LIEN BANG XO-VIET v A CHIEN TRANH
TRIEU TIEN (1950-1953)
^ f \ nfim da troi qua, nhUng cho d i n
O vJhfim nay, Chifi'n tranh Trilu Tifin
(1950-1953) vfin dang lfi sU kien ljch sQ
chQa dyng rfi't nhilu dilu bf ^n,- chUa dUpe
giai ma. Mot thdi gian dfii, nhQng tU liflu
da dupe cflng bo ve sQ kien lich sQ nfiy hofie
cdn sd lupc, hofie cdn mfiu thufin, thfim chf
lfi trfii ngUde nhau. Dfi lfi mfit trong nhQng
nguyen nhan khiln cho viflc nghien cQu v l
cupe ehien tranh trd nen khd khan, it tien
triin. Thdi gian qua, Cpng hda Lien bang
(CHLB) Nga vfi cae nUde lien quan da giai
mfit mpt si lupng ldn cfic tfii liflu v l cupe
chien tranh nfiy (trong dfl cd 215 bp ho sd
gifi tri do Bd Tfing tham mUu quan dpi
CHLB Nga cung cfi'p), nhd thfi, gidi nghien
cQu cd them cd sd vfi dieu kifln nhin nhfin,
danh gia, lufin giai nhQng chieu cgnh khac
nhau eua cuflc ehie'n tranh mpt each thfi'u
dao hdn, bao gom vai trd vfi qua trinh can
du cua Lifln Xd vfio cupe chien.
1. B a n d a o T r i e u T i e n va Itfi ich
c h i e n iQtfc c u a Lien X6
Tai Hpi nghi lanta (2-1945), Tfl'ng thfl'ng
My F.D. Roosevelt da d l nghi I.V. Stalin
dat Trilu Tien dudi sQ dong bao trp eua My
vfi Lien Xfl bfing each thie't Ifip ehe dp Uy
* TS. Trung tam Dfio tgo, Boi dufing giang vien Iy lufin chinh tri, DHQG HN
NGUYfiN THI MAI HOA'
tri Qufic t l (An International Trusteeship).
Theo F.D. Roosevelt, "trong nhQng nfim 1^
thupc dia cua Nhfit Ban, nhQng nhfi lanh
dgo Trifi'u Tien da qufln mfi't cfich thQc dieu
hfinh dfi't nQde. Do vfiy, sau khi dupc giai
phdng, cfin mot thdi gian nhfi't dinh dl co
the dfio tgo nhQng nhfi ehinh tri du kha
nfing diflV hfinh dfi't nUdc mot cfich vfin
minh" (1). Dupc t h u y i t phue la Hoa Kf
khflng cfi y dinh bo tri qufin My trfln ban
dao Trilu Tien, I.V. Stalin da ngay Ifip tUc
dong y vdi de nghi nay mfi khflng he yeu
cfiu F.D. Roosevelt giai thich thfim vl quan
diem cua phia My v l vfi'n de tren. Dieu d6
phan nao cho thfi'y d i n trUde nfim 1945,
trong chifi'n lUpc doi ngoai cua minh, Lifin
Xfl chUa ed no lyc nfio nhfim gay anh hudng
vfi thiet Ifip sQ kiem sofit tren bfin dao
Trilu Tien. Thuc ra, cho den thdi dilm hCy
gid, sy quan tam cQa gidi lanh dao Xfl-viet
chu yiu hudng tdi viflc can b i n g lUc lUdng
eung nhu ngfin chfin sy tranh gifinh quyen
hofin toan kiem soat ban dao nfiy cua cac
CUdng quoc khfic.
The nhUng tQ sau Chifl'n tranh t h i gi3i
thQ Hai, quan he quoc te' dien ra nhflng
thay dfi'i nhanh chdng mang tinh bUdc
Li6n bang Xdviet..,
ngofit. Quan h§ ding minh - "mflt cufic hdn
phoi khflng cd tu^n trang mfit" (2) giQa
Lien Xd vfi My nhanh chdng chuyin sang
trang thfii dfli dfiu quyet liet. The gidi bj
bao phu bdi hfiu khfing khi u fim cua chiin
tranh Lgnh. Trfit ty the gidi hai cQc vdi cue
difin dfii d i u Dfing - Tfiy dupe t h i i t Ifip vfi
trd thfinh nguyfin nhfin sfiu xa lfim bQng
phfit hfing logt xung dfit cue bfi d khfip cfic
chfiu lyc. Trong bfii canh dd, ban dao Trifi^u
Tifln vdi vj tri dia chien lUpc eua nd dUpc ea
hai chu the chu chot cua trfit ty t h i gidi mdi
lfi Lien Xfi vfi My dfit vfio tfim ngfim.
