkhop mwpahikia vt;thW mfw;Wk;?

 <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf gy ,yf;fpaq;fspy;> Fwpg;ghf rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspy; mf tho;f;if> Gwtho;fi
; f gw;wpa fUj;Jfisj; njspthf
vLj;Jf; $wpAs;shh;fs; Gyth;fs;.
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 rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; kf;fs; vt;thW ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;? vt;thW

ele;J nfhs;sf;$lhJ vd;W tho;tpaypd; newpKiwfis vLj;Jf;
$Wtjhy; jkpo;nkhop mwpahikia mfw;Wk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
I. epug;Gf:
1. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; ,aw;ngah; ___________.
tpil : khzpf;fk;
2. ‘ghtyNuW’ vd;W rpwg;Gg; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLgth;___________.
tpil : ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
3. ngha;ahik mfw;Wk; nkhop ___________.
tpil : jkpo;nkhop
4. Nkjpdp vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; ___________.
tpil : cyfk;
II. FW tpdh:
1. ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; ,aw;wpAs;s E}y;fs; ahit?
* fdpr;rhW * nfha;ahf;fdp * ghtpaf;nfhj;J * E}whrphpak;
2. ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; elj;jpa ,jo;fs; ahit?
 njd;nkhop
 jkpo;r;rpl;L
 jkpo; epyk;
III. rpWtpdh:
1. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; - Fwpg;G tiuf.
ngah; : ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
,aw;wpath; : khzpf;fk;
rpwg;Gg; ngah; : ghtyNuW
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; : fdpr;rhW> nfha;ahf;fdp> ghtpaf;nfhj;J> E}whrphpak;
elj;jpa ,jo;fs; : njd;nkhop> jkpo;r;rpl;L> jkpo; epyk;
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kdtiuglk;
tsh; jkpo;
%j;j nkhop vspa nkhop tsik nkhop GJik nkhop mwptpay; njhopy;El;g nkhop
rPh;ik nkhop tsh; nkhop
EioAk; Kd;
%j;j jkpo;nkhop vd;Wk; ,sikahdJ; vspikahdJ;

,dpikahdJ; tsikahdJ; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;gj;
,dpikahdJ j jd;idj;
jFjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tJƒepidf;Fk;NghNj neQ;rpy;
,dpg;gJƒ ek; tho;itr; nropf;fr; nra;tJƒ cyfr;
nrk;nkhopfSs; xd;whf tpsq;Fk; jkpo;nkhopapd;
rpwg;Gfis mwpayhk; thUq;fs;.
njhpe;J njspNthk;
Kjypy; Msg;gLk;
nrhy; Nkw;Nfhs;
,yf;fpak;
jkpo; njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpnod; fpstpAk; mjNdh uw;Nw – njhy; : 386
jkpo;ehL rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,kpo;fly; Ntypiaj; jkpo;ehL Mf;fpa ,JeP
tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; fUjpid Mapd; - tQ;rp : 165
jkpod; mg;gh; Njthuk; ...jkpod; fz;lha; - jpUj;jhz;lfk; : 23.
jhtu ,iyg; ngah;fs;

My;> muR> kh> gyh> thio ,iy
mfj;jp> griy> KUq;if fPiu
mUF> Nfhiu Gy;
ney;> tuF jhs;
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ky;yp jio
rg;ghj;jpf; fs;sp> jhio kly;
fUk;G> ehzy; Njhif
gid> njd;id Xiy
fKF (ghf;F) $e;jy;
jkpo; vz;fis mwpNthk;

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
f c q r U R v m $ f0
,uz;lhapuk; Mz;Lfshf tof;fpy; ,Uf;Fk; rpy jkpo;r;nrhw;fs;

t.vz; nrhy; ,lk;ngw;w E}y;
1 Ntshz;ik fypj;njhif 101> jpUf;Fws; 81
2 coth; ew;wpiz 4
3 ghk;G FWe;njhif - 239
4 nts;sk; gjpw;Wg;gj;J - 15
5 Kjiy FWe;njhif - 324
6 Nfhil mfehD}W - 42
7 cyfk; njhy;fhg;gpak;> fpstpahf;fk; - 56 jpUKUfhw;Wgil-1
8 kUe;J mfehD}W - 147> jpUf;Fws; 952
9 Ch; njhy;fhg;gpak;> mfj;jpizapay; - 41
10 md;G njhy;fhg;gpak;> fstpay; 110> jpUf;Fws; 84
11 caph; njhy;fhg;gpak;> fpstpahf;fk; - 56> jpUf;Fws; 955
12 kfpo;r;rp njhy;fhg;gpak;> fw;gpay; - 142> jpUf;Fws; - 531
13 kPd; FWe;njhif 54
14 Gfo; njhy;fhg;gpak;> Ntw;Wikapay; 71
15 muR jpUf;Fws; 554
16 nra; FWe;njhif 72
17 nry; njhy;fhg;gpak;> 75 Gwj;jpizapay;
18 ghh; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> 435
19 xop njhy;fhg;gpak;> fpstpahf;fk; 48
20 Kb njhy;fhg;gpak;> tpidapay; 206
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fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;gj; jd;idg; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nkhop jkpo; vd;gJ gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLf.
kd;dd; : fz;zh! tzf;fk;
fz;zd; : tzf;fk; kd;dhh!
kd;dd; : khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;gj; jd;idg; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nkhop jkpo;
vd;W $Wfpwhh;fs;. mJ vg;gb fz;zh !rpwpJ rpwpJ tpsf;fkhff; $W.
$W
fz;zd; : $WfpNwd; Nfs; ......
%Nte;jh;fspd; Ml;rpapd;NghJ gy Gyth;fs; rq;fk; mikj;J rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fis ,aw;wpdh;. fsg;gpuh; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;
tsh;rr; paile;J rq;f kUtpa ,yf;fpakhf cUntLj;jJ. gpd; gf;jp
,yf;fpak;> fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak; cUntLj;jJ. gpd;dh; ehaf;fh;
Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; cUntLj;J jd;id
khw;wpf;nfhz;lJ. 20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; mwptpay; fUtpfs;
tsh;rr; pahy; ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd; Nghd;w ftpQh;fs;
jkpo;nkhopia vspikg;gLj;jpAs;sd dh;h;. may; ehl;lthpd; Ml;rpapy;
ciueil> ftpij> fij> ehlfk;> fl;Liu Kjypad khw;W tbtk;
ngw;Ws;sJ. jk jk;;ikg; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. jw;nghOJ $l
fzpdpapy; jkpo; ,izak; %yk; jkpo;nkhop fhye;Njh jhWk; khwpg;
GJikfs; gilj;J tUfpd;wJ vd;gij ehk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
kd;dd; : mUik ! mUik !vd; vd;Dila Iaj;ijg; Nghf;fp tpl;lha;. kpf;f ed;wp !
2. jkpo; Ngrj;njhpahj
njhpahj FLk;gj;jpdh; cq;fs; gf;fj;J tPl;by; cs;sdh;. mth;fSf;F
ePq;fs; fw;Wj;ju tpUk;Gk; gj;Jj;jkpo;r; nrhw;fisg; gl;baypLf.
 tzf;fk;  md;ghf ,Uq;fs;
 ed;wp  xw;WikNa typik
 tho;f  el;Gld; tho;f
 mk;kh  nghpNahiu kjpf;fTk;
 mg;gh  kfpo;r;rp
3. tho;j;Jfisj; jkpopy; $WNthk;
(v.fh) gpwe;j ehs; tho;j;J
ePz;l ePz;l fhyk; - eP> ePL tho Ntz;Lk; !
thdk; jPz;Lk; J}uk; - eP> tsh;e;J tho Ntz;Lk; !
md;G Ntz;Lk; ! mwpT Ntz;Lk; ! gz;G Ntz;Lk; ! ghpT Ntz;Lk; !
vl;Lj;jpf;Fk; Gfo Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L Mf Ntz;Lk; !
cyfk; ghh;f;f cdJ ngaiu> epyTj; jhspy; vOjNtz;Lk;
rh;f;fiuj; jkpo; ms;sp> jhyhl;L ehs; nrhy;yp tho;j;JfpNwhk; !
gpwe;jehs; tho;j;Jfs; ! gpwe;jehs; tho;j;Jfs; !
,dpa gpwe;jjhs; tho;j;Jfs; ! - ftpQh; mwpTkjp
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Rje;jpug; nghq;fy; tho;j;J

‘mbik tpyq;Ffs; mfd;wd ,dpNky;
nfhLik gpwh;ghy; $Wjw;F ,y;iy
jplKld; rj;jpaj; jPapid <l;b
klik kjntwp kkijia vhpj;Jg;
ngha;Ak; NkhfKk; GiyAk; nghRq;f
itak; KOtJk; tho;e;jple; Jzpe;jpq;F
md;ngDk; ghiy mLg;gfj;Nj Vw;wpj;
Jd;ngDk; Jh;ePh; Rz;bj; njhiye;jplf;
fha;rr
; pj; jpul;ba fUizg; nghq;fiy
nghq;fNyh nghq;fy; ijg; nghq;fy; vd;W
nfhz;lhb kfpo;Nthk; tho;tpy; vd;Wk;”
kjpg;gPL

; jLj;J vOJf.
1. ‘njd;ik’ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; _________
m) GJik M) goik ,) ngUik <) rPh;ik
2. ‘,lg;Gwk;’ vd;w nrhy;iyg; gphpf;ff; fpilf;Fk; nrhy; _________
m) ,ld; + Gwk; M) ,il + Gwk; ,) ,lk; + Gwk; <) ,lg; + Gwk;
3. ‘rPhpsik’ vd;w nrhy;iyg; gphpf;ff; fpilf;Fk; nrhy; _________
m) rPh; + ,sik M) rPh;ik + ,sik ,) rPhp + ,sik <) rPw; + ,sik
4. rpyk;G + mjpfhuk; vd;gijr; Nrh;j;J vOjf; fpilf;Fk; nrhy; _________
m) rpyk;gjpfhuk; M) rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,) rpyk;gjpfhuk; <) rpy gjpfhuk;
5. fzpdp + jkpo; vd;gijr; Nrh;j;J vOjf; fpilf;Fk; nrhy; _________
m)fzpdpjkpo; M)fzpdpj;jkpo; ,) fzpdpjkpo; <) thzpjhrd;
6. ‘jkpo;nkhop Nghy; ,dpjhtJ vq;Fk; fhNzhk;’ vd;W ghbath; _________
m) fz;zjhrd; M) ghujpahh; ,) ghujpjhrd; <) thzpjhrd;
7. ‘kh’ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; _________
m) khlk; M) thdk; ,) tpyq;F <) mk;kh
tpilfs;
1. tpil : (M) goik
2. tpil : (M) ,lk;+ Gwk;
3. tpil : (m) rPhi
; k+ ,sik
4. tpil : (M) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
5. tpil : (M) fzpdpj;jkpo;
6. tpil : (M) ghujpahh;
7. tpil : (,) tpyq;F
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Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf

1. ehk; rpe;jpf;fTk; rpe;jpj;jij ntspg;gLj;jTk; cjTtJ __________
2. jkpopy; ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s kpfg; goikahd ,yf;fz E}y; ________
3. nkhopiaf; fzpdpapy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vdpy; mJ ______ mbg;gilapy;
tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tpilfs;
1. nkhop
2. njhy;fhg;gpak;
3. vz;fspd;
nrhw;fisr; nrhe;jj; njhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf
1. jdpr;rpwg;G : ek; jha;nkhopahfpa jkpo;nkhop jdpr;rpwg;G tha;e;jjhFk;.

2. ehs;NjhWk; : jpUf;Fwis ehs;NjhWk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
FW tpdh
1. jkpo; %j;jnkhop vdg;gLtJ vjdhy;?

 jkpopy; ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s kpfg;goikahd ,yf;fz E}y; njhy;fhg;gpak;
MFk;.
 Mdhy;> ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpa gpwFjhd; mjw;Fhpa ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 vdNt jhd;> ,jidf; nfhz;L jkpo; kpfTk; njhd;ikahd %j;jnkhop
vd;gij ehk; czuyhk;.
 rpyg;gjpfhuk;
 kzpNkfiy
 rPtf rpe;jhkzp
 tisahgjp
 Fz;lyNfrp
rpWtpdh
1. m/wpiz> ghfw;fha; vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; nghUs; rpwg;G ahJ?

m/wpiz
 jpiz ,uz;L. mit> cah;jpiz> m/wpiz.
 cah;jpizapd; vjph;r;nrhy; jho;jpiz vd;Wjhd; mika Ntz;Lk;.
 jho;jpiz vd;W $whky; m/wpiz (my; + jpiz = cah;T my;yhj jpiz)
vd;W ngahpl;ldh;.
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ghfw;fha;
 ghfw;fha; frg;Gj; jd;ikAilaJ.
 frg;Gf;fha; vd;W $whky; (ghF + my; + fha;) ,dpg;G (ghF)> my;yhj fha;
ghfw;fha; vdf; $Wfpd;wdh;.
2. jkpo; ,dpa nkhop vd;gjw;fhd fhuzk; jUf.
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak; gyTk; nrg;gy;> mfty;> Js;sy;> J}q;fy; Mfpa ,dpa
Xirfshy; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.
 Nkhid> vJif> ,iaG Nghd;w nrhy; eaq;fshYk; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.
 NkYk;> nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s nrhw;fSf;fhd nghUSk; ,dpikahf
mike;Js;sjhy; jkpio ,dpankhop vd;W miof;fpNwhk;.
3. jkpo; nkhopapd; rpwg;G Fwpj;J Ie;J thpfspy; vOJf.
 jkpo;nkhop NgrTk; vOjTk; gbf;fTk; vspikahfTk; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g jk;ikj;
jFjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l nkhop.
 cyf nkhopfSs; nrk;ikkpf;f nkhopahf tpsq;FfpwJ.
 ,yf;fz> ,yf;fpa tsk; ngw;Wj; jpfOk; nkhopahf mike;Js;sJ.
 Fwpg;ghf> mwptpay; njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpf;F Vw;g jkpopy; Gjpa Gjpa
fiyr;nrhw;fs; cUthf;fp tUfpd;wd.
rpe;jid tpdh
1. jkpo;nkhop gof;fTk; vOjTk; vspaJ vd;gJ gw;wp cq;fs; fUj;J ahJ?

 jkpo;nkhop NgrTk;> vOjTk;> gof;fTk; cfe;j nkhop
 capUk; nka;Ak; Nrh;e;J Njhd;WgitNa caph;nka; xypfshFk;.
 caph;> nka; vOj;Jfspd; xypg;G Kiwfis mwpe;J nfhz;lhy; caph;nka;
vOj;Jfspd; xypg;GKiwia vspjhf mwpayhk;.
 vOj;Jfisf; $l;b xypj;jhNy jkpo; gbj;jy; ,ay;ghf epfof;$Lk;.
 jkpo;nkhopia vOJk; Kiw kpfTk; vspJ.
 jkpo; vOj;Jfs; ngUk;ghYk; tyQ;Rop vOj;JfshfNt mikAk;. xU rpy
vOj;Jfs; ,lQ;Ropahf mikAk;.
2. jkpo;nkhop tsh;nkhop vd;gij czh;fpwPh;fsh? fhuzk; jUf.
 Kj;jkpo; nkhopahdJ vspikahdJ> ,dpikahdJ> tspikahdJ>
,sikahdJ. fhyj;jpw;Nfw;gj; jd;idg; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.
 cyfr; nrk;nkhopfSs; xd;whf tpsq;fp tUfpwJ.
 cyf nkhopfs; gytw;Ws; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa tsk; ngw;W> mwptpay; jkpo;>
fzpdpj;jkpo; topahf jkpo;nkhop tsh;e;J nfhz;Nl tUfpwJ.
 vdNt> jkpo;nkhop tsh;nkhop vd;gij ehk; czh;fpNwhk;.
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$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
1. epug;Gf:
1. cyfpy; ___________nkhopfs; cs;sd.
tpil : Muhapuk;
2. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;___________, ___________.
tpil : vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L
3. ‘Ng];Gf;’ vd;gjd; jkpo;rn; rhy;___________.
tpil : KfE}y;
4. kdpj ,dk; fz;lwpe;j rpwe;j fz;Lgpbg;G ___________.
tpil : nkhop
5. jkpo; vOj;Jfs; ngUk;ghYk; ___________ vOj;JfshfNt mike;Js;sd.
tpil : tyQ;Rop
6. ‘85’ ,d; jkpo; vz; ___________.
tpil : mU
7. ‘muR’ vd;Dk; jkpo;rn ; rhy; ,lk;ngWk; goe;jkpo; E}y; ___________.
tpil : jpUf;Fws;
8. fKF (ghf;F) – jhtu ,iyapd; ngah; ___________.
tpil : $e;jy;
9. ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s kpfg; goikahd E}y; ___________.
tpil : njhy;fhg;gpak;
2. FW tpdh:
1. jkpo; vOj;Jfspy; tyQ;Rop vOj;Jfs; ahit?
m> v> xs> z> Q
2. G+tpd; VOepiyfSf;Fk; cs;s jkpo;g; ngah;fs; ahit?
mUk;G nkhl;L Kif kyh;
myh; tP nrk;ky;
3. ‘kh’-vd;Dk; xU nrhy; jUk; gy nghUisf; $Wf.
kuk; tpyq;F nghpa jpUkfs;
moF mwpT msT mioj;jy;
Jfs; Nkd;ik tay; tz;L
4. jkpo;f;ftpij tbtq;fs; ahit?
Jspg;gh GJf;ftpij ftpij nra;As;
5. jkpo; ciueil tbtq;fs; ahit?
fl;Liu Gjpdk; rpWfij
6. ,d;iwa mwptpay; njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpf;F vtw;iwf; $wyhk;?
,izak; KfE}y; Gydk; nrayp
Fuy; Njly; NjLnghwp njhLjpiu
7. rq;f E}y;fs; ahit?
gj;Jg;ghl;L vl;Lj;njhif
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3. rpWtpdh:
1. jkpo; tsikkpf;fnkhop vt;thW?
 njhy;fhg;gpak;> ed;D}y; cs;spl;l ,yf;fz E}y;fs; kpFe;jJ jkpo;nkhop.
 vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L Mfpa rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
 jpUf;Fws;> ehybahh; Kjypa mwE}y;fs; gyTk; epiwe;jJ.
 rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Kjypa fhg;gpaq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
,t;thW ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz tsk; epiwe;jJ jkpo;nkhopahFk;.
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kdtiuglk;
,d;Ritapd; fdT
mwptpay; mwpQuhFjy;
mj;ij Cf;fkspj;jy;
nkhop jilapy;iy
vd;gij czh;jy; fdT
gypj;jJ
rhjidahshpd; tho;f;if
epfo;it mwpjy;
E}yfj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
mwptpay; kdg;ghd;ik
ngUf;Fjy;
fdT gypj;jJ
njhpe;J njspNthk;
jkpopy; gapd;w mwptpay; mwpQh;fs;

 Nkdhs; FbauRj; jiyth; NkjF lhf;lh; M.g.n[. mg;Jy;fyhk;.
 ,];Nuh mwpwpay; mwpQh; lhf;lh; kapy;rhkp mz;zhJiu.
 ,];Nuhtpd; jiyth; lhf;lh; if. rptd;.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. ,f;fijf;F ePq;fs; tpUk;Gk; tifapy; NtnwhU jiyg;gpLf.

jiyg;G: Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk;.
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2. cq;fs; vjph;fhyf; fdT Fwpj;J xU fbjk; vOJf.

jpUtpy;ypGj;J}h;
20.06.20xx
md;Gs;s khkhTf;F>
eyk;> eyk; mwpa Mtyhf cs;Nsd;. ehd; ed;whfg; gbj;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;.
ehd; vjph;fhyj;jpy; cq;fisg;Nghy; xU rpwe;j Mrphpauhf gzpahw;w
tpUk;GfpNwd;. ‘vOj;jwptpj;jtd; ,iwtd; Mthd;’ vd;gjw;Nfw;g vy;yhk; ty;y
,iwtidf; fhl;Lk; jFjp MrphpaDf;Nf cz;L vd;gij czh;e;J mrphpag;
gzpia tpUk;GfpNwd;.
khzth;fSf;F ed;Kiwapy; fw;gpj;jy; nra;jhYk; xOf;fKs;s
khzth;fshf cUthf;FNtd;. Rkhuhfg; gapYk; khzth;fs; kPJ jdpf;ftdk;
nrYj;jp Njh;r;rp ngw toptif nra;Ntd;.
Mrphpah; gzpNa mwg;gzp ; mjw;F cd;id eP mh;g;gzp vd;gij czh;Ntd;.
MfNt> Mrphpah; gzpNa vdJ vjph;fhyf; fdthFk;.
,g;gbf;F
cq;fs; md;G kUkfd;
K. ghyFkud;
3. ,d;Ritapd; vz;zk; epiwNtwf; fhuzq;fshf ePq;fs; vtw;iwf; fUJfpwPh;fs;?

