C GEOTECHNICAL

PARAMETERS:
T INFLUENCING FOUNDATION SYSTEMS

2
0
GUIDED BY: PROF PAVNI PANDYA AND

2 PROF CHANDRESH SOLANKI

TUTOR ASSISTANT: ANJAN PAREKH AND
KHUSHI SHAH

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PREPARED BY: HERIL JAIN I UG190554

 GEOTECHNICAL CONCEPTS - MINDMAPS
Theoretical study of various
topics was done to get an
overview into the subject.
The topics which are studied
in mind map form are as
listed below:
1. Index properties of
soil
2. Soil classification
3. Atterberg’s limits
4. Geotechnical
investigation
5. Geophysical test
6. Geotechnical
exploration method
7. Field test
8. Penetration test

s
 SOIL INVESTIGATION
SITE BORELOG:
FIELD BORE LOG SHEET (GROUP A)
Site Details: Dipen Bricks Village: Sanand Water table at depth: 2.75 m
Total drilled depth from EGL(m): 10 District: Ahmedabad Dia. Of Borehole: 200 mm
Co-Ordinate: 22°58'04.5"N 72°24'49.2"E State: Gujarat Day: Monday

Sr. No. Depth(m) Sample Type Observed N value Recovery (cm) Visual Description of Soil Strata

1 1.5 SPT 5 50-28=22 Brown colour, Silty sand with gravels

2 3 UDS - 50-13=37 Light brown colour, sand with gravel
3 4.5 SPT 4 50-14=36 Light brown colour, sand with gravel
4 6 UDS - No recovery Light brown colour, sand with gravel
5 7.5 SPT 35 50-13=37 Brown color, Clay with white gravels
6 9 UDS - 50-32=18 Brown colour, clay with white gravels, hard strata
1 2
7 10 UDS - 50-42=8 Brown colour, clay with white gravels, hard strata
Drilling of a borehole up to Tools used to do a bore hole
10 m using rig pulley system on site.
attached to bailer. 3

White gravels mixed with

soil found from on-site at 10
m depth.

4 5

Lime mixed with soil found Removing the wax sealant

from on-site at 10 m depth. from shelby tube to
proceed upcoming tests.
 LABORATORY INVESTIGATION
8 9 10

Triaxial Unconsolidated Performing out of wet sieve Taking out of soil from
Undrained test on a analysis to perform dry Shelby tube for performing
remould specimen to obtain sieve analysis after 24 consolidation test.
C-∅ parameters. hours.

6 7 Clayey sand Liquid Limit: 25-30%, Plasticity index: 10-15%

Liquid limit test using SC Specific gravity test done
Depth: 3-7.5 m Specific gravity: 2.5-2.6, Moisture content: 14-17%
Casagrande method. using sand bath method.

LABORATORY RESULT:
Liquid
Liquid Limit: 25-32%, Plasticity
limit: 30-35%, Plasticity index:
index: 10-15%
10-13%
Low plasticity clay
Low plasticity clay
CL
CL Specific gravity:
Specific 2.5-2.6,
gravity: Moisture
2.5-2.6, content:
Moisture 14-21%,
content: Cc: 0.32
14-20%
Depth: 7.5-10 m
Depth: 0-3 m Cohesion: 0.4-0.75 kg/
Cohesion:20.28 kg/cm 2 , Angle of internal friction :15 °
cm , Angle of internal friction :9.2−26 °
 SOIL PROFILE

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 FOUNDATION DESIGN
Size of footing (L×B) (m) = 2×2

Depth of footing = 2m

FOR SHEAR CRITERIA:

Load 640 2
Pressure = = =160 kN /m
Area 2× 2

C” = Cohesion kN/m2 Bearing capacity factors = Nc”, Nq”, Ny”, Shape factor = Sc, Sq, Sy

Depth factor = Dc, Dq, Dy, Inclination factor = Ic, Iq, Iy

Qu = (C ×Nc × Sc × Dc × Ic)+¿ = 1136.8 kN/m2

Qu 1136.8 2
Factor of safety = = =454.72 kN /m = Safe ultimate bearing capacity
2.5 2.5
Safe ultimate bearing capacity > Pressure applied therefore footing is safe for shear criteria.

Diagram for shear criteria FOR SETTLEMENT CRITERIA:

S I =q × B ( 1−µ 2
)
Eavg f
I

q = Applied pressure (160 kN /m2 ¿, B= width of footing (2 m), µ= Poisson’s ratio 0.32),

Eavg= Young’s modulus (8900 kN / m2 ¿, If= influence factor (0.95)

S I = 30.66 mm

Cc 1∗H Δσ +σ
Sc= ∗log( 01 01 )⁡ (for strata- CI)
1+ e1 σ 01 As per IS 1904 permissible

Cc = Compression index (0.32), H = Height of strata (1 m), e 1= void ratio of strata (0.58),settlement limit for Isolated
foundation for RCC
Δσ 01= Applied pressure (126.4 kN /m2 ¿, σ 01= Over burden pressure (26.4 kN /m 2 ¿
structures in plastic clay is

Sc1= 77.22 mm = 77.22 mm (Including λ correction as is 1) 75 mm so, this design is

Diagram for Settlement criteria.
` Safe from settlement.
 FOUNDATION DESIGN
FOR SHEAR CRITERIA:

Load 10915 2
Pressure = = =19.81 kN /m
Area 19 ×29

Qu = (C ×Nc × Sc × Dc × Ic )+¿ = 818.14 kN/m 2

Qu 818.14 2
Factor of safety = = =327.26 kN /m = Safe ultimate bearing capacity
2.5 2.5
Safe ultimate bearing capacity > Pressure applied therefore footing is safe for shear criteria.