Dya tren v} tri khdng ngQng dUpe nfing
eao tren trUdng quic t l vfi vai tro cudng
quic d chfiu Au tQ sau Chien tranh t h i gidi
thQ Hai, Lifln Xfi trien khai chfnh sfich doi
ngoai dfit trpng tfim vfio viflc bao dam mfii
trQdng quoc te thufin Ipi de xay dyng dfi't
nUdc tQ d l nfit cua Chifl'n tranh Vfl quoc,
rdt ngfin khoang each vdi cac nUdc phfit
trien, giQ the cfin bfing chien lUpc vdi My,
duoi kip My trong Knh vQc kinh t l vfi khoa
hpc - cflng nghfl, md rpng vung anh hQdng;
dong thdi, "phat trien tinh dofin k i t anh em
vdi cac nQde dan chu nhan dan, cung co*
tofin difln hfi thong xa hpi chu nghia t h i
gidi, ung hd phong trfio giai phflng dan
tpc... hpp tfic hQu nghi vdi cfic quo'c gia dflc
Ifip tre tufl'i, bao ve hofi binh" (3). Nhfim dgt
dUdc nhQng muc tifiu tren dfiy, Lifin Xfi
thyc hi^n mfit ehinh sach doi ngogi khon
ngoan, tranh dinh liu trUc tilp vao cfic cupc
tranh chfi'p, doi dfiu, xung dot. Tuy nhien,
dl bao dam bao tfli da Ipi ich qufl'c gia, dfin
tpc, Lifin Xfl lufin can nhfic ky mpi hfinh
dflng trfin bfin cd chinh tri quoc tl. NgUdi ta
thfi'y ding sau khfing it eupe xung dot quan
sy mang tinh khu vQe d nhieu ndi tren the
gidi sau nfim 1945 de'u ed bong dang eUdng
quoc diu dan cua phe XHCN.
Tuy vQng anh hudng trpng yiu dUdc dfit
vfio vdng cung Dfing Au, song dw vdi Lien
Xfi, bfin dao Trilu Tifin lgi cfi gifi tri nhu
mpt vfl tinh quan trpng trong chiin lUpe md
rfing quy dgo, cung co vfinh dai an ninh
vdng ngofii. Dfic bifit, trong t h i doi dfiu Xfi -
Mf vfi trUdc cfic budc triin khai chiin lUpc
tofin cfiu cua MJ, thi vific dfit Trifiu Tien
trong tfim kiim sofit cua minh dupe Lien
Xfi coi trpng. Trong tfnh tofin cua cfic nhfi
lanh dao Xfl-vilt, bfin dao Trilu Tien vQa
phai trd thfinh tfi'm lfi chfin ching lgi sU
"nhdm ngfl" tQ phia My, vQa phai trd thfinh
vQng dem giQp Lien Xfi kiem sofit, kiim c h l
Nhfit Ban - dong minh quan trpng eua My.
Vi trf lfi chfin cua Trilu Tifln cfing trd nen
quan trpng vdi bfii hpe lich sQ nfim 1930,
khi Nhfit Ban dQng Trilu Tien lfim ban
dgp de danh chiem Trung Quic, ddng thdi
tifl'n sfiu vfio lanh tho Lien Xfi.