 ,d;Ritapd; tplhKaw;rpAk;> mtSila mj;ijapd; cw;rhf Kaw;rpAk;
jhd;.
 ,d;Rit Kaw;rpapy; jsh;e;J ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mtSila mj;ijapd; cw;rhf
thh;ijAk; MWjy; nkhopfSk; mtSf;F cj;Ntfj;ijj; je;jJ
 jkpopy; gbj;jhy; rhjpf;f KbahJ vd;w vz;zj;ijmtSila mj;ij
ePf;fpdhh;.
 rhjidf;F nkhop xU jilNa ,y;iy vd czh;j;jpdhh;.
 rhjidahsh;fs; gyUk; jk;jha;nkhopapy; gbj;jth;fs; vd;gij ,d;Rit
czh;e;J nfhz;lhs;.
 E}yfk; nrd;W E}y; thrpg;G %yk; ,d;Rit rpe;jid tsj;ijAk; mwptpay;
kdg;ghd;ikAk; ngUf;fpf; nfhz;ljhy; fdthd mwptpay; Jiwg;
gzpahdJƒ edthdJ.
4. ‘fdT gypj;jJ’ vd;w jiyg;G ,f;fijf;F vt;thW nghUe;Jfpwj vd;gjid

tpsf;Ff.
 ,d;Rit rpW taJ Kjy; jhd; Xh; mwptpay; Muha;r;rpahsuhf Ntz;Lk;
vd;W Mirg;gl;lhs;.
 gy Kaw;rpfs; vLj;jhs;. Mdhy;> mtSila Kaw;rpfSf;Fg; gy
Kl;Lf;fl;ilfs; tpOe;jd.
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 Nrhh;e;J Nghdhs;. jd; mj;ijf;Ff; fbjk; vOJfpwhs;.

 jdJ mj;ijapd; fdpthd Ngr;Rk; cw;rhfkhd thuj;ijfSk; cj;Ntfj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;j cj;Ntfk; jdJ fdit edthf;f gy topfspy;
Kay;fpd;whs;.
 ,Wjpahf jhd; vz;zpa vz;zk; gypj;jJ. Mk;. jhd; Xh; mwptpapy;
Ma;thsuhf Mdhs;. MfNt>‘fdT gypj;jJ’ vd;w jiyg;G ,f;fijf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhf mike;Js;sJ.
kjpg;gPL
mj;ijapd; fbjf; fUj;Jfisr; RUf;fp vOJf.

 jkpopy; gbj;jhy; rhjpf;f KbahJ vd;gJ jtwhd vz;zkhFk;.
 rhjidf;F nkhop xU jilNa ,y;iy.
 ePz;l fhykhfNt mwpwpay; rpe;jidfNshL tpsq;fpath;fs; jkpoh;fs;.
 jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mwptpay; rpe;jidfs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 njhy;fhg;gpah; jd; E}ypy; “epyk; jP ePh; tsp tpRk;nghL Ie;Jk; fye;j kaf;fk;
cyfk; Mjypd;” Ik;ngUk;G+jq;fshy; MdJ ,t;Tyfk; vd;Wk;> cyf
caph;fis XuwpT Kjy; MwwpT tiu tifg;gLj;jpAs;shh; vd;gijf;
fhzyhk;.
 Ky;iyg;ghl;L> ghpghly;> jpUf;Fws; Kjypa E}y;fs; kiog;nghopT gw;wpa
mwptpay; nra;jpfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
 jputg; nghUs;fis vt;tsT mOj;jpdhYk; mtw;wpd; msitr; RUf;f
KbahJ vd;gij xsitahh; ‘fly; ePh; Kfj;j fkQ;#o; vopyp...” vd;Wjk;
ghlypy; $wpas;shh;.
 gjpw;Wg;gj;J> ew;wpiz Kjypa ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; mWit kUj;Jtk; gw;wp
tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
 njhiytpy; cs;s nghUspd; cUtj;ij mUfpy; Njhd;Wk; mwptpay;
fUj;ijf; fgpyh; ‘jpidasT Nghjhr; rpWGy; ePh; ePz;l gidasT fhl;Lk;” -
vd;W jk; ghly; top czuyhk;.
 jw;fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; jkpoh;fs; NfhNyhr;rp tuf;fhuzk;
rhjidahsh;fspd; tho;fi; f epfo;Tfis mwpjy;> E}yfk; nrd;W E}y; gy
fw;W mjd;%yk; mwpAk; nra;jpfNsahFk;.
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kdtiuglk;
jkpo; vOj;Jfs;
Kjy; vOj;Jfs; (30) rhh;ngOj;Jfs; (10)
caph; vOj;Jfs; (12) nka;; vOj;Jfs; (18)
Fwpy; (5) neby; (7) ty;ypdk; (6) ,ilapdk; (6)
nky;ypdk; (6)
EioAk; Kd;
cyfpy; cs;s xt;nthU nghUisAk; kdpjd;

cw;WNehf;fpdhd;. mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfis mwpe;Jnfhz;lhd;.
,t;thNw nkhopiaAk; Mo;e;J ftdpj;jhd;. nkhopia
vt;thW NgrTk; vOjTk; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tiuaiw
nra;jhd;. me;j tiuaiwfNs ,yf;fzk; vdg;gLk;. jkpo;
mwpNthkh!
vOj;Jfspd; tif njhif mwpNthkh
xypj;Jg; ghh;j;J czh;Nthk;
m> ,> c> v> x - Mfpa Ie;Jk; FWfp xypf;fpd;wd

M><> C> V> I> X> xs - Mfpa VOk; ePzL; xypf;fpd;wd.
fl;lj;jpy; cs;sit
 Fwpy; vOj;ij xypf;Fk; fhy msT - 1 khj;jpiu

 neby; vOj;ij xypf;Fk; fhy msT - 2 khj;jpiu
 nka; vOj;Jfs; xypf;Fk; fhy msT - miu khj;jpiu
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xypj;Jg; ghh;j;J czh;Nthk;
 f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w; - Mfpa MWk; td;ikahf xypf;fpd;wd

 q;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d; - Mfpa MWk; nkd;ikahf xypf;fpd;wd
 a;> h;> y;> t;> o;> s; - Mfpa MWk; td;ikahfTk; ,y;yhky;> nkd;ikahfTk;
,y;yhky; ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;L xypf;fpd;wd.
fl;lj;jpy; cs;sit
 Ma;j vOj;ij xypf;f MFk; fhymsT miu khj;jpiu
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. cq;fs; ngah; kw;Wk; cq;fs; ez;gh;fsJ ngah;fSf;fhd khj;jpiu msitf;

fz;Lgpb.
(v.fh) fgpyh; - 1+1+1+½=3½
Kj;jkpod; - 1+½+1+1+1+½=5
nghd;uh[; - 1+½+2+½=4
Ch;ff
; htyd; - 2+½+½+2+1+1+½=7½
%Nte;jpud; - 2+2+½+1+1+½=7
ma;adhh; - 1+½+1+2+½=5
kjpg;gPL
1. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s khj;jpiu msTf;Nfw;gr; nrhw;fis vOJf.

t.vz; Fwpg;G nrhy;ypd; khj;jpiu msT nrhy;
1. capnuOj;jpy; njhlq;Fk; nrhy; 2 khj;jpiu mJ
2. XnuOj;Jr; nrhy; 2 khj;jpiu if
3. ty;ypd caph;nka; vOj;jpy;
4 khj;jpiu fhiy
njhlq;Fk; nrhy;
4. nky;ypd caph;nka; vOj;jpy;
4 khj;jpiu klik
njhlq;Fk; nrhy;
5. ,ilapd caph;nka; vOj;jpy;
4 khj;jpiu tho;j;J
njhlq;Fk; nrhy;
6. Ma;j vOj;J ,lk;ngWk; nrhy; 2 ½ khj;jpiu v/F
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$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
epug;Gf.
1. jkpo;nkhopapd; ,yf;fzk; tifg;gLk;_____________
tpil : Ie;J
2. Fwpy; vOj;ij xypf;Fk; fhy msT _____________
tpil : 1 khj;jpiu
3. neby; vOj;ij xypf;Fk; fhy msT _____________
tpil : 2 khj;jpiu
4. nka; kw;Wk; Ma;j vOj;Jfis xypf;f fhy msT_____________
tpil : miu khj;jpiu
5. caph;nka; vOj;Jfs; _____________ tifahff; $wyhk;.
tpil : ,uz;L
FW tpdh
1. jkpo; ,yf;fzk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?

 jkpo; ,yf;fzk; Ie;J tifg;gLk;.
 mit vOj;jpyf;fzk;> nrhy; ,yf;fzk;> nghUs; ,yf;fzk;> ahg;G
,yf;fzk;> mzp ,yf;fzk;.
2. khj;jpiu vd;gJ ahJ?

xUKiw fz; ,ikf;fNth xUKiw ifnehbf;fNth MFk; fhy msthFk;.
3. nka;naOj;Jfspd; tiffs; ahit?

ty;ypdk; (f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w;)
nky;ypdk; (q;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;)
,ilapdk; (a;> h;> y;> t;> o;> s;)
4. vOj;J vdg;gLtJ ahJ?

xyp tbthf vOjg;gLtJk; thptbthf vOjg;gLtJk; vOj;J vdg;gLfpwJ.
5. caph; vOj;Jfs; vt;thW gpwf;fpd;wd?

 thiaj; jpwj;jy;
 cjLfis tphpj;jy;
 cjLfisf; Ftpj;jy;
Mfpa vspa nray;ghLfshy; cap vOj;Jfs; gpwf;fpd;wd.
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6. jkpo; vOj;Jf;fSf;Fhpa khj;jpiu msTfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

 Fwpy; - 1 khj;jpiu
 neby; - 2 khj;jpiu
 nka;> Ma;jk; - ½khj;jpiu
fl;Liu vOJf.
ehd; tpUk;Gk; ftpQh; ghujpjhrd;

Kd;Diu :
‘jkpOz;L jkpo;kf;fSz;L - ,d;gj;
jkpOf;F ehSk; nra;Nthk; ey;y njhz;L”
vd;W jkpo; nkhopiaAk;> jkpo; ehl;ilAk; jk; ,U fz;fshff; fUjp cioj;j Gul;rpf;
ftpQh; ghujpjhrNd ehd; tpUk;Gk; ftpQh; Mthh;.
nkhopg;gw;W :
jkpo; nkhopapd; ,dpikapy; jpisj;jth; ghNte;jh;. jpq;fSk;> ghpjpAk;>
tpz;Zk;> kz;Zk; Njhd;wpa NghNj jkpOk; Njhd;wpaJ vd;W mjd; goik NgRfpwhh;
ftpQh;.
‘jkpOf;F mKnjd;W Ngh; - ,d;gj;
jkpo; vq;fs; capUf;F Neh;”
vd;W jkpioj; jk; capuhff; fUJk; mth; jkpo;g;gw;wpd; Moj;ij mth; ftpijfspy;
fz;L fspf;fyhk;.
ehl;Lg;gw;W :
nkhopg; gw;NwhL ehl;Lg; gw;Wk; kpf;fth; mth;.
‘,kar; rhuypy; xUtd; ,Ukpdhd;
Fkhp tho;gtd; kUe;J nfhz;L Vfpdhd;”
vd;W ghuj xUikg;ghl;il mUikahf vLj;J ,ak;Gfpwhh;.
‘tpOe;j jkpo;ehL jiy J}f;f vd;wd;
caph;jidNa Ntz;bDk; jUNtd;”
vd;w mbfs; mth; ehl;Lg;gw;iw tpsf;Fk;.
ngz;fs; eyk; :
ghujpiag; Nghy; r%fj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gLk; jPikfisf; fz;L
nfhjpj;jth; ghNte;jh;.
‘ngz;zbik jPUkl;Lk; NgRk; jpUehl;by;
kz;zbik jPh;jy; Kay;nfhk;Ng”
vd;W ghb ngz;zbikia xopf;fg; ghLgl;lhh;. ifk;ngz;fs; kWtho;T ngw
‘ghlhj NjdP> cythj; njd;wy;>
grpahj ey;tapW ghh;j;jJz;Nlh”
vd;W Nfl;L FKWfpwhh;.
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rhjpAk; kjKk;:
rhjpahYk;> kjj;jhYk; kf;fis mbik nfhs;Stij mwNt ntWj;jth;
ghNte;jh;. ‘xU flTs; cz;L vd;Nghk;ƒ; cUtzf;fk; Vw;Nghk;. cs;s gy
rz;ilnay;yhk; xopAk; kjk; xope;jhy;” vd;gJ mth; nfhs;if.
KbTiu :
,t;thW ‘GjpaNjhh; cyF nra;Nthk;. nfl;l NghhpLk; cyfj;ij NtNuhL
rha;g;Nghk;” vd;W Gwg;gl;Lj; jk; ftpijj; jpwj;jhy; ehl;L kf;fspd; ,jaj;Nj ey;ywpT
nfhSj;jp mth;fisj; jd;khdk; cilath;fshf thor; nra;j ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd;
mth;fNs ehd; tpUk;Gk; ftpQh; Mthh; vd;W kPz;Lk; $wp ,f;fl;Liuia epiwT
nra;fpNwd;.
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;
Nfl;Lg; ghh;j;J czh;f

1. ,dpa jkpo;g; ghly;fisf; Nfl;L kfpo;f.
2. jkpowpQh;fspd; thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp ciufisf; Nfl;L kfpo;f.
Ngr;rhy; ntspg;gLj;jp kfpo;f

1. Nfl;lwpe;j ,dpa jkpo;g; ghly;fisg; ghbf; fhl;Lf.
2. fPo;f;fhZk; jiyg;Gfspy; xU epkplk; Ngr;R.
jkpo; ,dpJ
midtUf;Fk; ,dpa tzf;fk;. jkpo; nkhopahdJ nrhy;ypy; ,dpik>
nghUspy; ,dpik> Xirapy; ,dpik. jkpo; vd;whNy ,dpik vd;gJ nghUshFk;.
‘ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo;nkhop Nghy;
,dpjhtJ vq;Fk; fhNzhk;’ vd;W kfh ftpAk;
‘jkpOf;Fk; mKnjd;W Ngh;” vd;W ghNte;jUk; jkpopd; ,dpikiaf; $Wfpd;wdh;.
jkpopid> Njd;jkpo;> jPe;jkpo; vd;W $Wtjpy; jkpopd; ,dpikia
ntspg;gLj;JfpNwhk;. kpf;f ed;wp.
jkpo; vspJ
jkpo; nkhop NgrTk;> gbf;fTk;> vOjTk; kpfTk; vspajhFk;. vj;jidNah
nkhopfs; cyfpy; Njhd;wpdhYk; jkpo;nkhop mopahky; epiyj;jpUf;ff; fhuzk;
mjd; vspikNa MFk;. jkpioj; jha;nkhopahff; nfhs;shjtUk; vspjhff; fw;f
KbAk;. mjdhNyNa ,e;jpahtpw;F te;J gy ntsp ehl;lth; jkpiof; fw;W gy
,yf;fpaq;fisAk; gilj;Js;sdh;. vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; Vw;w fUj;Jfisf; $Wk;
nkhopahfTk;> cyf jkpo;nkhop Nghy vspjhd nkhop vJTkpy;iy vd;gij ehk;
czh;fpNwhk;.
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jkpo; GjpJ
midtUf;Fk; ,dpa tzf;fk;. jkpo; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjy; ,d;W
Njhd;wpa Gjpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; tiu gy ghpzhkq;fisg; ngw;W GJikahf tpsq;fp
tUfpwJ. ,d;iwa mwptpay;> njhopy;El;g tsh;rr ; pf;F Vw;g jkpopy; Gjpa Gjpa
fiyr; nrhw;fs; cUthfp tUfpd;wd. igj;jkpohf ,Ue;j jkpo; nrk;nkhopahf
cyf mstpy; cah;e;J epw;fpd;wJ. nra;jpj;jhs;> njhiyf;fhl;rp Kjypa Clfq;fs;
gad;glj;jf;f nkhopahf tpsq;fp tUfpwJ.
nrhy;iyf; Nfl;L vOJf

,d;gj;jkpo; njhy;fhg;gpak; Rg;Guj;jpdk; gd;dpuz;L
ghNte;jh; m/wpiz nre;jkpo; Muha;rr
; pahsh;
caphpdq;fs; fUT+tq;fs;
fPof
; ;fhZk; gj;jpiag; gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
tphpthd fUj;ijr; RUf;fpr; nrhy;tNj gobkhopapd; rpwg;G. rhd;whf. Rj;jk;
NrhW NghLk; vd;Dk; gonkhop jUk; nghUisf; fhz;Nghk;. Rj;jk; Nehaw;w
tho;itj; jUk;. cly; MNuhf;fpaNk ciog;Gf;F mbg;gil. cioj;Jj; Njba
nghUshy; czT> cil> ciwtplk; Mfpatw;iwg; ngWfpNwhk;. ,it
midj;jpw;Fk; Rj;jNk mbg;gil. ,t;tphpe;j fUj;J rpW mbf;Fs; mlq;fpAs;sJ.
1. gonkhopapd; rpwg;G ________ nrhy;tJ
m) tphpthfr; M) RUq;fr; ,) goikiar; <) gy nkhopfspy;
2. Nehaw;w tho;itj; jUtJ ________
3. cly; eyNk________mbg;gil
4. cioj;Jj; Njba nghUshy; ehk; ngWtd ahit?
5. gj;jpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jiyg;Gj; jUf.
tpilfs;:
1. (M) RUq;fr;
2. Rj;jk;
3. ciog;Gf;F
4. cioj;Jj; Njba nghUshy; ehk; czT> cil> ciwtplk; Mfpatw;iwg;
ngWfpNwhk;.
5. gonkhopfspd; rpwg;G
gpwnkhopf; fyg;gpd;wpg; NgRf

1. vq;f ];$y;Ny Rw;wyh $l;bl;Lg; Nghwhq;f
2. ngw;Nwhhplk; gh;kprd; nyl;lh; thq;fp tur; nrhd;dhq;f.
tpilfs;
1. vq;fs; gs;spapy; Rw;Wyh $l;bf;nfhz;L Nghwhh;fs;.
2. ngw;Nwhhplk; mDkjpf; fbjk; (,irT kly;) thq;fp tur; nrhd;dhh;fs;.
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Ma;e;jwpf
tpdh: ngahpy; jiyg;ngOj;ijg; gytifahf vOJfpd;Nwhk;
S. ,dpad;> v];. ,dpad;> r. ,dpad; - ,tw;Ws; rhpahdJ vJ? Vd;?
tpil: r. ,dpad; vd;gNj rhpahdJ.
gpwnkhopf; fyg;gpd;wp ngaiuAk;> Kd;ndOj;ijAk; jkpopNyNa vOj
Ntz;Lk;.
nkhopNahL tpisahL
jpul;Lf
‘ik’ vd;Dk; vOj;jpy; KbAk; nrhw;fspd; gl;bay; jahhpf;f
,sik ,dpik Ez;ik
gz;ik tsik nrk;ik
fUik ntz;ik tz;ik
td;ik jpz;ik klik
nrhy; tsk; ngWNthk;

1. fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;fspy; cs;s vOj;Jfisf; nfhz;L Gjpa nrhw;fis
cUthf;Ff.
(v.fh) fUk;G - fU. fk;G
ftpij - _________
gjpw;Wg;gj;J - _________
ghpghly; - _________
tpil: ftpij - ftp> fij> tpij> ij
gjpw;Wg;gj;J - gjp> gw;W> gj;J> gjpj;J
ghpghly; - ghp> ghly;> ghy;> gy;> gh> gly;
2. ,uz;L nrhw;fis ,izj;Jg; Gjpa nrhw;fis cUthf;Ff.
E}y; nkhop Nfhy; kPd; ePjp vOJ
fz; ntsp jkpo; kzp khiy tpz;
tpil:
jkpo;nkhop ePjp E}y; jkpo; E}y;
ePjpnkhop kzp nkhop vOJNfhy;
kzpePjp E}y; vOJ khiy vOJ
kPd;fz; E}y; ntsp ntsp nkhop
jkpo;kzp fz;kzp kzpkhiy
jkpo;khiy E}y;khiy tpz;ntsp
nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L njhlh;fis epug;Gf.