FOR SETTLEMENT CRITERIA:

St =q × B ( 1−µ2
Eavg )
If

q = Applied pressure (19.81 kN /m 2 ¿ , B= width of footing (19 m), µ= Poisson’s ratio (0.37),
Overburden at layer 1- CL
Eavg= Young’s modulus (20800 kN / m2 ¿, If= influence factor (2.16)

St = 33.73 mm

Cc∗H Δσ 01 +σ 01
Sc= ∗log ( )⁡
1+ e σ 01

For CL strata,

Cc = 0.25, H = 3.5 m, e 1= 0.877, Δσ 01= 17.11 kN /m2 , σ 01= 56.51 kN /m2

As per IS 1904 permissible
Sc1= 55.68 mm
settlement limit for raft
For CI strata, foundation for RCC structures
in plastic clay is 100 mm so,
Cc = 0.29, H = 3 m, e 1= 0.86, Δσ 01= 13.78 kN /m2 , σ 01= 77.28 kN /m2
this design is Safe from
Sc2 = 32.8, ¿) = 87.6 mm settlement.
Overburden at layer 1- CI
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 FOUNDATION DESIGN
FOR PILE IN ROCKY STRATA:

Considering pile size:

Diameter (m) = 0.45 m

Length (m) = 31 m

Type of piles: Driven cast in – situ

Qs =q c N j N d A P +q c πD L S αβ = 4784.4 kN = Net safe pile load capacity =

Qb
As load carried by group of
n= 2, As load carried by group of piles > Load given, therefore its safe
piles > Load given, 8410 kN >
Spacing between piles = 2.5 D = 1.13 m, n = 2, m = 1, θ=21.8, ƞ = 0.88 3400 kN, therefore its safe

Load carried by group of piles, Qug=8410 kN

FOR PILE IN SOIL STRATA:

For High Plastic clay - CH – Layer 1,

Layer Depth = 7 m

Qf 1=α i × ci × A s + K i × P d i × A si × tanθ (For granular + cohesive)

Coefficient of earth pressure K: 1 (∅ = 9.3° ), Effective over burden pressure

¿ 50.45 kN /m = σ vf
2

σ n=K ×σ vf = 50.45 kN / m 2, f s=σ n × tan ∅=8.26 kN / m2 , A S = 9.89 m2

Qf 1 ¿ = 81.7 kN (for granular)

fs = α × Cu = 44.5 kN / m 2 (α = 0.76), As = 9.89 m 2

Pile in rocky strata
` Q = 440.2 kN (for cohesive)
 FOUNDATION DESIGN
Qf 1= Qf 1' +Qf 1} ¿ 440.2 + 81.7 = 521.7 kN

For Medium Plastic clay – CI – Layer2, Q f 2= Q f 2' +Q f 2} ¿ 517.31 kN

For Sandy clay – SC – Layer3, Q f 3= Qf 3' +Q f 3 } ¿ 1630 kN

For Silty sand – SM – Layer4, Q f 4= Q f 4 ' + Qf 4 } ¿ 776.1 kN

Qf =( 81.7+ 440.2)+(154.23+ 363.08)+(1222.95+406.9)+776.1=3564 kN

Qf 3564
Factor of safety = = =1425.7 k N = Safe ultimate bearing capacity
2.5 2.5

End bearing in SM strata,

Qb= A P ( 0.5 × D × y × N y + P d × N q ) = 1590.8 kN

= Qb + Q f = 3016.5

Total safe ultimate load bearing capacity of piles = no. of piles ×Safe ultimate bearing capacity

=2 ×3016.5 = 6033 kN

As load carried by group of piles > Load given, 6033 kN > 3400 kN, therefore its safe

Spacing between piles = 2.5 D = 1.13 m

Number of rows = 2

Number of piles in a row = 1

θ=21.8, ƞ = 0.88

Load carried by group of piles, Qug=5302.3 kN

Pile in soil strata
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 SOIL IMPROVEMENT RESULTS
CONCLUSION: COMPARISON WITH AND
GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS: In case of grain size analysis the percentage remains same WITHOUT ADDITIVE:
only before and after adding additives.

STANDARD PROCTOR TEST: In case of standard proctor test, OMC decreases and
MDD increases as RHA is added the quantity of free silt and clay decreases. The
coarse sand has larger surface area and these process needs water take place.
According to it more water is required to compact the soil and its admixture. The
other reason behind decrease of MDD is lower specific gravity of RHA.

FREE SWELL INDEX TEST: The free swell value decrease when RHA is added as RHA
reduces the possibility of crack formation on foundation surface. Comparison for specific gravity test Comparison for Free swell index test

ATTERBERG’S LIMITS: The plastic limit, liquid limit and shrinkage limit increases as
RHA is added to soil, as for improvement attribute RHA requires more water to
make it fluid due to its pozzalonic characteristic.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: The specific gravity decreases in RHA as compared to normal as

due to low specific gravity of RHA participating RHA as compared to soil.

UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE TEST: The C value increases when RHA is added to soil Comparison for water content v/s dry density for standard proctor test
as RHA acts as binder particle which makes soil change from clay to silt and which
makes it more suitable to use.

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO: The CBR value increases when RHA is added as clay has
mainly cohesion against deformation but addition of RHA increases as RHA also
contribute to resistance against deformation which increase load carrying capacity.

Comparison for water stress v/s strain for Unconfined compressive strength test

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 MODEL MAKING- SOIL IMPROVEMENT