Bfin canh dfi, Bfic Trilu Tien cdn quan
trpng vdi" Lien X6 bdi day lfi manh dfi't rfi't
gifiu khofing san vfi cfic kim logi quy, trong
dd cd qufing Monazite - mfit logi qufing cfl
chQa phdng xa, dung d l c h l tao bom
nguyen tQ. Theo nha sQ hpc A.C. Orlov, thi
"ngay tQ nhQng ngfiy d^u nfim 1945, khi dfit
chan den ban dao Trilu Tifln trong sQ mflnh
cua nhQng ngUdi giai phong, cfic quan chQc
Lien X6 da phat hien ra qufing Monazite vfi
nhQng mfiu khoang san diiu tien da dUde
chuye'n v l Lien Xfi de phan tieh" (4). Vfio
thang 3-1949, Dai sQ Lifln Xfi tai Binh
NbQQng T.F.Shtyukov dfi hfii thuc
I.V.Stalin "nhanh chflng dUa ra nhQng bien
phfip de tfing toi da so lupng khai thfic eac
khoang san quy d Trifiu Tien, nhfi't lfi
Tantalum, Niobium vfi dfic biet la
Monazite" (5). Ngay Ifip tQc, tuyen dudng
sfit tQ thfinh phfi' Primorye den ga Honio,
Bac Trie'u Tien, dUdi sU giup dfi cua Lien Xo

(thyc ehfi't lfi Lifln Xfi d i u tU) da nhanh
ehdng dupc khdi cdng vfi hofin thfinh trong
mfit thdi gian ngfin, tgo dilu kifin thuftn Ipi
cho nhQng chuyin tfiu hfing tQ CHDCND
Trilu Tifln v l tdi Lifin Xfi. Mfit dfi't nUdc X8-
vilt dang khfii phyc kinh tl' sau chiin
tranh, dfit myc tifiu duli kip vfi vQpt My
trfln hfing logt cfic chi s i kinh t l , vific cd
mflt nguin tfii nguyen vdi nhQng dilu kifin
khai thfic cd Ipi lfi mfit Ipi t h i so sfinh
khfing the bd qua. Khflng chi cd vfiy, trong
cupc chgy dua chilm Uu t h i v l vu khf hat
nhfin, Bfic Trilu Tien vdi qufing Monazite
lfi mpt cd hfii mfi Lien Xfl nhfi't djnh phai
nfim Ifi'y.
Dudi tfic dpng cua My, thfing 8-1948,
Nam Trilu Tien tuyfln bo thfinh Ifip Dgi
Hdn Ddn qud'c. Dudi anh hudng cua Lien
Xd, thfing 9-1948, B4C Trilu Tifin tuyen b l
thfinh Ifip Cgng hda ddn chu nhdn ddn
Triiu Tien (CHDCND Trilu Tifln), chinh
thQc hinh thfinh cue difin chia cfit bfin dao
Trieu Tifln. Trilu Tien trd thfinh dilm hfii
tu nhQng mfiu thufin ldn eua thdi dgi, ndi
chQa dyng vfi bdc 15 nhQng toan tinh cua
cfic cudng quoc dfit trong khflng gian chung
lfi cupe Chiin tranh Lanh. Ngay ea vific
hai miin Nam, Bfic Trilu Tien deu rfio riit
ehu^n hi cho cfing cupc thfing nhfi't dfit nUde
b i n g vu iQc cung khdng nfim ngofii nhQng
dpng cd, nhQng dy lipu, cQng nhQ nhQng k l
hogch ngdm dinh cua cfic nQde ldn.
2. Lifin Xo va nhCCng t h d i d i l m q u a n
trpng cua cupc chien t r a n h
Thdi diem thit nhdt: Chiin tranh bQng
nl.
Ngay sau khi thanh Ifip CHDCND Trilu
Tifln, Kim Nhfit Thfinh da nung nfi'u f dinh
thdng nhfi't Trilu Tifln bfing bifin phfip
qufin sU. K l hoach tfi^n cflng quan sQ cua
nude nfiy dQpc xfiy dUng tQng bQdc, b l
sung, hofin ehinh vfi dieh thfin Kim Nhfit
Rghian cQu Ljch afl-. stf 1.2013
Thfinh n h i l u l i n t h a m vfi'n, nhSm tranh
thu sy ddng tinh, ung hfi cua LV. StaUn
nhUng khdng cd k i t qua. Cufli thfing 5-
1950, vdi sy giup dd cua Trung tUdng
Vaailiev • TrUdng dofin cd'vtfn qufin sQ Lifin
Xfl, CHDCND Trilu Tifln da hofin chinh k l
hogch tfi'n edng Nam Trilu Tifin, theo d6
CHDCND Trilu Tifin sfl btft ngd "thyc hifin
ddn tfi'n cflng b i n g hai cfinh qufin bd binh
bao gdm 9 sQ dofin, trfin hai hudng Seoul vfi
Hunchhon, k i t hpp vdi cfic cufic t i n cflng
cua lyc lupng du kfch vfi cfic cufic nii dfiy
cua q u i n chQng nhfin dfin, dy djnh sau ba
ngfiy sfi tifin vfio vfi chilm giQ Seoul" (6).