(v.fh) m – md;G jUtJ jkpo;
M – Mw;wy; jUtJ jkpo;
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, – ,dpik jUtJ jkpo;

< – <L ,y;yhjJ jkpo;
c – czh;T jUtJ jkpo;
C – Cf;fk; jUtJ jkpo;
v – vd;Wk; Ntz;Lk; jkpo;
V – Vw;wk; jUtJ jkpo;
fl;lq;fspy; kiwe;Js;s ngah;fisf; fz;Lgpbf;f.

gh u jp jh r d; f
u k; jh u f r k;
jp U t s; S t h;
ah gh ij xs it ah h;
h; d; r jh zp th d;
tpil
1. ghujpahh;
2. ghujpjhrd;
3. jpUts;Sth;
4. xsitahh;
5. Rujh
6. thzpjhrd;
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
1. ehd; jha;nkhopapNyNa NgRNtd;. jha;nkhopapNyNa fy;tp fw;Ngd;.

jkpo;g;ngah;fisNa R+l;LNtd;.
fiyr;nrhy; mwpf
tyQ;Rop – Clock wise ,lQ;Rop – Anti clock wise
,izak; – Internet Fuy;Njly; – Voice Search
NjLnghwp – Search engine njhLjpiu – Touch Screen
nrayp – App Gydk; – Whatsapp
kpd;dQ;ry; – E-mail
,izaj;jpy; fhz;f
cdf;Fg; gpbj;j jkpo;f; ftpQh; gw;wpa nra;jpfis ,izaj;jpy; Njb mwpf.
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,izar; nray;ghLfs;
gpio
gb 1
nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; cutp / tpiuTf; FwpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jpg; gpio vd;Dk;
nraypiag; gjptpwf;fk; nra;J epWtpf;nfhs;f.
gb 2
nraypiaj; jpwe;jTld; ey;tuT vd;Dk; jpiuapy; Play FwpaPl;L tbtpy;
,Uf;Fk; nghj;jhid mOj;jTk;.
gb 3
jpiuapy; Njhd;Wk; thh;j;ijfspy; xw;W my;yJ vOj;Jg; gpio cz;lh?
,y;iyah? vd;gijj; njhpT nra;f.
nray;ghl;bd; gbepiyf;fhd glq;fs;

Figure ****
nray;ghl;bw;fhd cuyp
http://play.google.com\store\apps\details?id=com.ijshyut.pizhai&hl=cn
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,ay; 1
myFj;Njh;T-1
(ftpijg; Ngio)
nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fs;:25
I.epug;Gf: 5 x 1=5
1. jha; nkhopapy; gbj;jhy;--------- milayhk;.
2. nre;jkpo; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gphpj;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ----------------
3. Vw;wj; jho;tw;w -------------mika Ntz;Lk;.
4. epyT + vd;W vd;gjidr; Nrh;j;J vOjf; fpilf;Fk; nrhy;---------------
5. nrk;gaph; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gphpj;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ-------------------
II. nghUj;Jf: 4 x 1=4

6. tpisTf;F - (m)ghy;.
7. mwpTf;F - (M),sePh;.
8. Gyth;f;F - (,)Njhy;.
9. ,sikf;F - (<) ePh.;
III. eak; mwpf: 2

10. vl;Lj; jpirapYk; nre;jkpopd; Gfo;
vl;blNt Fk;kp nfhl;Lq;fb
Cop gyE}W fz;lJthk; mwpT
Cw;nwDk; E}y;gy nfhz;lJthk;
IV. mbgpwohky; vOJf: 4

11. jkpOf;Fk;............. vdj;njhlq;Fk; ,d;gj;jkpo; ghly; .
V. FW tpdh: 2 x 2=4
13. nre;jkpopd; Gfo; vq;nfy;yhk; gut Ntz;Lk; vd;W ftpQh; $Wfpwhh;?
VI. rpWtpdh: 2 x 3=6

14. fhy nts;sj;ij vjph;j;J epw;Fk; nkhop jkpo; vd;W ftpQh; $Wtjd; fhuzk;
vd;d?
15. tpisTf;Fk; ePUf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;G ahJ?
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myFj;Njh;T -2
(ciueil cyfk;> tphpthdk;)
I. epug;Gf: 6x 1=6
1. njhd;ik vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs;..............
2. rPhpsik vd;w nrhy;iyg; gphpf;ff; fpilf;Fk; nrhy;....................
3. rpyk;G + mjpfhuk; vd;gijr; Nrh;j;J vOjf; fpilf;Fk; nrhy;..............
4. ehk; rpe;jpf;fTk; rpe;jpj;jij ntspg;gLj;jTk; cjTtJ............. .
5. jkpopy; ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s kpfg; goikahd ,yf;fz E}y;.....................
6. 'kh' vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs;..................
II. nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf: 1

7. jdpr;rpwg;G .
III.FW tpdh: 2 x 2=4

8. jkpo; %j;j nkhop vdg;gLtJ vjdhy;?
9. ePq;fs; mwpe;j jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fspd; ngah;fis vOJf.
IV. rpWtpdh: 2 x 3=6

10. m‡wpiz>ghfw;fha; Mfpa nrhw;fspd; nghUs; rpwg;G ahJ?
11. jkpo; nkhopapd; rpwg;G Fwpj;J Ie;J thpfspy; vOJf.
V. tpilasp:
12. ,d;Ritapd; vz;zk; epiwNtwf; fhuzq;fshf ePqf; s;vtw;iwf; fUJfpwPh;fs;?
13. fdT gypj;jJ vd;w jiyg;G ,f;fbjj;jpw;F vt;thW nghUe;JfpwJ vd;gjid
tpsf;Ff.
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myFj;Njh;T-3
(fw;fz;L> nkhop ms;Nthk;>nkhopNahL tpisahL)
I.epug;Gf: 3 x 1=3
2. Fwpy; vOj;ij xypf;Fk; fhy msT....................
3. nka; vOj;Jfis..........tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
4. Ma;j vOj;ij xypf;f MFk; fhy msT.........
II.rpW tpdh: 4x 2=8

5. jkpo; nkhopapd; ,yf;fzk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
6. khj;jpiu vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf.
7. capnuOj;Jfs; vt;thW gpwf;fpd;wd?
8. nka;naOj;Jfspy; tiffisf; $Wf?
III.nkhopg;gapw;rp: 8
(m) fiyr;nrhy; mwpf:
I) clock wise. ii)voice search.
(M) gpwnkhopf; fyg;gpd;wpg; NgRf.
I) ngw;Nwhhplk; gh;kprd;nyl;lh; thq;fp tur; nrhd;dhq;f.
(,) fPof; ;fhZk; nrhw;fspy; cs;s vOj;Jfisf; nfhz;L Gjpa nrhw;fis
cUthf;Ff.
I) ghpghly;
(<) nrhw;fis,izj;Jg; Gjpa nrhw;fis cUthf;Ff.
E}y;> nkhop> ePjp> jkpo;.
(c) nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L njhlh;fis epug;Gf .
(<L>vd;Wk;>Mw;wy;>moF)
I) ................... jUtJ jkpo;.
II) ................Ntz;LtJ jkpo;.
III) .................. jUtJ jkpo;.
IV) ............... ,y;yhjJ jkpo;.
IV. fl;Liu vOJf :.
ehd; tpUk;Gk; ftpQh;.
___________________________________
___________________________________
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fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fs;
 fy;tpapd; rpwg;igAk; gaidAk; czu;jy;.
 fy;tpg;gzp Mw;wpa ngUkf;fisg; gw;wp mwpjy;.
 E}yfk; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
 E}yfk; nry;Yk; tof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
 nrhw;fspy; vOj;Jfs; mikAk; Kiwia mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jjy;.
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kdtiuglk;
gpwUf;Fj;
je;jhYk;
fw;wtUf;F FiwahJ
vy;yh
ehLfSk; rpwg;G
nra;Ak; mopf;f KbahJ
%Jiu
fy;tpapd;
rpwg;G
fw;wtUf;F fw;wth; rpwg;G
nrd;w ngWth;
,lnky;yhk;
rpwg;G
kd;did tplr;
rpwe;jth;
fw;wtNu‚
EioAk; Kd;
fy;tpf;F vy;iy ,y;iy. kdpjd; gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,Wjptiu

fw;Wf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwhd;. fy;tp kdpjid cah;j;JfpwJ.
fy;tpAk; nry;tkhff; fUjj; jf;fJ. mJ gpwUf;Fj;
je;jhYk; Fiwahky; tsUk;. fy;tpiag; gpwuhy;
ifg;gw;wNth mopf;fNth KbahJ. mopahr; nry;tkhfpa
fy;tpiaf; fw;wtd; vq;Fk; vg;NghJk; rpwg;Gg; ngWthd;.
vdNt> ehKk; fw;Nghk;; tsk;ngWNthk;.
kd;dDk; khrwf; fw;NwhDk; rPu;J}f;fpd;

kd;ddpd; fw;Nwhd; rpwg;Gilad; - kd;dw;Fj;
jd;Njrk; my;yhy; rpwg;gpy;iy fw;Nwhu;f;Fr;
nrd;w ,lnky;yhk; rpwg;G..*
- xsitahu;
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ghlypd; nghUs;
kd;didAk; Fiw ,y;yhky; fw;wtiuAk; xg;gpl;L Muha;e;J ghu;j;jhy;
kd;didtplf; fw;wtNu rpwe;jtu;. kd;dDf;Fj; jd; ehl;by; kl;LNk rpwg;G. fy;tp
fw;wtu;fF
; r; nrd;w ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk; rpwg;G.
E}y;ntsp
,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; xsitahh;. ,th; Mj;jpR+b>

nfhd;iw Nte;jd;> ey;top Nghd;w E}y;fisAk;
,aw;wpAs;shh;.
%Jiu vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F %j;Njhh; $Wk; mwpTiu
vd;gJ nghUs;. rpwe;j mwpTiufisf; $Wtjhy; ,e;E}y;
%Jiu vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. ,e;E}ypy; Kg;gj;njhU ghly;fs; cs;sd.
nrhy;Yk; nghUSk;
khrw - Fw;wk; ,y;yhky;

rPh;J}f;fpd; - xg;gpl;L Muha;e;jhy;
Njrk; - ehL
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. fy;tpNa mopahr; nry;tk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; NgRf.

fy;tpf;F vy;iy ,y;iy. kdpjd; gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,Wjptiu fw;Wf;nfhz;Nl
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fy;tp kdpjid cah;j;JfpwJ. fy;tpAk; nry;tkhf fUjj;jf;fJ.
mJ gpwUf;Fj; je;jhYk; Fiwahky; ts tsUk;
Uk;. "xUtd; fy;yhky; ,Ug;gij tpl
gpwthky; ,Ug;gNj Nky;" vd;whh; gpshl;Nlh. jpUts;Sth;> fy;yhjth;fis ,opj;Jk;
gopj;Jk; $Wfpwhh;. fy;yhjth;fis tpyq;FfSf;Fr; rkk; vd;fpwhh;. fy;tpiag;
gpwuhy; ifg;gw;wNth mopf;fNth KbahJ. mopahr; nry;tkhfpa fy;tpiaf; fw;wtd;
vq;
q;Fk; vg;NghJk; rpwg;G ngWthd;. xUtd; xU gpwtpapy; Njba fy;tpr; nry;tNkh
VO gpwtpfspYk; mopahj rpwe;j nry;tkhf tpsq;Fk;.
2. fy;tp gw;wpa gonkhopfs; my;yJ ghlybfs; vitNaDk; ,uz;lidg;

nghpNahh;fsplk; Nfl;L vOjp tUf.
gonkhopfs;:
m. fw;wJ ifk;kz;
kz; msT fy;yhjJ cyfsT
M. fy;tp fiuapy fw;gth; ehs; rpy
ghly;fs;:
"fy;tp fiuapy fw;gth; ehs;rpy ;
nky;y epidf;fpd; gpzpgy -njs;spjpd;
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Muha;e;J mikTila fw;gNt ePnuhopag;

ghYz; FUfpd; njhpe;J"
‘Njhzp ,af;Fthd; njhy;iy tUzpj;Jf;

fhzpw; filg;gl;lhd; vd;wpfohh; -fhzha;
mtd;Jizah MWNgha; mw;NwE}y; fw;w
kfd;Jizah ey;y nfhsy;"
-ehyhbahh;.
kjpg;gPL

; jLj;J vOJf:
1. khzth;fs; E}y;fis ________ fw;f Ntz;Lk;.
m) NkNyhl;lhf M) khRw ,) khrw <) kaf;fKw
2. ,lnky;yhk; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gphpj;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ ________
m) ,lk; + nky;yhk; M) ,lk; + vy;yhk;
,) ,l + vy;yhk; <) ,l + nky;yhk;
3. khrw vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gphpj;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ________
m) khr+mw M) khR + mw ,) khr+ cw <) khR+ cw
4. Fw;wk;+ ,y;yhjth; vd;gjidr; Nrh;j;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ________
m) Fw;wkpy;yhjth; M) Fw;wk;,y;yhjth;
,) Fw;wkpy;yhjth; <) Fw;wk;my;yhjth;
5. rpwg;G +cilahh; vd;gjidr; Nrh;j;J vOjf; fpilf;Fk; nrhy; ________
m) rpwg;Gcilahh; M) Fw;wk;,y;yhjth;
,) Fw;wkpy;yhjth; <) Fw;wk;my;yhjth;
1.tpil: (,)khrw
2.tpil: (M),lk; +vy;yhk;.
3.tpil: (M) khR +mw.
4.tpil: (m) Fw;wkpy;yhjth;.
5.tpil:.(M)rpwg;Gilahh;.
FW tpdh
1. fw;wthpd; ngUikfshf %Jiu $Wtd ahit?

 kd;didtplf; fw;wtNu rpwe;jth;.
 kd;dDf;Fj; jd; ehl;by; kl;LNk rpwg;G.
 fy;tp fw;wth;f;Fr; nrd;w ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk; rpwg;G.
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rpe;jid tpdh
1.fy;yhjtUf;F Vw;gLk; ,og;Gfisg; gl;baypLf.

 fy;yhjth; tpyq;FfSf;Fk; kuj;jpw;Fk; xg;ghthh; .
 fy;yhjth;fshy; ehl;bw;F ve;jtpj gaDk; ,y;iy.
 fy;yhjth; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; gpwiu vjph;ghh;j;Nj ,Ug;gh;.
 fw;wtNu Kfj;jpy; ,uz;L fz;ZilatuhfTk; fy;yhjth; Kfj;jpy; ,uz;L
Gz; cilatuhfTk; fUjg;gLthh;.
 fy;yhjth; jk; ChpNyNa fpzw;Wj;jtis Nghy tho NehpLk;.
 fy;yhjtiu ngw;Nwhh;fs;> cld; gpwe;Njhh;> kidtp> cwtpdh;fs; ahUk;
kjpf;f khl;lhh;fs;.
 nghUl;nry;tk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhYk; fy;tpr;nry;tk; ,y;yhjtiu xU
nghUl;lhf kjpf;f khl;lhh;fs;.
2. fy;tpapd; rpwg;ghf ePqf

; s; vjidf; fUJfpwPh;fs;?
 fy;tp kdpjid cah;j;JfpwJ .mJ nry;tkhf fUjj;jf;fJ.
 fy;tpiag; gpwUf;Fj; je;jhYk; Fiwahky; tsUk;. mijg; gpwuhy;
ifg;gw;wNth mopf;fNth KbahJ .
 mwptpay; > nghwpapay;> nghUspay; Kjypatw;iw tsh;e;Njhq;fr; nra;tJ
fy;tpNa MFk; .
 cyfpy; mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; ehs;NjhWk; ngUfpf;nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wd.
 mtDf;Fs; Gije;J fplf;Fk; mwpahikiaj; Njhz;b vLg;gJ fy;tpahFk;.
 cs;sj;ij mwpthy; epug;gp> xOf;fj;ij tsh;j;jpl> kdpjd; kdpjdhf
tho;ej
; pl E}y;fisf; fw;gNj fy;tpahFk;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
epug;Gf
1. %Jiu vd;Dk; E}ypd; Mrphpah;...............
tpil: xsitahh;.
2. %Jiu vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F......... vd;gJ nghUs;.
tpil: %j;Njhh; $Wk; mwpTiu.
3. khrw vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs;...............
tpil: Fiwapy;yhky;.
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kd tiuglk;
mwpQh;fspd;
mwpTiug;gb fw;wjd; gaid
mwpit kwj;jy; $lhJ.
tsh;j;jy; elj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
newp jtwp
elf;ff;
$lhJ.
tk;G nra;jiy
tpl;L tpl Jd;gk;
Ntz;Lk;.
nty;Yk; Fiw
nrhy;Yk;gb
fy;tp tsuf; $lhJ.
NfhiofSld;
Nruf; $lhJ.
nghpNahhpd;
mwpTiu
gpwh; ciog;gpy; kPwf; $lhJ.
thof;$lhJ. gz;G newp
kwf;ff;
$lhJ.
EioAk; Kd;
‘fy;tp moNf moF” vd;gh; nghpaNahh;. fw;wgb epw;gNj

me;j moifg; ngWtjw;fhf top. fy;tp> mwpit
tsh;g;gNjhL gz;gLj;jTk; nra;Ak;. vt;tsTjhd;
fw;wpUe;jhYk; gz;ghL ,y;yhtpl;lhy; me;jf; fy;tp
gadw;Wg; NghFk;. gz;gl;l kdpjhpd; GfNo gy;yhz;L
epiyj;jpUf;Fk;. vdNt> gbg;Nghk;! gz;ghl;NlhL epw;Nghk!!
ghh; Nghw;w tho;Nthk
thk!!
Vl;by; gbj;jNjhL ,Ue;J tplhNjh - eP Jd;gj;ij nty;Yk; fy;tp fw;wpl NtZk; - eP

Vd;gbj;Njhk; vd;gijAk; kwe;J tplhNj Nrhk;giyf; nfhy;Yk; jpwd; ngw;wpl NtZk;
ehl;bd; newpjtwp tplhNj - ek; tk;G nra;Ak; FzkpUe;jhy; tpl;bl NtZk;-mwpT
ey;ytu;fs; J}w;Wk;gb tsu;e;J tplhNj tsu;r;rpapNy thd;Kfl;ilj; njhl;bl NtZk;
%j;Njhu; nrhy; thu;j;ijfis kPwf; $lhJ - gz;G ntw;wpNky; ntw;wptu tpUJtu ngUiktu
KiwfspYk; nkhopjdpYk; khwf; $lhJ Nkijfs; nrhd;dJNghy; tpsq;fpl Ntz;Lk;
khw;whu; ifg;nghUis ek;gp thof; $lhJ - jd; ngw;w jhapd; GfOk; eP gpwe;j kz;zpd; GfOk;
khdkpy;yhf; NfhioAld; Nruf; $lhJ tw;whky; cd;NdhL tho;e;jpl Ntz;Lk;.
- gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk;
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ghlypd; nghUs;
ehk; E}y;fisf; fw;wNjhL ,Ue;Jtplf;$lhJ. fw;wjd; gaid kwf;ff;

$lhJ. ek; ehl;bd; newp jtwp elf;ff; $lhJ. ey;ytu;fs; Fiwnrhy;Yk;gb tsuf;
$lhJ.
ngupNahu; $Wk; mwpTiufis kPwf; $lhJ. gpwuplk; goFk; KiwapYk; NgRk;
KiwapYk; gz;Gnewp khwf; $lhJ. gpwh; ciog;ig ek;gp thof;$lhJ. jd;khdk;
,y;yh NfhiofSld; Nruf;$lhJ. Jd;gj;ij ePf;Fk; fy;tpapidf; fw;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nrhk;giyg; Nghf;fpl Ntz;Lk;.
gpwUld; tk;G nra;Ak; tof;fk; ,Ue;jhy;
jhy; mij tpl;Ltpl Ntz;Lk;. thidj;
njhLk; msTf;F mwpit tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Nkyhd mwpQu;fs; $wpa
mwpTiufspd;gb thoNtz;Lk;. mjd;%yk; ntw;wpfisAk; tpUJfisAk;
ngUikiaAk; ngwNtz;Lk;. ngw;w jhapd; GfOk; ek; jha;ehl;bd; GfOk; mopahj
tifapy; thoNtz;Lk;.
E}y;ntsp
vspa jkpopy; r%fr; rPh;jpUj;jf; fUj;Jfis

typAWj;jpg; ghbath; gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk;.
jpiuapirg; ghly;fspy; ciog;ghsh;fspd; cah;itg;
Nghw;wpath;. kf;fs; ftpQh; vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngauhy;
miof;fg;gLgth;.
nrhy;Yk; nghUSk;
J}w;Wk;gb - ,fOk;gb khw;whh; - kw;wth;

%j;Njhh; - nghpNahh; newp - top
Nkijfs; - mwpQh;fs; tw;whky; - Fiwahky;
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghliy ,irAld; ghb kfpo;f.

2. E}yfj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk; vOjpa NtW ghly;
xd;iwvOjp tUf.
3. 'Vl;Lf; fy;tp kl;Lk; fy;tp ,y;iy' vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; NgRf.
 'Vl;Lr; Riuf;fha; fwpf;F cjthJ' vd;W nrhy;tjw;F ,zq;f Vl;Lf;
fy;tpia kl;Lk; fw;gJ fy;tp MfhJ.
 mjdhy; mNjhL Nrh;j;J gy topfspy; fy;tp gapy Ntz;Lk;.
 Vl;Lf; fy;tp vd;gJ ek; mwpit tphpT nra;a cjTk; xU rhjdk; .
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 kdpj tho;T gz;ghL ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vt;tsT fw;wpUe;jhYk; gz;ghL

,y;yhtpl;lhy; me;jf; fy;tp gadw;Wg; NghFk;.
 xUtd; Vl;Lf; fy;tpahy; kl;Lk; tho;eJ ; tpl KbahJ. grpf;F kPd; nfhLg;gij
tpl kPd; gpbf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhLg;gNj NkyhdJ.
 mjdhy; fy;tpf;$lq;fis tpl;L ntsptUk;NghJ tho;fi ; fia jhNk
elj;Jtjw;Fhpa jFjpAilath;fshf ntspNa tuNtz;Lk;.
 mjw;F cWJiz GhptJ njhopw;fy;tpNa MFk;. cyf mwpT ngw ehk; Vl;Lf;
fy;tpNahL mDgt mwpTk; ngw Ntz;Lk; .
 jd;id ntspg;gLj;jTk; gilg;ghw;wiy tsh;j;J rthy;fis vjph;nfhs;sTk;
Njhy;tpfisf; fz;L Jtshky; ,Uf;fTk; ntw;wpia epiyepWj;jpf;
nfhs;sTk; topfhl;LfpwJ Vl;Lf;fy;tp.
kjpg;gPL

; jLj;J vOJf:
1. khzth; gpwh; ________ elf;ff; $lhJ.
m) Nghw;Wk;gb M) J}w;Wk;gb ,) ghh;f;Fk;gb <) tpaf;Fk;gb
2. ehk; ________nrhy;gb elf;f Ntz;Lk;.
m),isNahh; M) Cuhh; ,) %j;Njhh; <) topg;Nghf;fh;
3. ifg;nghUs; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gphpj;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ ________
m) ifapy; + nghUs; M) ifg; + nghUs;
,) if + nghUs; <) ifg;G + nghUs;
4. khdk; + ,y;yh vd;gjidr; Nrh;j;J vOjf; fpilf;Fk; nrhy; ________
m) khdk;,y;yh M) khdkpy;yh ,) khdkpy;yh <) khdk;kpy;yh
1. tpil: (M) J}w;Wk;gb.

2. tpil: (,) %j;Njhh;.
3. tpil: (,)if + nghUs;.
4. tpil: (M) khdkpy;yh.
nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf
1. kdkhw;wk;:
jtwhd nray;fisr; nra;J nfhz;bUe;j kzp> Mrphpahpd; mwpTiuahy;
kdkhw;wk; mile;jhd;.
2. Vl;Lf;fy;tp:
Vl;Lf; fy;tpNahL mDgtf; fy;tp mwpTk; ek; tho;fi
; ff;Fj; Njitahd
xd;whFk;
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3. ey;yth;fs;:
ehL Nghw;Wk; jiyth;fs; ey;yth;fshf ,Ue;jjhy;jhd; ek; ehL Rje;jpuk;
mile;jJ.
4.Nrhk;gy;:
Nrhk;gy; ,d;wp fLikahf cioj;jhy; tho;tpy; ntw;wp cWjpahFk;.
FW tpdh
1. ehk; ahUld; Nruf;$lhJ?

ehk; jd;khdk; ,y;yhj NfhiofSld; Nruf;$lhJ.
2. vij ek;gp thof; $lhJ?
gpwh; ciog;ig ek;gp thof;$lhJ.
3. ,e;jg; ghlypd; Kjy; ,U thpfs; epidt+l;Lk; jpUf;Fws; vJ?
"fw;f frlwf; fw;git fw;wgpd;
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf"
4. ehk; vt;thW tho;e;jhy; ngUik ngwyhk;?
ehk; Nkyhd mwpQh;fs; $wpa mwpTiufspd; gb tho Ntz;Lk;.
mjd;%yk; ntw;wpfisAk; tpUJfisAk; ngUikfisAk; ngwyhk;.
rpWtpdh
1. ehk; vt;thW tho Ntz;Lk; vd gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahh; $Wfpwhh;?

ehk; E}y;fisf; fw;wNjhL ,Ue;Jtplf;$lhJ. fw;wjd; gaid kwf;ff; $lhJ.
ek; ehl;bd; newp jtwp elf;ff; $lhJ. ey;ytu;fs; Fiwnrhy;Yk;gb tsuf; $lhJ.
ngupNahu; $Wk; mwpTiufis kPwf; $lhJ. gpwuplk; goFk; KiwapYk; NgRk;
KiwapYk; gz;Gnewp khwf; $lhJ. Jd;gj;ij ePf;Fk; fy;tpapidf; fw;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nrhk;giyg; Nghf;fpl Ntz;Lk;.
gpwUld; tk;G nra;Ak; tof;fk; ,Ue;jhy; mij tpl;Ltpl Ntz;Lk;. thidj;
njhLk; msTf;F mwpit tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Nkyhd mwpQu;fs; $wpa
mwpTiufspd;gb thoNtz;Lk;. mjd;%yk; ntw;wpfisAk; tpUJfisAk;
ngUikiaAk; ngwNtz;Lk;. ngw;w jhapd; GfOk; ek; jha;ehl;bd; GfOk; mopahj
tifapy; thoNtz;Lk;.
rpe;jid tpdh
1. ePq;fs; gbj;J vd;dthf tpUk;GfpwPh;fs;? Vd;?

ehd; xU kpfr;rpwe;j Ngr;rhsuhf tpUk;GfpNwd;. NguwpQh; mz;zhitg; Nghy
RitahfTk; eak;glTk; Ngr gapw;rp vLg;Ngd;.
jpU.Rfprptk;> jpU.F.Qhdrk;ge;jk; Nghd;Nwhhpd; Ngr;Rfs; vdf;F kpfg;nghpa
typikiaj; jUfpwJ. mth;fspd; Ngr;Rfs; tuyhw;W epfo;TfisAk; Md;kPff;
fUj;JfisAk; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jiuf;Fk; tpjk; vd; kdij fth;e;J ,Of;fpd;wJ.
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,th;fisnay;yhk; vd; topfhl;bahff; nfhz;L ehd; rpwe;j Ngr;rhsuhf

khw tpUk;GfpNwd;. ek; ehl;ilAk; ehl;L kf;fisAk; ey;topg; gLj;jTk;
tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jTk; vd; Ngr;ir gad;gLj;JNtd;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
epug;Gf:
1. Jd;gj;ij ePf;Fk;............. fw;fNtz;Lk; .
tpil: fy;tpapid
2. vspa jkpopy; r%f rPh;jpUj;jf; fUj;Jfis typAWj;jpg; ghbath;..........
tpil: gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk;.
3. kf;fs; ftpQh; vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLgth;...............
tpil:. gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk;.
4. 'newp' vd;gjd; nghUs;.......
tpil: top.
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kdtiuglk;
jiyth;fis
cUthf;fpath;
fWg;Gf; fhe;jp fh;ktPuh;
fy;tpf;fz;
jpwe;jth; fhkuhrh;
Viog; gq;fhsh; ngUe;jiyth;
gbf;fhj Nkij
EioAk; Kd;
fy;tp epiyaq;fs; fhye;NjhWk; khwp tUfpd;wd.

njhlf;fj;jpy; Mrphpahpd; tPl;bNyNa jq;fp khzth;fs;
fy;tp fw;wdh;. gpwF ehs;NjhWk; Mrphpah; tPl;Lf;Fr;
nrd;W fy;tp fw;wdh;. mjd; gpwF nghJthd Xh; ,lj;jpy;
khzth;fSf;F Mrphpah;fs; fw;gpj;jdh;. ,itNa ,d;iwa
gs;spf;$lq;fs; MFk;. Kd;G xU rpy Ch;fspy; kl;Lk;
gs;spfs; ,Ue;jd. ,d;W gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. ,j;jifa
fy;tpg; Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;ltiug; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk; thUq;fs;.
njhpe;J nfhs;Nthk;-1
fhkuhrhpd; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs;

 ngUe;
Ue;jiyth;  fUg;Gf; fhe;jp
 gbf;fhj Nkij Viog;gq;fhsh;
 fh;k tPuh; jiyth;
jiyth;fis cUthf;Fgth;
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njhpe;J njspNthk;-2
fhkuhrUf;Fr; nra;ag;gl;l rpwg;Gfs;

 kJiug; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;fofk; vdg; ngah;
R+l;lg;gl;lJ.
 eLtz; muR 1976,y; ghujuj;dh tpUJ toq;fpaJ.
 fhkuhrh; tho;ej
; nrd;id ,y;yk; kw;Wk; tpUJefh; ,y;yk; Mfpad
muRilik Mf;fg;gl;L epidT ,y;yq;fshf khw;wg;gl;ld.
 nrd;id nkhpdh flw;fiuapy; rpiy epWtg;gl;lJ.
 nrd;idapy; cs;s cs;ehl;L tpkhd epiyaj;jpw;Ff; fhkuhrh; ngah;
R+l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 fd;dpahFkhpapy;; fhkuhrUf;F kzpkz;lgk; 02.10.2000 Mk; Mz;L
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Mz;L NjhWk; fhkuhrh; gpwe;jeh ehshd [{iy gjpide;jhk; ehs; fy;tp
tsh;r;rp ehshff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. fhkuhrhpd; tho;f;ifapy; eilngw;w Ritahd epfo;T xd;wpid mwpe;J te;J

tFg;giwapy; NgRf.
Kjy;tuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;w Kjy; ehspy; Nfhg;Gfisg; ghh;f;f mkh;fpwhh;
fhkuh[h;. mtUf;F Kd;dhy; Nfhg;Gfs; ,uz;L thpirapy; mLf;fp
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J vd;d thpir? vd mth; Nfl;f Neh;Kf cjtpahsh; Kjy;
thpirapy; cs;sit Kf;fpakhdit vd;Wk;> ,uz;lhtJ thpirapy; cs;sit
Kf;fpak; ,y;yhjit vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;. ,jidf; Nfl;L mjph;e;J Nghd fhkuh[h;>
Kjy;tUf;F tUk; Nfhg;Gfspy; Kf;fpak; ,y;yhjitAk; cz;lh vd;d? vdf;F tUk;
xt;nthU Nfhg;Gk; Kf;fpakhdJjhd;. mtw;iw ehd; clDf;Fld; ghh;j;J mDg;g
Ntz;Lk; mJjhd; Kf;fpak; vd vd;whuhk;.
2. jw;NghJ khzth;fSf;F muR mspf;Fk; eyj;jpl;lq;fisg; gl;baypLf.

 ghlE}y;.
 Fwpg;NgLfs;.
 rPUil.
 fhyzp.
 fzpj cgfuzg;ngl;b.
 tiugl E}y;.
 tz;zg; ngd;rpy;fs;.
 tpiyapy;yh kpjptz;b.
 tpiyapy;yh kbf;fzpdp.
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 ,ytr NgUe;J gaz ml;il.

 Gj;jfg;ig.
 kjpa czT.
 Cf;fj;njhif.
 ngd;rpy;
kjpg;gPL

; jLj;J vOJf.
; k; rpWth;fs; $wpa fhuzk;_______
1. gs;spf;$lk; nry;yhjjw;F MLNka;fF
m) ML Nka;ff ; Ms; ,y;iy M) Chpy; gs;spf;$lk; ,y;iy
,) top njhpatpy;iy <) NgUe;J trjpapy;iy
2. grpapd;wp vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gphpj;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ _______
m) grp + ,d;wp M) grp + apd;wp ,) gR + ,d;wp <) gR + apd;wp
3. gbg;gwpT vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gphpj;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ_______
m) gb + mwpT M) gbg;G + mwpT ,) gb + twpT <) gbg;G + twpT
4. fhL + MW vd;gjidr; Nrh;j;J vOjf; fpilf;Fk; nrhy; _______
m) fhl;lhW M) fhlhW ,) fhl;LMW <) fhLMW
1.tpil: (M) Chpy;gs;spf;$lk; ,y;iy.

2.tpil:(m)grp + ,d;wp.
3.tpil:(M) gbg;G +mwpT.
4.tpil:(m) fhl;lhW.
(m) tFg;G--ghyFkuhIe;jhk; tFg;G gbf;fpwhd;.

(M) cah;fy;tp--ehd; kiytho; kf;fspd; Foe;ijfs; cah;fy;tp ngw cjtp
nra;Ntd;.
(,) rPUil-- midj;J khzth;fSk; gs;spf;F tUk; nghOJ rPUilapy; tu
Ntz;Lk;.
Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf
1. Foe;ijfs; gs;spapy; Vw;wj;jho;tpd;wpg; gbf;f ......................... mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

2. fhkuhriuf; „fy;tpf;fz; jpwe;jth;… vd kdjhug; ghuhl;bath; .................
tpil: 1. rPUilj; jpl;lj;ij.
2. je;ijg; nghpahh;.
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FW tpdh
1. fhkuh[h; fhyj;jpy; njhlq;fg;gl;l fy;tp epWtdq;fs; ahit?

 nghwpapay; fy;Y}hpfs;.
 kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpfs;.
 fhy;eil kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpfs;.
 Mrphpah; gapw;rp epWtdq;fs;.
2. fhkuh[h; Kjy;tuhf nghWg;Ngw;wJk; fy;tpf;fhfr; nra;j Kjy; gzp ahJ?

 fhkuhrh; Kjyikr;ruhf gjtp Vw;w Neuj;jpy; Vwf;Fiwa 6000 njhlf;fg;
gs;spfs; %lg;gl;L ,Ue;jd. mtw;iw cldbahfj; jpwf;f Mizapl;lhh;.
 khepyk; KOf;f midtUk; ,ytrf; fl;lhaf; fy;tpf;fhd rl;lj;ij ,aw;wp
jPtpukhf eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhh;.
 khzth;fs; grpapd;wp gbf;f kjpa czTj; jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhh;.
 gs;spfspy; Vw;wj; jho;tpd;wp Foe;ijfs; fy;tp fw;f rPUilj; jpl;lj;ij
mwpKfk; nra;jhh;.
rpWtpdh
1. fhkuhrhpd; kjpa czTj;jpl;lk; Fwpj;J vOJf.

 jkpo;ehl;by; xt;nthU ChpYk; njhlf;fg;gs;sp mikf;fNtz;Lk;.
 gs;spf;$lk; ,Uf;fpw Ch;fspy; $l vy;yhf; Foe;ijfSk; gbf;fg; NghtJ
,y;iy.
 Viog; igad;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; tapw;Wg; ghL ngUk;ghlhfNt cs;sJ.
 xUNtisf; fQ;rp fpilj;jhy; NghJk; vd;W ML khL Nka;ff ; g; Ngha; jq;fs;
vjph;fhyj;ijg; ghohf;fpf; nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fisg; gs;spf;$lq;fSf;F
tur;nra;tJ kpf Kf;fpakhFk;.
 ,jw;F ,ilapy; gs;sp epfo;rr; p xd;wpy; Njrpaf;nfhb Vw;w fhkuh[h; tUif
je;jhh;. mq;fpUe;j khzth;fspy; xUtd; kaq;fp fPNo tpOe;jhd;. mg;NghJ
fhkuh[h; mtdplk; fhiyapy; rhg;gpl;lhah vd;W Nfl;lhh;. mtd; vJTk;
rhg;gpltpy;iy vd;whd;. mjw;F mth; Vd;? vd;W Nfl;lhh;.
 khztd; rhg;gpl VJk; ,y;iy vd;W gjpy; $wpdhd;. mjd; gpwF gbf;f tUk;
khzth;fSf;F xU Ntis czthtJ toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd KbT nra;jhh;.
vdNt> khzth;fs; grpapd;wp gbf;f kjpa czTj; jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L
te;jhh; fhkuh[h;.
2. fhkuhrhpd; fy;tpg;gzpfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.

fhkuhrh; Kjy; mikr;ruhfg; gjtpNaw;w Neuj;jpy; Vwf;Fiwa Mwhapuk;
njhlf;fg;gs;spfs; %lg;gl;L ,Ue;jd. mtw;iw cldbahfj; jpwf;f
Mizapl;lhh;. khepyk; KOf;f midtUf;Fk; ,ytrf; fl;lhaf; fy;tpf;fhd
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rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpj; jPtpukhf eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhh;. khzth;fs; grpapd;wpg; gbf;f

kjpa czTj; jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhh;. gs;spfspy; Vw;wj;jho;tpd;wpf;
Foe;ijfs; fy;tp fw;fr; rPUilj; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfk; nra;jhh;. gs;spfspd;
trjpfisg; ngUf;fg; gs;spr; rPuikg;G khehLfs; elj;jpdhh;. jkpo;ehl;by; gy
fpisE}yfq;fisj; njhlq;fpdhh;. khzth;fs; cah;fy;tp ngwg; nghwpapay;
fy;Y}hpfs;> kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpfs;> fhy;eil kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpfs;> Mrphpag; gapw;rp
epWtdq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; Gjpjhfj; njhlq;fpdhh;. ,t;thW fy;tpg;Gul;rpf;F
tpj;jpl;lth; fhkuhrNu Mthh;.
rpe;jid tpdh
1. ePq;fs; Kjyikr;ruhdhy; fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf vd;ndd;d jpl;lq;fis

tFg;gPh;fs;?
 ehd; Kjyikr;ruhdhy; midtUf;Fk; ,ytr fy;tp mopg;Ngd;.
 jkpo;topapy; fw;NghUf;F kUj;Jtk;> nghwpapay;> Ntshz;ik> rl;lk; Nghd;w
gbg;GfSf;F Kd;Dhpik toq;FNtd; .
 midj;J trjpfs; nfhz;l gs;spr; #oiy cUthf;fp kjpa czTj;
jpl;lj;ij midtUk; gad;ngWk; tifapy; khw;wp mikg;Ngd;.
 khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;F vd jdpg; gs;spfs; mikg;Ngd;. midj;J
gs;spfSf;Fk; Njitahd Mrphpah;fis epakpg;Ngd;.
 fy;Y}hpg; gbg;G tiu jkpo; nkhopia gapw;W nkhopahf;fg; gbj;J Kbj;jTld;
Ntiy tha;g;Gf;F Vw;ghL nra;J nfhLg;Ngd;.
 njhopy; Kidtuhf khzth;fis cUthf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy;
khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;JNtd;.
 kiotho; kf;fspd; Foe;ijfis cah;fy;tp tiu mth;fs; ,Ug;gplj;jpNyNa
fy;tp ngw trjp nra;Ntd;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
1. gbf;fhj Nkij vdmiof;fg;gLgth;.............

tpil: fhkuh[h;.
2. fhkuh[Uf;F kzpkz;lgk; mikf;fg;gl;l ,lk; .................
tpil:fd;dpahFkhp.
3. fhkuh[Uf;F eLtzuR 1976,y; .................tpUJ toq;fpaJ.
tpil:ghuj uj;dh
4. fhkuh[h; gy;fiyf;fofk; mike;Js;s ,lk;..........
tpil: kJiu.
5. fUg;Gf; fhe;jp vd;W miof;fg;gLgth;...........
tpil: fhkuh[h;.
6. midtUf;Fk;.......... fy;tpf;fhd rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpj; jPtpukhf eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhh;
fhkuh[h;.
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tpil :,ytrf; fl;lhaf;