Ngfiy 30-5-1950, Dai sQ Lifln Xo
T.F.Shtyucov tai CHDCND Trilu Tifin gQi
Bdo cdo tdi LV. Stalin, k h i n g dinh "kl
hogch cua CHDCND Trilu Tien cd t h i tiin
hfinh dQng nhU dU kiln" (7); chuyin yflu
ciu vipn trp d i u md, thufic men cua
CHDCND Trilu Tifln tdi LV. Stalm vfi de
nghi Moscow nhanh chong dUa ra quyit
dinh. LV. Stalin Ifip tQc h i i dfip, bQa ring,
trong dilu kifln nhanh nhlCt cd t h i , se vifln
trp du nhQng gi mfi CHDCND Trilu Tien
d l nghj. Hdi dfip dd cua phfa Lifln Xfl "dong
nghia vdi vific Moscow bfit dfin xanh cho
Kim Nhfit Thfinh tien hfinh chiin tranh"
(8). Ciing cfin luu f them r i n g , thdi dilm
mfi Moscow lya chpn ung hd quyit dinh
phfit dfing chiin tranh cua CHDCND Trilu
Tien dUpc tfnh toan h i t sQc "khdn ngoan",
ft nhfi't bdi hai 1^ do: 1) T h i cfin bfing vu
khf nguyfin tQ da dUde t h i i t Ifip (Lifin Xo
thd thfinh cfing bom nguyfln tQ ngfiy 29-8-
1949); 2) Hifip udc hpp tfic hQu nghi X6-
Trung da dUpc kf k i t (14-2-1950) md ra
kha nfing ung hfi true t i l p cua Lien Xfi vdi
Trung Quoc vfi gian ti^p vdi Trilu Tifln khi
c i n t h i i t (9). Ngay sau khi Hi0p Udc dUdc
kf k i t , Bfi trudng Quoc phdng CHDCND
Trilu Tifln da Ifip tQc tuyen bo: "Hifip Udc
Xfl - Trung ky k i t da cho chQng toi hy vpng
L!6ntiangX6 vleK. 69

vQng chic vfio t h i n g Ipi trong cufic dfi'u an LHQ, Y.A. Malik t i y chay eupe hpp vdi
tranh dfinh d l chfnh quyin Lf ThQa Van" 1^ do Hfii dong Bao an khflng cflng nhfin
(10). NhQng dieu dfi cho thfi'y: Thit nhdt, CHND Trung Hoa lfi thfinh vifln chinh
Chiin tranh Trieu Tifln no ra vfio ngfiy 25- dfing, hpp phfip cua t l chQc nfiy. Vific Y.A.
6-1950 cd sy dong f ngim cua LV. Stalin; Malik rQt khdi hfii nghi d i n g nghia vdi vific
ThU hai, khi khdi dfiu cufic chiin, Lien Xfl tU ddnh mdt quyin phu quyit, ty
CHDCND Trilu Tifln da vQng tin vfio sU dfinh mfi't Cd hfii dQng ra bao vfi CHDCND
giup dd, ung hfl cua Lifin Xfi vfi nilm tin fi'y Trilu Tien trUdc sy trQng phgt cua Lifln
lfi mfit trong nhQng nhfin tfl* quan trpng qufin LHQ. Qua nhifln, trong cufic hpp ngfiy
thuc d^y CHDCND Trifi'u Tien phfit dfing 27-8-1950, 53 nUdc da bd philu tfin thfinh
chiin tranh, cung co quyit tfim chiin dfi'u, quyit dinh sQ dyng lUc lUpng qufin sy cua
hy vpng d chiin thing. LHQ "bao vfi" Nam Trilu Tifin; qufin dfii
Thdi diim thit hai: Hfii dong Bio an cua 15 nUde da ngay tQc khie dUpc tfip hpp.