7. khzth;fs; grpapd;wpg; gbf;f ..................jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhh; fhkuh[h;.
tpil: kjpa czTj;.
8. gs;spfspy; Vw;wj;jho;tpd;wpf; Foe;ijfs; fy;tp fw;fr;......... jpl;lj;ij mwpKfk;
nra;jhh; fhkuh[h;.
tpil: rPUilj;
FW tpdh
1. fhkuhrhpd; rpwg;G ngah;fs; ahit?

 ngUe;jiyth;.
 fUg;Gf;fhe;jp.
 gbf;fhj Nkij.
 Viog; gq;fhsd;.
 fh;ktPuh;.
 jiyth;fis cUthf;Fgth;.
rpWtpdh
1. fhkuhrUf;F jkpof muR nra;j rpwg;Gfs; ahit?

 kJiug; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F kJiu fhkuhrh;gy;fiyf;fofk; vdg; ngah;
#l;lg;gl;lJ.
 eLtzuR 1976,y; ghuj uj;dh tpUJ toq;fpaJ.
 fhkuhrh; tho;e;j nrd;id ,y;yk; kw;Wk; tpUJefh; ,y;yk; Mfpad
muRilik Mf;fg;gl;L epidT ,y;yq;fshf khw;wg;gl;ld.
 nrd;id nkhpdh flw;fiuapy; rpiy epWtg;gl;lJ.
 nrd;idapy; cs;scs;ehl;L tpkhdepiyaj;jpw;F fhkuhrh; ngah;
#l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 fd;dpahFkhpapy; fhkuhrUf;F kzpkz;lgk; 02.10.2000Mk; Mz;L
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
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kdtiuglk;
Mrpahtpy;
,uz;lhtJ
nghpa E}yfk; jiujsk;
vl;Lj; ghh;itj; jpwd;
jsq;fs; FiwghL
cs;sd. cilath; gphpT
mz;zh
E}w;whz;L
Fsph;gjd E}yfk; efUk;
trjp gbf;fl;Lfs;
fiyauq;F
fUj;juq;F
Vohk; jsk; nraw;if kuk;

Xiyr;Rtbf Foe;ijfspd;
s; gpw E}y;fs; kfpo;r;rpf;F xU gphpT
njhpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
Mrpahf; fz;lj;jpNyNa kpfg; nghpa E}yfk; rPdhtpy; cs;sJ.
mz;zh E}w;whz;L E}yfj;jpd; vl;Lj; jsq;fs;

jiuj;jsk; - nrhe;j E}y; gbg;gfk;> gpnua;yp E}y;fs;
Kjy; jsk; - Foe;ijfs; gphpT> gUt ,jo;fs;
,uz;lhk; jsk; - jkpo; E}y;fs;
%d;whk; jsk; - fzpdp mwptpay;> jj;Jtk;> murpay; E}y;fs;
ehd;fhk; jsk; - nghUspay;> rl;lk;> tzpftpay;> fy;tp
Ie;jhk; jsk; - fzpjk;> mwptpay;> kUj;Jtk;
Mwhk; jsk; - nghwpapay;> Ntshz;ik> jpiug;glf;fiy
Vohk; jsk; - tuyhW> Rw;Wyh> muR fPo;j;jpirr; Rtbfs; E}yfk;
vl;lhk; jsk; - fy;tpj; njhiyf;fhl;rp> E}yfj;jpd; mYtyfg; gphpT
E}yfj;jpy; gbj;J cah;epiy mile;jth;fSs; rpyh;

mwpQh; mz;zh> [t`h;yhy; NeU mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fh;> fhuy; khh;f;];.
rpwe;j E}yfh;fSf;F lhf;lh; r. ,uh. muq;fehjd; tpUJ toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
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fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. E}yfq;fspy; cs;s Gj;jfq;fspy; cq;fSf;F gpbj;jkhd E}y;fisg; gl;baypLf.

jpUf;Fws; >Mj;jpr;#b> gPh;ghy; fijfs;> njdhypuhkd; fijfs;>
tpLfijfs;> Gjph; fzf;Ffs;> Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;> IQ;rpWq;fhg;gpaq;fs;> fk;g
uhkhazk;> kfhghujk;> ,Uz;ltPL> nghpaGuhzk;> Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp>
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp> ghujpahh; ftpijfs;> fz;zjhrd; ftpijfs; Kjypad.
2. ePq;fs; tpUk;gpg; gbj;j E}y; Fwpj;J ez;gDld; ciuahLf.

fz;zd; : Kj;J eP tpUk;gpg; gbj;j E}y; xd;iwf; $W.
Kj;J : ehd; tpUk;gpg; gbj;j E}y; jpUf;Fws;.
fz;zd; : Kj;J eP tpUk;gpg; gbj;j jpUf;Fws; E}iyg; gw;wp rpwpJ tpsf;fkhff;
$Wthahf.
Kj;J : nja;tg;Gyth; jpUts;Stuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l E}y; jpUf;Fws; MFk;.
,e;E}ypy; mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghy;> ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; vd %d;W
gphpTfis cilaJ. Mjyhy; ,e;E}Yf;F Kg;ghhy; y; vdTk; ngaUz;L.
,jpy; 133 mjpfhuq;fSk; xt;nthU mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; gj;Jf; Fws;
tPjk; nkhj;jk; 1330 Fws;fis cilaJ .,e;E}y; Fws;
ntz;ghf;fshy; MdJ. ,e;E}y; gjpndz;fo P ;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs;
xd;whFk;. jpUf;FwSf;F nja;tE}y;> ngha;ahnkhop>
cyfg;nghJkiw> jkpo;kiw> cj;juNtjk; vd
gy;NtW ngah;fs; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. jpUf;Fwspd; ngUikia
tpsf;Fk; E}y; jpUts;Stkhiy tpsq;FfpwJ.
kjpg;gPL
1.mz;zh E}w;whz;L E}yfj;ijg; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf vOJf.

 Mrpa fz;lj;jpNyNa ,uz;lhtJ nghpa E}yfk; ,Jjhd;. jiu jsk; >Kjy;
jsk;> gpw jsq;fspy; thpirahf mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd; gug;gsT vl;L
Vf;fh;. ,e;jpa E}yf tpjpfis cUthf;fp ,e;jpa E}yf mwptpaypy; je;ijahd
Kidth; ,uh. muq;fehjd; mth;fspd; cUtg;glKk; ,q;F cs;sJ.
 jiujsj;jpy; ghh;itj;jpwd; FiwghL cilath;fSf;fhd gphpT cs;sJ
gbf;;f E}y;fs; cs;sd .Nfl;L mwpa xyptbt
.mth;fs; njhl;Lg; ghh;j;J gbf
E}y;fs;> FWe;jfL tbtpy; cs;sd. cjtp nra;a gzpahsh;fSk; cs;sdh;.
 jiu jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J NkNy nry;y efUk; gbf;fl;L cs;sJ .Kjy; jsj;jpy;
Foe;ijfSf;fhf rpwg;ghf cUthf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; gphpT cs;sJ. 20
Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l FWe;jfLfs;
jfLfs;> 50 Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fs;
cs;sd .xt;nthU jsKk; xt;nthU tif E}yfg; gFjpfshf cs;sd.
E}yfk; KOtJk; Fsph;rhjd trjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ .,Nj trjpAld;
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$l;luq;F> fiyauq;F >fUj;juq;Ff; $lk;> fz;fhl;rp muq;F MfpaitAk;

cs;sd.
 ,uz;lhk; jsj;jpy; rq;ffhyk; njhlq;fp ,d;W tiu cs;s midj;J
E}y;fSk; cs;sd.
 %d;whk; jsj;jpy; fzpdp mwptpay; >jj;Jtk;> murpay; E}y;fs; cs;sd.
 ehd;fhk; jsj;jpy; nghUspay;> rl;lk; >khepy cah; fy;tp Nghd;w E}y;fs;
cs;sd.
 Ie;jhk; jsj;jpy; fzpjk; >mwptpay;> kUj;Jtk; rk;ge;jkhd E}y;fs; cs;sd.
 Mwhk; jsj;jpy; nghwpapay;> Ntshz;ik> jpiug;glf; fiy rhh;e;j E}y;fs;
cs;sd.
 Vohk; jsj;jpy; goikahd Xiyr;Rtbfs; Nrfhpj;J >ghJfhj;J
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kpd; E}yfk; cs;sJ. midj;J Jiw rhh;e;j jukhd
E}y;fSk; kpd; ,jo;fSk; cs;sd.
 "E}yfk; mwpQh;fspd; Md;khf;fs; ciwtplk;"
E}yf E}y;fis thrpg;gNjhL epw;fhky; ,e;E}y;fis Rthrpf;Fk; mwpQh;fshf ehk;
khw Ntz;Lk;.
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kdtiuglk;
,d
vOj;Jf;fs;
„xs…… f;F „c…
ty;ypdj;jpw;F
,dk; nky;ypdk;
„I… f;F „,…

caph;f;FwpYf;F
,dk; caph; neby;
fw;git fw;wgpd;
jq;fg; ghg;gh te;jhNs ge;jy; Kd;G epd;whNs

rpq;fg; nghk;ik je;jhNs fk;gk; Rw;wp te;jhNs
gQ;R Nghd;w ifahNy njd;wy; fhw;Wk; te;jNj
gz;lk; nfhz;L te;jhNs njtpl;lh ,d;gk; je;jNj
,g;ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ,d vOj;Jr; nrhw;fis vLj;J vOJf.
,d vOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;:
jq;fg; >te;jhNs>
Ns> rp
rpq;fg;> je;jhNs>gQ;R>Nghd;w> gz;lk;> nfhz;
nfh L> ge;jy;>
te;jNj> epd;whNs> fk;gk;> nj
njd;wy;> te;jNj> je;jNj> ,d;gk;.
kjpg;gPL

; jLj;J vOJf:
1. nky;ypdj;jpw;fhd ,d vOj;J ,lk;ngwhj nrhy; vJ?
m) kQ;rs; M) te;jhd; ,) fz;zpy; <) jk;gp
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2. jtwhd nrhy;iy tl;lkpLf.

m) fz;lhd; M) ntd;uhd; ,) ez;L <) tz;L
1.tpil:(,) fz;zpy;
2.tpil:(M)ntd;uhd;.
gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jp vOJf.

gpio
njz;wy;
fd;lk;
ed;hp
kd;lgk;
jpUj;jk;:
njd;wy;.
fz;lk;.
ed;wp.
kz;lgk;.
rpWtpdh
1.,d vOj;Jfs; vd;why; vd;d?

rpy vOj;JfSf;F ,ilNa xypf;Fk; Kaw;rp> gpwf;Fk; ,lk; Mfpatw;wpy;
xw;Wik cz;L. ,t;thW xw;Wik cs;s vOj;Jfs; ,d vOj;Jfs; vdg;gLk;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
epug;Gf:
1. nrhw;fspy; nky;ypd nka; vOj;ij mLj;Jg; ngUk;ghYk; mjd;
,dkhfpa............... vOj;J tUk;.
tpil: ty;ypd.
2. caph; vOj;Jfspy; FwpYf;F...........> ..............f;Ff; FwpYk; ,d vOj;Jfs; MFk;.
tpil: nebYk;> nebY.
3. 'I' vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;F....... vd;gJ ,d vOj;jhFk;.
'xs' vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;F........... vd;gJ ,d vOj;jhFk;.
tpil: , > c .
4. nrhy;ypy; .......... vOj;Jfs; Nrh;e;J tUtJ ,y;iy.
tpil: caph;.
5. ............apy; kl;Lk; nebiyj; njhlh;eJ ; mjd; ,dkhfpa Fwpy; vOj;J Nrh;e;J
tUk;.
tpil: msngil.
6. jkpo; vOj;Jfspy;............... vOj;Jf;F kl;LNk ,d vOj;J ,y;iy.
tpil: Ma;j.
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FW tpdh
1. capnuOj;Jfspy; ,d vOj;Jfis vOJf.

m -M ; , - <; c - C ;
v - V; I - , ; x - X ;xs - c.
2. nka; vOj;Jfspy; ,d vOj;Jfis vOJf.
f; - q; ; r; - Q; ; l; - z; ;
j; - e; ; g; - k; ; w; - d; .
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;
gbj;Jr; Ritf;f
ahjhDk; ehlhkhy; Cuhkhy; vd;ndhUtd; Mw;wTk; fw;whu; mwpTilahu; m‡Jilahu;

m
rhe;JizAk; fy;yhj thW. ehw;wpirAk; nry;yhj ehL,y;iy me;ehL
- Fws; Ntw;WehL Mfh jkNtMk; Mapdhy;
Mw;Wczh Ntz;LtJ ,y;.
- gonkhop
njhlu;fis ePl;bj;Jg; Gjpa njhlu;fis cUthf;Fq;fs;
(v.fh) kio nga;jJ.

ghlk; gbj;jhd;. New;W fdkio nga;jJ
tFg;gpy; ghlk; gbj;jhd;. New;W fhiyapy; fdkio nga;jJ.
jkpo; tFg;gpy; ghlk; gbj;jhd;. New;W fhiy kiyapy; fdkio nga;jJ.
New;W jkpo; tFg;gpy; ghlk; gbj;jhd;. New;W fhiy ,bAld; kiyapy; fdkio
mtd; New;W jkpo; tFg;gpy; ghlk; gbj;jhd;. nga;jJ.
,U nghUs; juf;$ba nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nrhw;nwhlu;fs; mikAq;fs;
(E}y;> khiy> MW> gb)

(v.fh) Mil ijf;f cjTtJ E}y;.
%Jiu mwE}y;.
khiy:
,iwtDf;Fr; #l;LtJ ghkhiy.
ehd; khiyapy; tpisahLNtd;.
MW:
kJiuapy; itif MW XLfpwJ.
ehd; MWRit czitAk; cz;Nld;.
gb:
ehd; ey;y E}y;fisg; gbj;Njd;.
ehd; gbNawp VOkiyahid jhprdk; nra;Njd;.
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gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nrhw;nwhlu;fis cUthf;Fq;fs;

vOJfpwhu;
vOJfpwhd;
Mrpupau; ftpij
gbf;fpwhu;
khztd; ghlk;
gbf;fpwhd;
fw;gpf;fpwhu;
 Mrphpah; ftpij vOJfpwhh;.

 Mrphpah; ftpij gbf;fpwhh;.
 Mrphpah; ghlk; fw;gpf;fpwhh;.
 khztd; ftpijvOJfpwhd;.
 khztd; ftpij gbf;fpwhd;.
 khztd; ghlk; vOJfpwhd;.
 khztd; ghlk; gbf;fpwhd;.
ciuahliy epiwT nra;Aq;fs;
khzth; : tzf;fk; Iah.

jiyik Mrphpah; : tzf;fk; kjp> cdf;F vd;d Ntz;Lk;?
khzth; : vdf;F khw;Wr; rhd;wpjo; Ntz;Lk; Iah.
jiyik Mrphpah; : ______________________
khzth; : vd;je;ijf;Fg; gzp khWjy; fpilj;jpUf;fpwJ Iah.
jiyik Mrphpah; : mg;gbah‚ ve;j CUf;Fg; gzp khWjy; fpilj;jpUf;fpwJ?
khzth; : ______________________
jiyik Mrphpah; : mq;F ve;jg; gs;spapy; Nrug; Nghfpwha;?
khzth; : ______________________
jiyik Mrphpah; : ______________________
khzth; : vd; mg;ghit mioj;J te;jpUf;fpNwd; Iah.
 khw;Wr; rhd;wpjo; vjw;fhff; Nfl;fpwha;?

 jpUr;rpf;F Iah.
 kz;zr;rey;Y}h; muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp Iah.
 eP ahiu mioj;J te;jpUf;fpwha;?
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jiyth;fspd; gpwe;j ehs;

ve;j ehshff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ
(Foe;ijfs; ehs;> khzth; ehs;>Mrphpah; ehs;> Njrpa ,isQh; ehs;> fy;tp tsh;rr
; p
ehs;.)
1. fhkuhrh; gpwe;j ehs; ______________________
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2. lhf;lh; v];. ,uhjhfpU\;zd; gpwe;jehs; ______________________

3. mg;Jy;fyhk; gpwe;j ehs; ______________________
4. tpNtfhde;jh; gpwe;j ehs; ______________________
5. [t`h;yhy; NeU gpwe;j ehs; ______________________
1. fy;tp tsh;r;rp ehs;.

2. Mrphpah; jpdk; .
3. khzth; jpdk;.
4. Njrpa ,isQh; jpdk;.
5. Foe;ijfs; jpdk;.
,d vOj;Jfs; mike;Js;s nrhw;fis tl;lkpLq;fs;
fq;if> gf;fk;> tz;L> kz;lgk;> kq;if>

nte;jak;> je;jk;> gQ;R> gr;ir> jf;fhsp> kQ;rs;>
fk;gsk;> Fd;W> fhf;if> nrq;fly;> Njq;fha;
fq;if tz;L kq;if nte;jak; je;jk; gQ;R
kQ;rs; fk;gsk; Fd;W nrq;fly; Njq;fha;
fPof
; ;fhZk; nrhw;fSs; mike;Js;s ,d vOj;Jfis vLj;J vOJq;fs;
rq;F> Eq;F> gpQ;R> tQ;rk;> gl;lzk;> Rz;ly;> tz;b>

ge;jak;> ge;J> fw;fz;L> njd;wy;> ed;W
rq;F --q;F Eq;F---q;F
gpQ;R --Q;R nfhQ;rk;--Q;r
Rz;ly; --z;l tz;b --z;b
ge;jak;--e;j te;J --e;J
fw;fz;L-- z;L njd;wy;-d;w
ed;W---d;W
gpd;tUk; gj;jpiag; gbj;J tpdhtpw;F Vw;w tpil mspf;fTk;
fhkuhrhpd; tPl;Lf;Fs; xU rpWtDk; mtDila jq;ifAk; Eioa

Kad;wdh;. Copah; mth;fisj; jLg;gijf; fhkuhrh; ftdpj;jhh;. clNd mth;fis
cs;Ns mioj;jhh;. ‘ahiug; ghh;ff
; te;jPq;f?” vd;W md;Gld; tpdtpdhh;. ‘vq;f
mz;zDf;Fj; Njh;Tf;Fg; gzk; fl;l mk;khtplk; trjpapy;Ny. cq;fisg; ghh;j;jhy;
....” vd;W rpWkp $wp Kbg;gjw;Fs;> ‘mk;kh mDg;gp tpl;lhuh?” vd;W fhkuhrh;
Nfl;lhh;. ‘,y;iy ehq;fshfj;jhd; te;Njhk;. mk;kh mg;gsk; Nghl;L tPL tPlhff;
nfhz;L Ngha; tpj;Jl;L tUthq;f. mjpy; tUk; tUkhdj;ij tr;Rj;jhd; vq;fisg;
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gbf;f itf;fpwhq;f” vd;W Foe;ijfs; $wpdh;. mjidf; Nfl;lJk; khbNawpr;

nrd;W gzj;ijf; nfhz;Lte;J nfhLj;jhh;. kWehs; Foe;ijfs; ,UtUk;
fhkuhriuj; Njb te;jdh;. ‘Iah Njh;Tf;Fg; gzk; fl;bahr;R. ,e;j ,urPij (gw;Wr;
rPl;il) mk;kh cq;fsplk; fhl;bl;L tur; nrhd;dhq;f” vd;wdh;. mjidf; Nfl;Lf;
fhkuhrh; kdk; nefpo;e;jhh;.
1. fhkuhrhpd; tPl;bw;Fs; Eioa Kad;wth;fs;
m) ngw;Nwhh; M) rpWtd;> rpWkp ,) kf;fs; <) Mrphpah;fs;
2. ,e;epfo;T rpWtdJ FLk;gj;jpd; vg;gz;ig tpsf;FfpwJ?
m) Vo;ik M) Neh;ik ,) ciog;G <) fy;yhik
3. kWehs; Foe;ijfs; te;jJk; fhkuhrh; kdk;
4. rpWtDk; rpWkpAk; vjw;fhff; fhkuhrhpd; tPl;bw;F te;jdh;?
5. fhkuhrh; nra;j cjtp ahJ?
1. (M)rpWtd;>rpWkp.
2. (M)Neh;ik.
3. nefpo;e;jhh;.
4. mz;zDf;Fj; Njh;Tf;Fg; gzk; fl;l mk;khtplk; trjp ,y;iy. vdNt> gz
cjtp Nfl;Lf; fhkuhrhpd; tPl;bw;F te;jdh;.
5. fhkuhrh;> jd; tPl;bw;F te;j rpWtd;> rpWkpf;Fg; gz cjtp nra;jhh;.
fl;Liu vOJf
fhkuhrh; vDk; jiyg;gpy; fPof