Lifin hifip quic (LHQ) hpp bfin v l vfi'n de CQng ngfiy, dQpc l^nh eua Tong thong My
Trilu Tifin. H.S.Truman vfi dudi sQ chi huy cua Dgi
Ngay khi Chiin tranh Trilu Tifln bQng tudng D. MacArthur, iQc iQpng khfing quan
nfl', ngfiy 25-6 va ngfiy 27-6-1950, diln ra My dong tai Nhfit Ban da dfii nhQng tran
hai eupe hpp eua Hpi dong Bao an LHQ vl mUa bom vfio nhQng khu vyc dUdc cho lfi
vfi'n de Trieu Tien. Dfiy lfi thdi diem quan ndi don tru cua qufin dpi CHDCND Trilu
trpng dfli vdi ca Bac vfi Nam Trilu Tifin, bdi Tifin. O day, dudng nhU sy viflc da dien ra
quyit dinh cua Hfii ding Bao an se anh khong theo mdt logic binh thudng: Tgi sao
hQdng trye tilp tdi viee My co dQng v l phia LV. Stalin khflng sd dyng quyin phu quyet
Nam Trilu Tien can thifip vao cufic chiin tgi LHQ? Phai chfing LV. Stalin khflng
tranh hay khfing? Gifio sQ sQ hpc Dai hpe muon Kim Nhfit Thfinh thong nh^t Trieu
Tong hpp Columbus (My) A.V. Pansov cho Tifin? Hay ngogi giao Lifln Xfi da sai lim?
rfing, "khfing cd sQ ung hp eua lyc iQpng Cho d i n nay, day v i n lfi nhQng eau hdi edn
quan sQ Lifln hiep quoc, Hoa K;^ khfing bao bd ngd, gfiy nhilu tranh lufin, d i n din
gid Ufl'u linh nhay vao eupe phieu lieu quan nhQng don doan, suy lufin, gia thuyit khfic
sy trfln dfiit Trifi'u Tifln" (11). Theo logic nhau, thfim ehi lfi trfii ngUpe nhau. Tuy
thflng thudng, k i t qua cua cupc hpp dudng nhifln, y kiln v l kha nfing n h i m Ifin cua
nhu da dupe biet trUdc, vi vdi tU each lfi ngogi giao Xd-viet lfi hofin tofin khong ed cd
mfit trong nfim nUdc thanh vien cua Hpi sd, thiiu chQng cQ bifin minh. Mflt n i n
dong Bao an, Lifin Xfi nfim giQ quyin phu ngogi giao k^ cQu vdi thu linh I.V. Stalin
quyit - trong trudng hpp nfiy, dd lfi quyin gifi dfin trfln dfi'u trUdng quic t l thi vific
ngfin chfin sy can thifip quan sQ cua My ludng dinh, "dong dim" nhQng hfiu qua eua
vfio ban dao Trilu Tifln. Hay ndi cfich khac, vi^c tQ bd quyin phu quyit qua thfit khong
lfi philu phu quyet trong tay Lifin Xfi nhU the phgm sai lfim, sd sufi't. L;^ giai thfi'u dfio
mfit diem tya vQng chai cua CHDCND nguIn cdn cin dya tren nhQng mue tieu
Trieu Tifin trUdc nhQng sdng gid mfi My cd sfiu xa hdn eua Lifln Xfi vfi dfit nd trong
t h i gay ra. Tuy nhien, dien tien sy viec lai quan hfi "sinh tQ" vdi My vfi Trung Quoc -
lfim ca the gidi kinh ngac: LV. Stalin ra nhQng ldi ich vUdt tren nhQng tinh tofin
Ifinh cho Dgi difln Lifin Xo tai Hpi dong Bao thong thQdng cd dQpc tQ vific thflng nhfi't

bfin dao Trilu Tien. Ndi cfich khac, viflc
Lion Xfi "vfl tinh" tUdc bd quyin phu quyit
cua minh trong trUdng hpp nfiy ft nhfi't lfi
nhfim: 1) D^ty My tham gia vfi sa Uy trong
chiin tranh, bupe Mf phai bfic lfi tinh ehfi't
bilu chiin cua minh trUdc t h i gidi; 2)
Trung Quic "khang My, vifin Trilu" dli
d i u vdi My vfi phu thupc vfio Lifin Xfl trUde
lfi v l vu khf, khf tfii, sau lfi v l chfnh tri.
Die~u dang ndi lfi n l u nhU d thdi dilm
thQ nhfi't, CHDCND TriflV Tien cd sy tin
tQdng chic chfin vfio Lien Xfl, thi d thdi
diem thQ hai, hfinh dfing cua Lien Xfl khien
Bie Trie'u Tien bi hfing hyt, nhQng khflng
t h i c6 phan Qng.