; ;fhZk; Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L fl;Liu vOJf .
 Kd;Diu
 ,sikf;fhyk;
 fy;tpg;gzp
 epiwNtw;wpa gpw jpl;lq;fs;
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu:
jd;dyk; rpwpJk; ,d;wp nghJeyk; nghpJk; vz;zp tho; ehs; KOJk;
cioj;j ngUe;jiyth; fhkuhrh;. fhl;rpf;F vspath;ƒ; fUj;Jf;F ,dpath;; vz;zw;w
jiyth;fSs; vd;idf; fth;e;jth; ,th;jhd;. fUj;jNkdpahdhYk; ntSj;j
cs;sk; gilj;jth; fh;ktPuh; fhkuhrh;.,tiug; gw;wp gpd;tUkhW fhzyhk;.
,sikf;fhyk;:
tpUJefhpy; 15 .07.1903 Mk; Mz;L Fkhurhkpf;Fk; rptfhkp mk;ikahUf;Fk;
mUe;jtg; Gjy;tuhfg; gpwe;jth; fhkuhrh;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngah; fhkhl;rp .,th; jkJ
Mwhk; mfitapy; je;ijia ,oe;jhh;. jha; khkd; Mjutpy; FLk;gk; ,aq;fpw;W.
Mwhk; tFg;G gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ tWik fhuzkhf gs;sp nry;tij tpl;l
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fhkuhrh; rpy Mz;Lfs; filfspy; Ntiy ghh;j;jhh; .gpd;dh; murpaypy; Eioe;J

mz;zy; fhe;jp topapy; ehl;L tpLjiyf;fhfg; Nghuhlyhdhh;.
fy;tpg; gzp:
1954 Kjy; Rkhh; gj;J Mz;L fhyk; mth; j jkpo; ehl;;bd; Kjy; mikr;ruhf
tpsq;fpdhh;. me;jf; fhyj;ij jkpofj;jpd; nghw;fhyk; vd;Nw $wyhk;. Fyf;fy;tpj;
jpl;lj;jhy; %lg;gl;bUe;j 6000 gs;spfisj; jpwe;jhh;. GjpjhfTk; gs;spfisj;
jpwe;jhh;. 300 kf;fs; njhifAs;s rpw;W}h;f;Fk; gs;spAz;L vdr; nra;jth; fhkuhrh;.
gs;spf; fy;tpia ,ytrkhfTk; Vio khzth;fSf;F gfy; czTk; toq;fpdhh;.
mtuJ Ml;rpapy; gy Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; vdpDk; fy;tpg; gzpf;F mth; nra;jJ
tuyhw;wpy; ,lk;ngWtjhFk;.
epiwNtw;wpa gpw jpl;lq;fs;:

fhkuhrh; Kjy; mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; njhopy;Jiw jpl;lq;fs; gy
njhlq;fg;gl;ld. gs;spfspy; kjpa czTj; jpl;lk;> rPUilj; jpl;lk; rpwg;ghf
nray;gl;lJ. coTk; njhopYk; rpwf;f cioj;j fhkuhrh; kzpKj;jhW Kjypa
ePh;g;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;jpdhh;. rpw;W}h;fSf;nfy;yhk; kpd;rhuk; toq;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W kpd; jpl;lq;fis tFj;jhh;. rhiyfs; Nghlg;gl;ld. njhopy;
Ngl;ilfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. epyf;fhp> rpnkz;l;> ,Uk;Gj; njhopw;rhiyfis
Vw;gLj;jp ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ij cah;j;jpdhh; .mizfs; fl;lg;gl;ld
nerTj;njhopy; tsh;r;rpf;F gy jpl;lq;fisj; jPl;bdhh;.
KbTiu:
gpwe;;J gbf;fhjNkijahfr; rpwe;J ehl;L epiyikia
vspa FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe
epidj;J cz;ikaha; cioj;j fhkuhrh;> 1975 Mk; Mz;L fhe;jpabfs; gpwe;j
ehshd mf;Nlhgh; ,uz;lhk; ehs; md;W ,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;jhh;.
‘cs;
cs;sj;jhy; ngha;ahJ
xOfpd; cyfj;jhh; cs;sj;Js; vy;yhk; csd;"
vd;w ts;Sthpd; tha;nkhopf;F Vw;g fhkuhriug; Nghw;WNthk;; mth; top epd;W ehL
eyk; ngw ciog;Nghkhf.
nkhopNahL tpisahL
'fy;tpf;fz; jpwe;j fhkuhrh;' ,j;njhlhpy; cs;s vOj;Jfis kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jp

Gjpa nrhw;fis cUthf;Fq;fs;:
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: fz;.
fy;tp> ftp> fhkuhrh;> fy;> fhf;f> fhd;> kz;> jpwe;j.
Kiw khwpAs;s nrhw;fisr; rhpahd ,lj;jpy; nghUj;jpr;

nrhw;nwhliu epiwT nra;f
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1. KisapNy tpisAk; njhpAk; gaph;.

tpil: tpisAk; gaph; KisapNy njhpAk;.
2. Mf;FNthk; ,y;yhik fy;yhikia.
tpil: fy;yhikia ,y;yhik Mf;FNthk;.
fPof
; ;fhZk; fl;lq;fspy; cs;s ,d vOj;Jr; nrhw;fis tl;lkpl;Lj;
jdpahf vLj;J vOJf
k z; l g k; m
w jp f e; fp r
fp gp k; J sp q;
nj d; w y; q; F
s; tp k Q; r s;
 kz;lgk;.  kQ;rs;.
 ge;J.  njd;wy;.
 rq;F.  Jk;gp.
nray;jpl;lk;
fhkuh[h; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; kw;Wk; Gifg;glq;fSld; xU glj;njhFg;G(Album)

cUthf;fTk;:
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
vd; nghWg;Gfs;
1. fy;tpapd; rpwg;ig czu;e;Js;Nsd;.
2. njhlu;e;J fy;tp fw;Ngd;.
3. fy;tpahy; vdJ ,yl;rpaj;ij milNtd;.
4. fy;tpahy; rpwe;jtu;fis vd; Kd;Ndhbfshff; nfhs;Ntd;.
5. Gj;jfk; gbf;Fk; gof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Ntd;.
fiyr;nrhy; mwpNthk;. kpd;gbf;fl;L – Esocator

fy;tp – Education kpd;J}f;fp – Lift
njhlf;fg; gs;sp – Primary kpd;dQ;ry; – E - Mail
School FWe;jfL – Compact
Nky;epiyg;gs;sp – Higher Disck (CD)
Secondary kpd;E}yfk; – E - librarry
School kpd;E}y; – E -book
E}yfk; – Library kpd; ,jo;fs; – E- Magazine
,izaj;jpy; fhz;f.
httpe://www.digitaldialects.com/
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,ay;-4
myFj; Njh;T -1
(ftpijg; Ngio)
I.epug;Gf : 5 x 1=5
1. khzth; gpwh; ..........elf;ff; $lhJ.
2. ifg;nghUs; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gphpj;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ..............
3. khzth;fs; E}y;fis....... fw;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. Fw;wk; + ,y;yhjth; vd;gjidr; Nrh;j;J vOjf; fpilf;Fk; nrhy;............
5. kf;fs; ftpQh; vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLgth;...........
II.nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf: 2 x 1=2

(m)kdkhw;wk;.(M) Nrhk;gy;.
III.FW tpdh: 3 x 2=6

1. ehk; ahUld; Nruf;$lhJ?
2. ehk; vt;thW tho;e;jhy; ngUik ngwyhk;?
3. fw;wthpd; ngUikfshf %Jiu $Wtd ahit?
IV.rpWtpdh: 2 x 4=8
1. fy;tpapd; rpwg;ghf ePq;fs;vjidf; fUJfpwPh;fs;?
2. ehk; vt;thW tho Ntz;Lk; vdg; gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahh;$Wfpwhh;?
V.mbgpwohky; vOJf: 4
kd;dDk;.......... vdj; njhlq;Fk; %Jiug; ghly;.
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,ay;-4
moFj;Njh;T -2
(ciueil cyfk; tphpthdk;)
I.epug;Gf: 3 x 1=3
1. grpapd;wp vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gphpj;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ....................
2. gs;spfspy; Vw;wj;jho;tpd;wp Foe;ijfs; fy;tp fw;f............................ jpl;lj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh; fhkuhrh;.
3. khepyk; KOf;f midtUf;Fk; ..................f; fy;tpf;fhd rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpj;
jPtpukhf eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhh; fhkuhrh;.
II.nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf: 2 x 1=2

(m)cah;fy;tp.(M) rPUil.
III. FW tpdh: 3 x 2=6

1. fhkuh[h; fhyj;jpy; njhlq;fg;gl;l fy;tp epWtdq;fs; ahit?
2. fhkuh[h; Kjy;tuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;wJk; fy;tpf;fhfr; nra;j Kjy; gzp ahJ?
3. fhkuhrhpd; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; ahit?
IV.rpWtpdh: 2 x 4=8
1. fhkuhrhpd; kjpa czTj; jpl;lk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
2. fhkuhrUf;F jkpof muR nra;j rpwg;Gfs; ahit?
V.tpilasp: 1 x 6=6
1. mz;zh E}yfj;ijg; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.
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,ay; -4
myFj;Njh;T -3
(fw;fz;L>nkhopMs;Nthk;> nkhopNahL tpisahL)
I.epug;Gf : 3 x 1=3
1. jkpo; vOj;Jfspy;............ vOj;Jf;F kl;LNk ,d vOj;J ,y;iy.
2. 'I” vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;F..........vd;gJ ,d vOj;jhFk;.'xs' vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;F
...........vd;gJ ,d vOj;jhFk; .
3. nrhw;fspy; nky;ypd nka; vOj;ij mLj;J ngUk;ghYk; mjd; ,dkhfpa.............
vOj;J tUk;.
II.gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jp vOJf : 2

njd;uy; ---
fd;lk; ---
ed;hp ---
kd;lgk; ---
III.rpWtpdh : 2x2 = 4
1. ,d vOj;Jfs; vd;why; vd;d?
2. nka; vOj;Jfspy; cs;s ,d vOj;Jfis vOJf.
IV.nkhopg;gapw;rp: 9
(m)Gjpa njhlh;fis cUthf;Fq;fs;: 2
 kio nga;jJ.
(M) ,UnghUs; juf;$ba nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nrhw;nwhlh;fs;mikAq;fs;: 1
i) khiy. ii)gb.
(,) ,d vOj;Jfs; mike;Js;s nrhw;fis tl;lkpLq;fs;: 1
fq;if> gf;fk;> tz;L> nte;jak;> gQ;R> gr;ir> kQ;rs;.
(<) fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;fSs; mike;Js;s ,d vOj;Jfis vLj;J vOJq;fs;: 1
Eq;F >Rz;ly; >tQ;rk;> njd;wy;> ge;jak;> ed;W.
(c) fPof; ;fhZk; njhlhpy; cs;s vOj;Jfis kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jp Gjpa nrhw;fis
cUthf;Fq;fs;: 2
‘fy;tpf;fz; jpwe;j fhkuhrh;"
(C) Kiw khwpAs;s nrhw;fisr; rhpahd ,lj;jpy; nghUj;jpr; nrhw;nwhliu
epiwT nra;f: 1
 KisapNyNa tpisAk; njhpAk; gaph;.
(v) fiyr;nrhy; mwpf: 1
(m) E-mail. (M)E-magazine.
(V) fl;Liu vOJf: 7
(fPo;ff
; hZk; Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L fl;Liu vOJf.)
Kd;Diu ---,sikf;fhyk;-- fy;tpg;gzp--- epiwNtw;wpa gpw jpl;lq;fs;---- KbTiu.
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fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fs;
 ,e;jpa ehl;bd; rpwg;Gfis mwpjy;.
 tho;tpy; vspikapd; rpwg;ig czu;jy;.
 r%f khw;wj;jpy; fhe;jpapd; gq;fpidj; njupe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
 tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ngz;fspd; gq;fpid mwpe;J Nghw;Wjy;.
 nrhw;fspd; tiffis mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jjy;.
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EioAk; Kd;
ekJ ehL tsk; nghUe;jpaJ. ,q;F ,aw;if tsq;fs;

kl;Lkpd;wp ,yf;fpa tsq;fSk; kpFe;Js;sd.
Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wikiaf; nfhz;lJ ekJehL. ,kak;
Kjy; Fkhp tiu thOk; ,e;jpah;fs; midtUk; czT>
cil> nkhop> ehfhpfk; Mfpatw;why; NtWgl;L ,Ue;jhYk;
czh;thy; xd;Wgl;lth;fNs. Njrpa xUikg;ghl;ilg;
Nghw;Wk; ghliy mwpNthk; thUq;fs;.
kdtiuglk;
G+kpapd; fpof;F jpUf;Fws;

,e;jpa ehL Mil
mwj;jpd; Cd;WNfhs; nka;Azh;T

fhe;jpabfspd; Nkyhil
m`pk;ir
fk;gh; fhspjhrhpd;
mKjRugpahf ftpijfs; Mw;wpd;
ghuj ehL miyfs;
rpw;gq;fs; Fkhp fd;dpapd;

fiyf;$lk; $e;jYf;F fh
fh\;kPh;
kyh;khiy
ghujk;
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G+kpapd; fpof;F thrypJ!
nja;t ts;Std; nea;j Fws;jhd;
Njrk; cLj;jpa E}yhil!
nka;fisg; Nghw;wpa ,e;jpaj; jha;fF
;
Nkyhil!
nka;Azu;T vd;fpw Nkyhil
(GJikfs;)
fhsp jhrdpd; Njdpirg; ghly;fs;
fhtpupf; fiuapy; vjpnuhypf;f
fk;gdpd; mKjf; ftpij fSf;Ff;
fq;if miyfs; ,iraikf;f
(GJikfs;)
fd;dpf; Fkupapd; $e;j Yf;fhff;
; ; Njhl;lk; G+j;njhLf;Fk;!
fh\;;kPuj
Nkw;F kiyfs; ejpfis mDg;gpf;
fpof;Ff; fiuapd; eyk;Nfl;Fk;!
(GJikfs;)
Gy;ntsp nay;yhk; G+f;fh lhf
lhfpg;
Gd;dif nra;j nghw;fhyk;!
fy;iyf; $l fhtpa khf;fpf;
fl;b epWj;jpa fiyf;$lk;!
(GJikfs;)
md;id ehl;bd; mKj Rugpapy;
md;dpa ehLfs;grpjPu
mz;zy; fhe;jpapd; rpd;df; ifj;jb
mwj;jpd; Cd;W Nfhyhf
G+kpapd; fpof;F thrypJ!*
- jhuhghujp
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ghlypd; nghUs;
G+kpapd; fpof;F thryhfj; jpfOk; ekJ ,e;jpaehL gy GJikfisr; nra;j

ehL. jpUf;Fws; ekJ ehL mzpe;jpUf;Fk; Milahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
cz;ikfisg; Nghw;Wk; ,e;jpaj; jha;fF
; nka;Azu;Nt Nkyhilahf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. fhspjhru; ,aw;wpa ,dpik,dpikahd
ahd ghly;fs; fhtpupf;fiu tiu
vjpnuhypf;fpd;wd. fk;gupd; mKjk; Nghd;w ftpij tupfSf;Ff; fq;if Mw;wpd;
miyfs; ,iraikf;fpd;wd.
FkupKid Mfpa fd;dpapd; $e;jYf;fhff; fh fh\;;kPuj;J kyu;fs; khiyahfj;
njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;Nf Njhd;Wk; ejpfs; fpof;F vy;iy tiu gha;e;J
ed;
d;ikfis tpistpf;fpd;wd. Gy;ntspfs; vy;yhk; G+f;fs; kyu;e;J nghw;fhykhfg;
Gd;dif Gupfpd;wd. fy;ypy; nrJf;fpa rpw;gq;fs; ahTk; fhtpaf; fiyf;$lkhff;
fhl;rp jUfpd;wd.
ms;s ms;sf; Fiwahj mKjRugpahf md;id ghuj ehL jpfo;fpd;wJ. ek;
ehL gpwehl;L kf;fspd; grpiaAk; Nghf;fp tUfpd;wJ. mwj;jpd; Cd;WNfhyhf
fhe;jpabfspd; mfpk;ir vd;Dk; rpwpa ifj;jb tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
E}y;ntsp
jhuhghujpapd; ,aw;ngah; ,uhjhfpU

,uhjhfpU\;;zd;.
ftpQhapW vd;Dk; milnkhop ngw;wth;. Gjpa
tpbay;fs;> ,J vq;fs; fpof;F> tpuy; Edp
ntspr;rq;fs; Kjyhdit ,th; ,,aw;wpa E}y;fshFk;.
,g;ghly; jhuhghujpapd; ftpijfs; vd;Dk; njhFg;gpy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
nrhy;Yk; nghUSk;
nka; - cz;ik Njrk; - ehL
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. ‘ghujk;
ghujk; md;iwa ehw;wq;fhy;" vd;Dk; ghliy ,irNahL ghLf.
2. "ehl;L Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; ek; gq;F" vDk; jiyg;gpy; NgRf.

midtUf;Fk; ,dpa tzf;fk;. "vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj" vd;ghh;
jpUehTf;
ehTf;furh;. xt;nthUtUf;Fk; chpa flikfs; cz;L. ,e;j rKjhaj;jpw;fhf
khzth; Mw;w Ntz;ba flikfs; gy cs;sd. ,d;iwa khzth;fs; ehisa
jiyth;fs;. mth;fs; rKjha czh;T cilath;fsha; tsh;e;jhy;jhd; tPLk; ehLk;
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eyk; ngWk; .ek; rKjhak; tWik> mwpahik> jPz;lhik> rhjp kj NtWghLfs;>

%lg;gof;f tof;fq;fs; vdg; gy nfhLikfshy; rpije;Js;sd. rKjhaj;jpd;
cWg;gha; tpsq;ff;$ba khzth;fs; rKjhak; Nkk;ghL milar; nra;tJ
mth;fspd; flikahFk;. khzth;fs; jk; gs;spg; gUtj;jpy; njhz;L nra;Ak;
tha;g;ghf gs;spfspy; Njrpa khzth; gil> rhuzh; ,af;fk;> ehl;L eyg;gzpj;jpl;lk;>
nrQ;rpYitr;rq;fk; Nghd;w mikg;Gfs; cs;sd. khzth;fs; ,t;tikg;Gfspy;
Nrh;e;J kf;fSf;Fj; njhz;lhw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj vd;Dila tpUg;gk; MFk;.
ed;wp‚ tzf;fk;.
kjpg;gPL

; jLj;J vOJf.
1. Njrk; cLj;jpa E}yhil vdf; ftpQh; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;_______________.
m) jpUthrfk; M) jpUf;Fws; ,) jphpfLfk; <) jpUg;ghit
2. fhspjhrdpd; Njdpirg; ghly;fs; vjpnuhypf;Fk; ,lk;_______________.
m) fhtphpf;fiu M) itiff;fiu ,) fq;iff;fiu <) aKidf;fiu
3. fiyf;$lkhff; fhl;rp jUtJ_______________.
m) rpw;gf;$lk; M) Xtpaf;$lk; ,) gs;spf;$lk; <) rpiwf;$lk;
4. E}yhil vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gphpj;J vOjf; fpilg;gJ_______________.
m) E}y;+Mil M) E}yh+il ,) E}y;+yhil <) E}yh+Mil
5. vjph;+xypf;f vd;gjidr; Nrh;j;J vOjf; fpilf;Fk; nrhy;_______________.
m) vjpuypf;f M) vjph;xypf;f ,) vjpnuhypf;f <) vjph;nuhypf;f
1. tpil:(M) jpUf;Fws;. 4. tpil:(m) E}y;+ Mil.

2. tpil:(m)fhtphpf;fiu 5. tpil:(,)vjpnuhypf;f.
3. tpil:(m) rpw;gf;$lk;
eak; mwpf
1. ghujk; md;iwa ehw;wq;fhy; vd;Dk; ghlypy; mike;Js;s vJif> Nkhidr;

nrhw;fis vLj;J vOJf.
vJifr; nrhw;fs;: Nkhidr; nrhw;fs;:
nja;t - nea;j; mbNkhid:
nka;fis - nka;Azh;T nka;fis - nka;Azh;T
md;id - md;dpa fhsp - fhtphp
Gy;ntsp - vy;yhk;; fk;gdpd; - fq;if
Gy;ntsp - fy;iyf; fd;dp - fh\;kPh;
Gy;ntsp - Gd;dif
fy;iy - fl;b
md;id - mz;zpa
mz;zy; - mwj;jpd
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rPh; Nkhid: Gy;ntsp - g+f;fh

nka;Azh;T - Nkyhil md;id - mKj
fk;gdpd; - ftpij
FW tpdh
1.jhuhghujpapd; ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ftpQh;fspd; ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

 fk;gh;>
 jpUts;Sth;>
 fhspjhrh;.
2. ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F >fpof;F Mfpa jpirfis ,izj;J ftpQh; fhl;Lk;

fhl;rpia vOJf.
 Nkw;Nf Njhd;Wk; ejpfs; fpof;F vy;iy tiu gha;eJ
; ed;ikfis
tpistpf;fpd;wd.
rpWtpdh
1. jhuhghujp ghlypd; fUj;ijr; RUf;fkhf vOJf.

G+kpapd; fpof;F thryhfj; jpfOk; ekJ ,e;jpaehL gy GJikfisr; nra;j
ehL. jpUf;Fws; ekJ ehL mzpe;jpUf;Fk; Milahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
cz;ikfisg; Nghw;Wk; ,e;jpaj; jha;fF
; nka;Azu;Nt Nkyhilahf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. fhspjhru; ,aw;wpa ,dpikahd ghly;fs; fhtpupf;fiu tiu
vjpnuhypf;fpd;wd. fk;gupd; mKjk; Nghd;w ftpij tupfSf;Ff; fq;if Mw;wpd;
miyfs; ,iraikf;fpd;wd.
FkupKid Mfpa fd;dpapd; $e;jYf;fhff; fh\;kPuj;J kyu;fs; khiyahfj;
njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;Nf Njhd;Wk; ejpfs; fpof;F vy;iy tiu gha;e;J
ed;ikfis tpistpf;fpd;wd. Gy;ntspfs; vy;yhk; G+f;fs; kyu;e;J nghw;fhykhfg;
Gd;dif Gupfpd;wd. fy;ypy; nrJf;fpa rpw;gq;fs; ahTk; fhtpaf; fiyf;$lkhff;
fhl;rp jUfpd;wd.
ms;s ms;sf; Fiwahj mKjRugpahf md;id ghuj ehL jpfo;fpd;wJ. ek;
ehL gpwehl;L kf;fspd; grpiaAk; Nghf;fp tUfpd;wJ. mwj;jpd; Cd;WNfhyhf
fhe;jpabfspd; mfpk;ir vd;Dk; rpwpa ifj;jb tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
rpe;jid tpdh
1. ek; ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F khzth;fs; nra;a Ntz;bait gw;wp rpe;jpj;J

vOJf.
 ‘vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj" vd;whh; jpUehTf;furh;.
 ek; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; chpa flikfs; cz;L .,e;j rKjhaj;jpw;fhf
khzth;fs; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfs; gy cs;sd. mJTk; ,d;iwa
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khzth;fs; ehisa jiyth;fs; mth;fs;. *rKjhaj;jpw;F Mw;w Ntz;ba

flikfs; gyg; gy. mth;fs; r%fg; gzpahw;wpdhy;jhd; tPLk; ehLk; eyk;
ngWk;.
 ek; ehl;bd; ,aw;if tsq;fisj; jFe;j tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;jp ghJfhf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
 Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;gpy; Kidg;Gld; nray;gl;L Rfhjhuj;ijf; fhf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
 jhd; gapYk; gs;spapy; rhuzh; ,af;fk;> nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk;> Njrpa khzth;
gil> ehl;L eyg;gzpj; jpl;lk; Nghd;w ,af;fq;fspy; Nrh;e;J njhz;lhw;wyhk;.
 ,t;thnwy;yhk; nra;jhy; ,e;j ehl;bw;Fg; ngUik Nrh;f;Fk; ed;ikfshf
khzth;fs; cUthfKbAk;.
$Ljy; tpdh
epug;Gf :
1. jhuhghujpapd; ,aw;ngah;.........
tpil: uhjhfpU\;zd;.
2. 'ftpQhapW' vd;Dk; milnkhop ngw;w ftpQh;......
tpil: jhuhghujp .
2. jpUf;Fws; ekJ ehL mzpe;jpUf;Fk;............. tpsq;Ffpd;wJ .
tpil: Milahf.
4. tpuy;Edp ntspr;rq;fs; vd;w ftpijia vOjpa ftpQh;.............
tpil: jhuhghujp.
5. cz;ikfisg; Nghw;Wk; ,e;jpaj; jha;fF; .................... Nkyhilahf tpsq;FfpwJ.
tpil:nka;Azh;Nt.
6. ms;s ms;sf; Fiwahj mKjRugpahf tpsq;FtJ..............
tpil: ghuj ehL.
FW tpdh
1. g+kpapd; fpof;F thryhj;f jpfo;tJ vJ?

 g+kpapd; fpof;F thryhfj; jpfOk; ekJ ,e;jpa ehL.
2. ek; ehL mzpe;jpUf;Fk; Mil vJ ?
 jpUf;Fws;
3. ekJ ehL mzpe;jpUf;Fk;. Nkyhilahf tpsq;FtJ vJ?
cz;ikfisg; Nghw;Wk; ,e;jpaj; jha;fF ; nka;Azh;T Nkyhilahf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
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EioAk; Kd;
fhe;jpabfs; ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgl;lth; vd;gij

ehL ed;F mwpAk;. ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk;> rKjha
kWkyh;r;rp> jPz;lhik xopg;G Kjypatw;Wf;fhfTk; mth;
ghLgl;lhh;. vspikia Xh; mwkhfg; Nghw;wpdhh;.
,e;ejpahtpy; mth; fhyb glhj ,lNk ,y;iy.
jkpo;ehl;bd; kPJk; jkpo;nkhopapd; kPJk; fhe;jpabfs;
nfhz;l gw;wpidf; fhz;Nghk; thUq;fs;.
kdtiuglk;
1919-,y;
,y; nusyl; 1937-,y; nrd;idapy;
rl;lj;ij vjph;j;jhh; khehL c.Nt. rh jiyik
Fw;wyh mUtp> cah;T

ghujpahh; jkpo;ehl;bd;
jho;T ghuhik
nrhj;J ,uh[h[p
kPdhl;rpak;kd;
NfhtpYf;Fr; nry;y jpUf;Fws;
kWj;jy; jw;NghJ [p.A. Nghg; -
midtUk; nry;Yjy; jkpo;f; ifNaL
fhiuf;Fb fhdhL 1921 kJiu tUif

fhj;jhd; gzf;fhuhpd; cilapy; khw;wk;
kdkhw;wk;
jkpo;ehl;by; fhe;jp
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. fhe;jpabfspd; nghd;nkhopfisj; jpul;Lf

 vd; tho;fi
; fNa vd; mwpTiufs;.
 ciof;fhky; cz;gtd; jpUld;.
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 vq;Nf md;G ,Uf;fpwNjh mq;Nf tho;T cah;e;J,Uf;fpwJ.

 eP vd;d nra;fpwha; vd;gJ Kf;fpaky;yƒ eP nra;fpwha; vd;gJjhd; Kf;fpak;.
 td;Kiwia td;Kiwahy; nty;y epidg;gJ> jPiaj; jPahy; mizf;f;f
Kw;gLtJ Nghd;wjhFk;.
 vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; mwk; jhd; mbg;gil. me;j mwj;jpw;Nf cz;ikjhd;
mbg;gil.
 vd;idg; nghUj;jtiu Njrhgpkhdk; kdpjhgpkhdKk; xd;Wjhd;. ehd; xU
Njr gf;jd;. vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; mwk;jhd; mbg;gil. me;j mwj;jpw;Nf
cz;ikjhd; mbg;gil.
2. fhe;jpabfs; elj;jpa mwtopg; Nghuhl;lq;fspd; ngah;fisj; njhFj;J vOJf.

xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;> jPz;lhik xopg;G> fjh;,af;fk;> nts;isaNd
ntspNaW ,af;fk;> kJtpyf;F> irkd; FO> RNjrp ,af;fk;> fs;Sf;fil kwpay;>
cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufk;> ,dntwpf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk;> nusyl; rl;l vjph;g;G> rl;l
kWg;G ,af;fk;> may;ehl;Lj; Jzp vhpg;G.
kjpg;gPL

; jLj;J vOJf .
1. fhe;jpabfsplk; cil mzptjpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa Ch; ......................
m) Nfhit M) kJiu ,) jQ;rhT+h; <) rpjk;guk;
2. fhe;jpabfs; ______ mb epoypy; ,Ue;J jkpo; fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhh;.
m) ehkf;fy; ftpQh; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) c.Nt.rhkpehjh; <) ghujpahh;
1. tpil:(M) kJiu.
2. tpil:( ,) c .Nt .rh.
nghUj;Jf
1. ,yf;fpa khehL -(m)ghujpahh;

2. jkpo;ehl;bd; nrhj;J- -(M)nrd;id
3.Fw;whyk; -(,) [p. A .Nghg;
4. jkpo;f; ifNaL -(<) mUtp
tpil:1 - (M)> 2 - (m)> 3 - (<)> 4 - (,)
(m)MNyhrid (M)ghJfhf;f (,) khw;wk; (<) Mlk;guk;

(m) MNyhrid : vr;nraiyAk; nra;Ak;nghOJ MNyhrid nra;J KbT nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
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(M) ghJfhf;f : ehk; ek; cliyg; ghJfhf;f KO ghpNrhjid nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

(,) khw;wk; : khw;wk; vd;gNj ek; tho;tpd; mbg;gil MFk;.
(<) Mlk;guk; : ehk; thOk; tho;fi
; f Mlk;guk; kpf;fjhf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ.
FW tpdh
1. fhe;jpabfs; kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; NfhtpYf;Fs; Kjypy; Vd; Eioatpy;iy ?

fhe;jpabfs;> NfhtpYf;Fs; nry;y vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; mDkjp cz;lh? vd;W
Nfl;lhh;. ,y;iy vd;W mYtyh;fs; $wpdhh;fs;. mg;gb vd;why; mq;Nf ehd;
tukhl;Nld;> vd;W $wptpl;lhh;.
2. fhe;jpabfs; vt;thW jkpo; fw;whh;?

 njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; tho;ej
; fhyj;jpy; jkpo; nkhopiaf; fw;fj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
 fhe;jpabfs;>[p .A.Nghg;.
mth;fs; vOjpa jkpo;f; ifNaL kw;Wk; jpUf;Fws; Mfpa E}y;fNs mtiuf; fth;e;j
E}yhFk;.
rpWtpdh
1. fhe;jpabfspd; cil khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;j epfo;tpid vOJf.

1921 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; jpq;fs; fhe;jpabfs; ek; jkpo;ehl;bw;F tUif
Ghpe;jhh;. kJiu nry;Yk; topapy; coth;fs; ,Lg;gpy; xU Jz;L kl;LNk mzpe;J
taypy; Ntiy nra;J nfhz;L ,Ug;gijf; fz;lhh; .ngUk;ghyhd ,e;jpah;fs;
Nghjpa cilfs; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ jhd; kl;Lk; ,t;tsT Jzpfis
mzptjh vd;W vz;zp md;W Kjy; Ntl;bAk; Jz;Lk; kl;LNk mzpaj;
njhlq;fpdhh;. mJNt mtuJ Njhw;wj;jpy; kpfg;nghpa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa
ngUik jkpo;ehl;Lf;F cz;L.
2. fhe;jpabfSf;Fk; jkpOf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;ig vOJf.

 fhe;jpabfs; njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpy; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; jkpo; nkhopiaf; fw;fj;
njhlq;fpdhh;.
 [p.A.Nghg; vOjpa jkpo;f; ifNaL kw;Wk; jpUf;Fws; mtiuf; fth;e;j
E}yhFk;.
 1937-Mk; Mz;L nrd;idapy; eilngw;w ,yf;fpa khehl;bw;F fhe;jpabfs;
jiyik tfpj;jhh;.
 c.Nt .rhkpehjhpd; ciuiaf; Nfl;L kfpo;e;j fhe;jpabfs; ,e;jg; nghpathpd;
mb epoypy; ,Ue;J jkpo; fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mty; cz;lhapd vd;W
$wpdhh;. ,t;thW jkf;Fk; jkpOf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;ig gyKiw $wpAs;shh;.
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rpe;jid tpdh
1. fhe;jpabfsplk; fhzg;gLk; cah;e;j gz;Gfshf ePqf
; s; fUJgit ahit?
vspik> md;G> kd cWjp> ,d;dh nra;ahik> ,uf;fk;> cz;ik> mfpk;ir>
Gyhy; cz;zhik >rpf;fdk;.
$Ljy; tpdh
epug;Gf :
1. Mq;fpy muR........... vd;Dk; fLikahd rl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jp ,Ue;jJ.
tpil:nusyl; rl;lk;.
2. fhe;jpabfsplk; nrd;id nghJf;$l;lj;jpw;F jiyik jhq;f Ntz;bath;...….......
tpil:ghujpahh;.
3. jkpo;f; ifNaL ,aw;wpath;............
tpil : [p .A .Nghg;.
4. ,e;jpahtpd; nrhj;J vd fhe;jpabfshy; miof;fg;gl;lth;............
tpil: ghujpahh;.
5. fhe;jpabfisf; fth;e;j E}y; .................
tpil: jpUf;Fws;.
6. fhe;jp mUq;fhl;rpafk; cs;s ,lk;..............
tpil :kJiu.
___________________________________________________________________________
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kdtiuglk;
je;ij fzth;
nry;y Kj;J Kj;JtLf ehjh; fhisahh; Nfhtpy;
rptfq;if kPl;ly; Nghhpy;
fzth; tPukuzk;
NtYehr;rpahh;
fhisahh; Nfhtpy;
Fapyp jpz;Lf;fy; $l;lk;
ik#h; Ijh; myp nghpa kUJ

cjtp rpd;d kUJ
njhpe;J njspNthk;
 NtYehr;rpahhpd; fhyk; 1730 - 1796
 NtYehr;rpahh; rptfq;ifia kPl;l Mz;L 1780.
 [hd;rpuhzpf;F Kd;Ng Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;j;J tPug;Nghh; Ghpe;jth; NtY
ehr;rpahh;.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1.,f;fijia ehlfkhf tFg;giwapy; ebj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
kjpg;gPL
1. NtYehr;rpahh; Ijh; mypapd; cjtpia vt;thW ngw;whh;?

Mq;fpNyah; 1772 Mk; Mz;L rptfq;ifr; rPikapd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhdh;.
Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; Kj;JtLfehjUf;Fk; ,ilNa Nghh; eilngw;wJ. mg;Nghhpy;
kd;dh; Kj;JtLfehjh; tPu kuzk; mile;jhh;. NtY ehr;rpahh; ik#h; kd;dd; Ijh;
mypiar; re;jpj;J Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;g;gJ Fwpj;Jf; fye;J Ngrpdhh;. mtUf;F cjt
tpUk;gpa Ijh; myp Iahapuk; gil tPuh;fis mDg;gpdhh;.
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2. NtY ehr;rpahh; rptfq;ifia kPl;l epfo;itr; RUf;fkhf vOJf.

uhkehjGuj;ij Ml;rp nra;j nry;yKj;J kd;dhpd; xNu kfs; NtYehr;rpahh;
jha;nkhopahfpa jkpo; kl;Lk; my;yhky; Mq;fpyk; cUJ Kjypa nkhopfisAk;
rpwg;ghff; fw;whh; .rptfq;if kd;dh; Kj;JtLfehjiu kze;J kfpo;r;rpNahL tho;e;J
te;jhh;. fhisahh; Nfhtpypy; eilngw;w Nghhpy; Kj;JtLfehjh; Mq;fpyg; gilAld;
Nghhpl;L tPukuzk; mile;jhh;. NtYehr;rpahh; Mq;fpNyaiu ntd;W rptfq;ifia
kPl;f cWjp g+z;lhh;. jpz;Lf;fy; Nfhl;ilapy; jq;fp xU giliaj; jpul;b gapw;rp
mspj;jhh; .mjw;fhd #o;epiy vl;L Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; te;jJ. jpz;Lf;fy;
Nfhl;ilapy; MNyhridf; $l;lk; xd;W ele;J nfhz;bUe;jJ. $l;lj;jpd; eLNt
tPukq;if NtYehr;rpahh; mkh;e;jpUe;jhh;. mtiug;gw;wp mikr;rh; jhz;ltuhad;
jsgjpahf nghpa kUJ> rpd;d kUJ kw;Wk; FWepy kd;dh;fs; rpyh; ,Ue;jdh;.
mt;Ntisapy; ik#h; kd;dh; i`jh; myp mDg;gpa Iahapuk; Fjpiug;gil tPuh;fSk;
te;J Nrh;e;jdh;. mg;NghJ nghpakUJ ek; gilAld; ehis rptfq;ifia kPl;fg;
Gwg;glyhk; my;yth? vd;whh; NtY ehr;rpahh;. jk; gilAld; Ijh; mypapd; gilAk;
Nrh;e;J Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;j;jdh;. Kjypy; fhisahh; Nfhtpiy kPl;ldh;. gpd;dh;
tp[ajrkp ehspy; rptfq;if Nfhl;ilf; fjT> rpwg;G Nfhl;ilf;Fs; ngz;fs; kl;Lk;
Eioayhk;. Kjypy; ngz;fs; gilg;gphptpd; jiytp Fapyp khWNtlj;jpy; cs;Ns
Eioe;J MAjf; fplq;fpy; jP itg;gjhf $wpdhh;. gpd; Mz;fs; gilapdh; te;J
ghh;f;fyhk; vd;whh;. FapypAk; ngz;fs; gphptpdUk; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; nrd;wdh; .rpwpJ
Neuj;jpy; jP vhpe;jJ. Mz;fs; gphptpdh; cs;Ns Eioe;J Mq;fpNyaiu tpul;b
mbj;jdh;. NtY ehr;rpahh; gil ntw;wp ngw;wJ. Fapyp jd; capiuj; je;J rptfq;iff;
Nfhl;ilia kPl;Lj; je;jhs;. Fapypapd; JzpTf;Fk; jpahfj;Jf;Fk; tPuj;jpw;Fk; jiy
tzq;Ftjhf NtY ehr;rpahh; $wpdhh;.
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kzp> fz;
kh> rhy
tpidr;nrhy; ,ilr; nrhy;

th> vOJ ck;> F
fw;git fw;wgpd;
tUk; njhlh;fspy; cs;s ehy;tifr; nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;Jf
1. tstDk;. jq;ifAk; khefug; NgUe;jpy; Vwpdh;.

tstd; - ngah;r;nrhy;.
ck; - ,ilr;nrhy;.
jq;if - ngah;r;nrhy;.
ck; - ,ilr;nrhy;
khefuk; - chpr;nrhy;.
efuk; - ngah;r;nrhy;.
NgUe;J - ngah;r;nrhy;.
Vwpdhh; - tpidr;nrhy;.
2. ehs;NjhWk; jpUf;Fwis gb.

ehs; - ngah;r;nrhy;.
ck; - ,ilr;nrhy;.
jpUf;Fws; - ngah;r;nrhy;.
I - ,ilr;nrhy;.
gb - tpidr;nrhy;.
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3. Viof;F cjTjy; rhyr;rpwe;jJ vd;whh; Mrphpah;.

Mrphpah; - ngah;r;nrhy;.
F - ,ilr;nrhy;.
cjTjy; - tpidr;nrhy;.
rhy - chpr;nrhy;.
rpwe;jJ - tpidr;nrhy;.
fPof
; ;fhZk; Fwspy; cs;s ,ilr;nrhy;iy vOJf.
‘kf;fs;nka; jPz;ly; clw;fpd;gk; kw;wth;
nrhw;Nfl;ly; ,d;gk; nrtpf;F "
,ilr;nrhw;fs; :kw;W> F.
nra;jpj;jhspy; tpisahl;Lr; nra;jp xd;iwg; gbj;J mjpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s
ehy;tifr; nrhw;fis vOJf.
M];jpNuypah njhlhpy; ,e;jpa mzp jdJ jpwikf;F Vw;g tpisahbajhy;
khngUk;cyff;Nfhg;igiaj; jd; trg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ.
ngah;r;nrhw;fs;:
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tpisahbaJ>nfhz;lJ.
kh -chpr;nrhy;.
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kjpg;gPL
nghUe;jhr; nrhy;iy tl;lkpLf:

1. m) gbj;jhs; M) I ,) kw;W <) F
2. m) kJiu M) fhy; ,) rpj;jpiu <) Xbdhd;
3. m) nrd;whs; M) te;j ,) rpj;jpiu <) ele;J
4. m) kh M) I ,) ck; <) kw;W
1. (m) gbj;jhs;.
2. (<) Xbdhd;.
3. (,) rpj;jpiu.
4. (m) kh.
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FW tpdhf;fs;
1. nrhy; vd;why; vd;d?

xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jfs; njhlh;e;J te;J nghUs; jUkhapd; mJ nrhy;
vdg;gLk;.
2. nrhw;fspd; tiffis vOJf.
nrhw;fspd; tiffs;:
 ngah;r;nrhy;.
 tpidr;nrhy;.
 ,ilr;nrhy;.
 chpr;nrhy;.
3.ngaiuAk; tpidiaAk; rhh;e;J tUk; nrhw;fis vt;thW toq;FfpNwhk;?

ngah;r;nrhy;iyAk; tpidr;nrhy;iyr; rhh;e;J tUk; nrhy; ,ilr; nrhy;
MFk;. ,J jdpj;J ,aq;fhJ.
(v.fh)
jhAk; je;ijAk; -ck;.
jk;gpf;F -F.
jpUf;Fwis -I.
rpe;jid tpdh
1. ehy;tifr; nrhw;fspy; jdpj;J ,aq;Fgit vit? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf.

 ehy;tifr; nrhw;fspy; jdpj;J ,aq;FtJ> ngah; nrhy;Yk; tpidr; nrhy;Yk;
MFk;.
ngah;r;nrhy;:
ghujp> gs;sp >fhiy>
fz;> XLjy;> ed;ik.
tpidr;nrhy;:
th> Ngh>el>
tpisahL> vOJ.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
epug;Gf:
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tpil: ehd;F.
2. nraiyf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;.........
tpil: tpidr;nrhy;.
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FW tpdhf;fs;
1.tpidr;nrhy; vd;why; vd;d?

nraiyf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; tpidr;nrhy; vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh) th> Ngh>> vOJ>tpisahl;L.
2. ,ilr;nrhy; vd;why; vd;d?

ngah;r;nrhy;iyAk; tpidr;nrhy;iyAk; rhh;e;J tUk; nrhy; ,ilr;nrhy;
vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh) ck;> F>I.
3. chpr;nrhy; vd;why; vd;d?

ngah;r;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy; Mfpatw;wpd; jd;ikia kpFjpg;gLj;j tUtJ
chpr;nrhy; vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh) kh> rhy.
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nkhopia Ms;Nthk;
Nfl;f
jkpof tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuh;fSs; xUthpd; tuyhw;iwf; Nfl;f.

t.c.rpjk;gudhh;
midtUf;Fk; ,dpa tzf;fk;. goikAk; ngUikAk; kpf;f ek; ,e;jpaj;
jpUehL Vwj;jho 300 Mz;Lfs; Mq;fpNyahplk; mbikg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ
.Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpia ek; ehl;bdpd;W mfw;w fz;zPUk; nre;ePUk; rpe;jpg;
Nghuhbath;fs; gyh;. mth;fspy; fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod; vd;Wk;> njd;dhl;Lj; jpyfh;
vd;Wk;> nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky; vd;Wk; Nghw;wg;glf; $bath; t. c. rpjk;gudhh; .,th;
J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy; xl;lg;gplhuk; vDk; Chpy; 05.09 .1872
.1872-Mk; Mz;L
cyfehjUf;Fk; gukhap mk;ikahUf;Fk; mUe;jtg; Gjy;tdhfg; gpwe;jhh;. ,th;
jkpOk; Mq;fpyKk; fw;W rl;lf;fy;tp gapd;W tof;fwpQuhdhh; .jf;f gUtj;jpy;
ts;spak;ik vd;Dk; kq;ifia kze;jhh;. J}j;Jf;Fbapy; rpy fhyk; tof;fwpQuhfg;
gzpahw;wpdhh; .tof;fwpQh; njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j t. c. rp ehl;L tpLjiyg;
Nghhpy; KOikahf <Lgl;lhh; .'Rje;jpuk; vdJ gpwg;Ghpik mij mile;Nj
jPUNtd;' vd;W Koq;fpa jpyfiug; NghyNt jPtpukhf ghLgl;lhh;. ,tUk;
ghujpahUk; Rg;gpukzpa rpthTk; czh;thy; xd;Wgl;l ez;gh;fshapdh;. t. c .rp
mth;fs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf ehl;Lg;gw;whsh; rpyh; cjtpahYk; ts;sy;
ghz;bj;Jiu cjtpahYk; RNjrp vd;Dk; fg;gy; fk fk;;ngdpiaj; njhlq;f>fg;giy
Kk;igapypUe;J thq;fp te;jhh;. J}j;Jf;Fbf;Fk; nfhOk;Gf;Fk; ,ilNa fg;gy;
Nghf;Ftuj;ij elj;jp ntw;wpAk; fz;lhh;. 'fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod;' vd;Dk;
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ghuhl;ilAk; ngw;whh; .,ijf; fz;l Mq;fpNya muR t. c.rp.,d; kPJ rpdk;

nfhz;lJ. mtUf;F ,ul;il MAs; jz;lid tpjpj;jJ .mth; Nfhitr; rpiwapYk;
fz;zD}h;r; rpiwapYk; glhjghL gl;lhh; .fy; cilj;jhh;> nrf;fpOj;jhh;> firab
gl;lhh;> tpyq;Fk; cz;z tpUk;ghj cztpid toq;fpdhh;fs;. ,f;nfhLikfisf;
fz;L nfhjpj;njOe;j ghujp 'NkNyhh;fs; ntQ;rpiwapy; tPo;eJ ; fplg;gJTk;
E}Nyhh;fs; nrf;fbapy; NehtJk; fhz;fpNyNa'vd;W ,iwtdplk; Kiwapl;lhh;.
ehl;L tpLjiyf;fhf cioj;j t.c.rp E}yhrphpauhfTk; ciuahrphpauhfTk;
nkhopngah;g;ghsuhfTk; MrphpauhfTk; tpsq;fp jkpOf;Fk; njhz;L nra;Js;shh;.
ehLk; nkhopAk; ed;dpiy va;j ehKk; ,th;Nghy; cz;ikaha; ciog;Nghk;
tuyhw;wpidg; gilg;Nghk;. ed;wp tzf;fk;.
fPof
; hZk; jiyg;Gfspy; xU epkplk; NgRf.
1.ghujpahh;:
Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; jw;Nghija J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy; vl;ilaGuj;jpy;
brk;gh; 11Mk; ehs; 1882Mk; Mz;L rpd;drhkp -,yf;Fkp mk;ikahUf;F mUe;jtg;
Gjy;tdhfg; gpwe;jhh;. ,thpd; Jiztpahh; nry;yk;khs;. rpW tajpNyNa ftpghLk;
jpwik ngw;wth;. mjdhNyNa ,tUf;F vl;laGu kd;dh; 'ghujp' vDk; gl;lk; toq;fp
rpwg;gpj;jhh;. ftpijapd; topahf ehl;Lg;gw;iwAk; nkhopg; gw;iwAk; kf;fSf;F
Cl;bath;. ngz;Zhpik fhf;fTk; tpLjiy Ntl;ifia J}z;lTk; jk; ghly;fspy;
ghbAs;shh;. ,tiu Njrpaf;ftp> kfhftp vd;W ghuhl;Lth;. ,th; Fapy; ghl;L>
fz;zd; ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk; vd;w E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shh;. ,th; nrg;lk;gh; 11
Mk; ehs; 1921 Mk; Mz;L ,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;jhh;.
2.fhe;jpabfs;:
fhe;jpabfs; fhl;rpf;F vspatuha; tho;ej
; hh;. nfhy;yhik> Gyhy; cz;zhik>
md;Gilik> tha;ik> kdj;J}a;ik> ,d;dh nra;jhh;f;Fk; ,dpaNt nra;jy; Nghd;w
gz;G eyd;fis cilatuhfj; jpfo;e;jhh;. ",e;jpah vd;nwhU ehL cz;L mJ
Mq;fpNyaUf;F ey;y Ntl;ilf; fhL" vd;W cyfk; ek; ehl;ilg; ghh;j;J vs;sp
eifahLk; mstpw;F ek; ehl;L kf;fs; mbik ,Uspy; %o;fp my;yy; gl;ldh;.
fhe;jpabfs; 1919 Mk; Mz;by; tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;. xj;Jioahik
,af;fk;> nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;> thpnfhlh ,af;fk;> cg;Gr;
rj;jpahfpufk;> me;epaj; Jzp vhpg;G Kjypa mwg;Nghuhl;lq;fisf; fhe;jpabfs;
elj;jpdhh;. mjdhy;> mth; jiyikapy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; jpuz;ldh;.
td;Kiwia td;Kiwahy; mopg;gJ jPiaj; jPahy; mizg;gJ Nghd;wjhFk;
mikjpahy; nty;tNj ntw;wpf;F top vd;gij czh;eJ ; murpaypy; ntw;wpAk;
fz;lhh; . mth; ngw;Wj;je;j ,e;j Rje;jpuj; jpUehis ehk; Nghw;wpg; ghJfhg;gJ ek;
flikahFk;.
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3.NtY ehr;rpahh;:
,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;l jkpofg; ngz;fSs; NtY
ehr;rpahh;> tPuKk; Ez;zwpTk; xUq;Nf mikag; ngw;wth;. mtNu Mq;fpNyaiu
vjph;j;J MAjk; Ve;jpg; Nghuhba Kjy; ngz;kzp. ,uhkehjGuj;ij Mz;l kd;dh;
nry;yKj;J NrJgjp- rf;fe;jp Kj;jhj;jhs; ,izaUf;F fp.gp 1730 Mk; Mz;L xNu
ngz; kfthfj; Njhd;wpath; NtYehr;rpahh;. ,th; Mz; thhpirg; Nghd;Nw
tsh;ff ; g;gl;L MAjg;gapw;rp Kjy; midj;ijAk; fw;Wj; Njh;ej
; hh;. rptfq;if kd;dh;
Kj;J tLfehjh; >NtY ehr;rpahiu kze;J nfhz;lhh;. Mq;fpNyah; 1772 Mk;
Mz;L rptfq;if rPikapd; kPJ gilnaLj;jdh;. Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; Kj;J
tLfehjUf;Fk; ,ilNa Nghh; eilngw;wJ. mg;Nghhpy; kd;dh; Kj;J tLfehjh; tPu
kuzkile;jhh;. NtYehr;rpahh; ik#h; kd;dh; Ijh; mypiar; re;jpj;J Mq;fpNyaiu
vjph;g;gJ Fwpj;J fye;J Ngrpdhh;. mtUf;F cjt tpUk;gpa Ijh; myp Iahapuk; gil
tPuh;fis mtUld; mDg;gp itj;jhh;. kUJ rNfhjuh;fSld; tPuh; gilf;Fj;
jiyik Vw;W nrd;w NtYehr;rpahh; Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;j;Jg; Nghhpl;lhh;. mg;Nghhpy;
fztiuf; nfhd;wth;fis ntd;W> 1780Mk; Mz;by; rptfq;ifia kPl;lhh;.
nrhy;yf; Nfl;L vOJf:

 ,e;jpaehL.
 fhe;jpabfs;.
 Cd;WNfhy;.
 NtY ehr;rpahh;.
 tho;j;Jfs;.
 nka;Azh;T.
 ehw;wq;fhy;.
 chpr;nrhy;.
 nghJf;$l;lk;.
 Fw;whyk;.
fPof
; ;fhZk; gj;jpiag; gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf
,e;jpa tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgllth;fSs; xUth; t.c.rpjk;gudhh;. t.c.rp

mth;fs; jkpopYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; Gyik ngw;wpUe;jhh;. mth;> tof;fwpQh;>
vOj;jhsh;> Ngr;rhsh;> njhopw;rq;fj; jiyth; vd;Dk; gd;Kfj;jd;ik ngw;wpUe;jhh;.
Mq;fpNyahpd; fg;gy;fSf;Fg; Nghl;bahf cs;ehl;L ,e;jpaf; fg;gy; epWtdj;ijj;
njhlq;fpath;. 1906 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 16Mk; ehs; ‘RNjrp ehtha;r; rq;fk;”
vd;w fg;gy; epWtdj;ijg; gjpT nra;jhh;. t.c.rp. nrd;idf;Fr; nry;Yk;NghJ
ghujpahiur; re;jpg;gij tof;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. NkYk;> ghujpahh; ghly;fis
tpUk;gpf; Nfl;ghh;.
1. RNjrp ehtha;r; rq;fj;ij epWtpath; ahh;?
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2. t.c.rp nrd;idf;Fr; nry;Yk;NghJ ahiur; re;jpg;gij tof;fkhff;

nfhz;bUe;jhh;?
3. t.c.rp mth;fs; ahUila ghly;fis tpUk;gpf; Nfl;ghh;?
4. t.c.rp mth;fspd; gd;Kfj; jd;ikfs; ahit?
5. t.c.rp mth;fs; Gyik ngw;wpUe;j nkhopfs; ahit?
tpilfs;:
1. t .c .rpjk;gudhh;.
2. t.c.rp.nrd;idf;Fr; nry;Yk;NghJ ghujpahiur; re;jpg;gij tof;fkhff;
nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
3. t.c.rp. mth;fs; ghujpahh; ghly;fis tpUk;gpf; Nfl;ghh;.
4. tof;fwpQh; >vOj;jhsh;> Ngr;rhsh;> njhopw;rq;fj; jiyth; vd;Dk; gd;Kfj;
jd;ik ngw;wpUe;jhh;.
5. jkpopYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; Gyik ngw;wpUe;jhh; .
,lk; mwpe;J gad;gLj;JNthk;
xd;W vd;gijf; Fwpf;f Xh;> xU Mfpa ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
capnuOj;jpy; njhlq;Fk; nrhy;Yf;F Kd; Xh; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. caph;nka;naOj;jpy; njhlq;Fk; nrhy;Yf;F Kd; xU vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(v.fh) Xh; Ch; Xh; Vhp
xU efuk; xU fly;
,it NghyNt> capnuOj;jpy; njhlq;Fk; nrhy;Yf;F Kd; m/J vd;Dk;
nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. caph;nka;naOj;jpy; njhlq;Fk; nrhy;Yf;F Kd;
mJ vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(v.fh) m/J ,q;Nf cs;sJ
mJ ed;whf cs;sJ
fPof
; ;fhZk; njhlh;fspy; cs;s gpiofisj; jpUj;jp vOJf
1. xU mofpa rpw;W}hpy; Xh; Fsk; ,Ue;jJ.

2. xU ,uTk; Xh; gfYk; Nrh;e;jJ xUehs;.
3. mJ ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; vJTk; elf;fhJ.
4. m/J efuj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; rhiy.
5. mJ xU ,dpa ghly;
tpilfs;:
1. Xh; mofpa rpw;W}hpy; xU Fsk; ,Ue;jJ .
2. Xh; ,uTk; xU gfYk; Nrh;e;jJ xUehs; .
3. m‡J ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; vJTk; elf;fhJ.
4. mJ efuj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; rhiy.
5. m‡J Xh; ,dpa ghly;.
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mfuthpirg;gLj;Jf
ngz;fs;> ghujk;> GJik> gPyp >NgUe;J> g+kp >goq;fs;> nghJf;$l;lk;> igad;>
Nghf;Ftuj;J> gpd;dpuT.
tpilfs;:
goq;fs;> ghujk;>
gpd;dpuT> GJik> g+kp >ngz;fs;>
NgUe;J> igad;> nghJf;$l;lk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J.
nray;jpl;lk;
fhe;jpabfspd; tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;l epfo;Tfs; gw;wpa glq;fisj; jpul;bg;

glj;njhFg;G xd;W jahh; nra;f.
fPo;f;fhZk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vOJf.
Njrpa xUikg;ghL
Kd;Diu :
xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L tho;T - ek;kpy;
xw;Wik ePq;fpy; midth;f;Fk; jho;T. Mk;. tzpfk; nra;ate;j md;dpauhy;
mbikg;gl;Nlhk;. rhjp> kj> ,d> nkhop Ntw;Wikahy; gphpTw;Nwhk;. gpd;dh;
xd;Wgl;Nlhk;. ntd;W fhl;bNdhk;. Njrpa xUikg;ghl;bd; typik czh;e;Njhk;.
Ntw;WikAs; xw;Wik :
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tpaf;fpd;wd.
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Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd. Njrpa tpohf;fs;> tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;l tPuh;fspd; gpwe;jehs;>
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ngWfpNwhk;. vy;iyapy; fhty; epd;W fhf;Fk; Kg;gilfspd; jpahfj;ij kjpf;fpNwhk;.
ghuj ehL gok;ngUk; ehL
ePujd; Gjy;th; ,e;epid tfw;whjPh; - vd;w ghujpapd; thpfisg; ghLNthk;.
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nkhopNahL tpisahL
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 ghhp tPl;Lf;F te;jhd;.

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 nra;jhd; -tpidr;nrhy;.
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 ngw;w Rje;jpuj;ijg; Ngzpf;fhg;Ngd;.
fiyr;nrhy; mwpNthk;
ehl;Lg;gw;W - Patriotism ,yf;fpak; - Literature

fiyf;$lk; - Art Gallery nka;Azh;T - Knowledge of Reality
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III.nghUj;Jf: 2
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2. ‘jkpo;ehl;bd; nrhj;J" vd;W ghujpahiuf; $wpath;.............
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7. (m)MNyhrid.
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8. fhe;jpabfs; kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; NfhtpYf;Fs; Kjypy; Vd; Eioatpy;iy?
9. fhe;jpabfs; vt;thW jkpo; fw;whh;?
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10. fhe;jpabfspd; cil khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;j epfo;tpid vOJf.
11. fhe;jpabfSf;Fk; jkpOf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;ig vOJf.
VI. tphpthdk;: 1x5=5

12. NtYehr;rpahh; rptfq;ifia kPl;lepfo;itr; RUf;fkhf vOJf.
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......................MFk;.
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7. nghUe;jhj nrhy;iy tl;lkpLf. 2
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10. ,uz;L nrhw;fis ,izj;J Gjpa nrhw;fis cUthf;Ff. 1

(m) ge;J cz;L ,y;iy
11. gpd;tUk; njhlh;fspy; cs;s ehy;tifr; nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;Jf. 2

(m) tstDk; jq;ifAk; khefug; NgUe;jpy; Vwpdh;.
(M) Viof;F cjTjy; rhyr; rpwe;jJ vd;whh; Mrphpah;.
12.fiyr;nrhy; mwpf:
(m) Art gallery (M) Knowledgeof reality.
IV.fl;Liu vOJf. 6
1. ehd; tpUk;Gk; jiyth;.
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FOR ORDERS CONTACT : 8925612359

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vq;fSf;F cWJizahf ,Ue;j ngw;Nwhu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;

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FOR ORDERS CONTACT : 8925612359

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jkpOf;Fk; mKnjd;WNgu; - me;jj;

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ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngah; Rg;Guj;jpdk;.

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rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;en

3. epyT + vd;W vd;gjidr; Nrh;j;J vOjf; fpilf;Fk; nrhy; ________

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1. ,d;gj;jkpo; - ghlypy; cq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;j mbfs; ,uz;lid vOJf.

2. r%f tsh;r;rpf;Fk; ePUf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;G ahJ?

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1. ghly; mbfspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;WNghy; tUk; (Nkhid) nrhw;fis vLj;J

1. jkpo;nkhopapd; nray;fshff; ftpQh; $Wtd ahit?

jkpo;nkhop mwpahikia vt;thW mfw;Wk;?

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%j;j jkpo;nkhop vd;Wk; ,sikahdJ; vspikahdJ;