Thdi diem thii ba: Quan dfli Hfin Qufic
va Lien qufin LHQ Ifit ngUpc t h i cd.
TQ thang 6 den cuoi thfing 9-1950, cue
difin chien trudng nhin ehung cd ldi cho
CHDCND Trifi'u Tien. Seoul thfi't thu chi ba
ngay sau khi chifl'n tranh bQng no (28-6-
1950). Trfin da chien thang, qufin mien Bie
tiep tuc tien xufi'ng phfa Nam, bupc lyc
lupng My vfi Han Qufi'c lui vfio t h i co thu.
Dfin cuoi thang 8-1950, cae ddn vi quan dpi
Bie Trie^u Tien chi cdn each myc tieu kiem
sofit tofin bfi ban dao Tnfl'u Tien mpt chfing
dudng ngfin, nhUng no lUc tfi'n cfing de k i t
thuc t h i n g Ipi cupc chien cua qufin dpi
CHDCND Trieu Tien da vfi'p phai nhQng
ngang trd. Thfing 10-1950, dl Ifit ngUpe
tinh the, trong vai trd Tong TU lenh iQc
lupng LHQ tai Han Quo'c, Dgi tUdng D.
MacArthur da sd dung chiin thufit "vfiy
Nguy, cQu Trifiu" vfi bp binh Hfin Qufic da
phan cfing manh me, vQpt vi tuyfl'n 38, trfin
len mie'n Bfic khien tinh hinh ehie'n sy
ngfiy cfing cfing t h i n g vfi bfi't Ipi doi vdi
CHDCND Trieu Tien. Quan dfli CHDCND
Trie'u Tien hi thiet hgi nfing ne, quan dpi
Hfin Quoc vfi LHQ dang tie'n d i n ve phfa
Rghian cQu Lich si5r. s61.2013
bifln gidi Trung Qufi'c. Ngfiy 7-10-1950, Dgi
sQ Lifin Xfl tgi T r i l u Tifin T.F.Shtyucov
thfing bfio cho I.V. Stalin v l tam trgng rfi't
bfi't I n cua lanh ty Bie T r i l u Tifln, chuyin
tdi LV. Stalin thflng di^p eua Kim Nhfit
Thfinh: "Chi^n t r a n h dang phat triin theo
chilu hudng b^t Ipi, n^u CHDCND Trilu
Tifln khflng ed sU giQp dd tQ ben ngofii, thi
vific mfi't Trilu Tifin lfi hofin tofin cd thi"
(12). Tuy nhien, "tham gia vfio cupc xung
dot nfiy khflng nftm trong tinh toan cua LV.
Stalin" (13), quan dilm cua I.V. Stalin lfi
"ein phai hSi thQc Trung Quoc vfio trfin,
cdn Lifln Xo chi can dU trong trUdng hpp
thfit k h i n cfi'p, bfi't kha khfing" (14). Vl
phia Mao Trgch Dflng, du da phan doi
quyit liet k l hogch tfi'n cflng Hfin Quflc cho
tdi 6 t u i n trUdc khi no ra cuflc chiin, cuoi
cQng cung ddng y "khfing My, vien Trifl'u"
mpt p h i n "vi "chilu ldng" I.V. Stalin • lanh
tu "anh ca" cua phong trao Cflng san, cong
nhfin quoc te; mflt p h i n lfi de bao dam sU
ho trd cua Lien Xfi cho Trung Quoc vfi mot
p h i n lfi d l khfing dinh vi the trong phong
trfio each mgng tofin ciu, dfit dfi'u fi'n nUde
ldn vdi the gidi" (15). Song lfi nhfi chinh trj
lao luyfln, day dgn kinh nghifim, Mao
Trgch Ddng da khfing vpi vfing quyit dinh,
mfi cfin n h i c de tham gia cuflc chien tranh
vdi nhQng d i l u ki$n cd ldi nhfi't, dfic biflt lfi
trong vfi'n de tranh thu vien trp tQ Lifln Xfl.
Ngfiy 2-10-1950, khi thflng bfio cho I.V.
Stalin lfi Trung Qufic se dUa qufin giup dfl
CHDCND Trifi'u Tien vfi dy dinh se cd mfit
d Trieu Tien vao trung t u i n thang 1-1950,
Mao Trach Dong d l nghi: "LQc dau, khoang
5-7 sQ dofin quan tinh nguyen se dUpc dUa
tdi Trilu Tifin, song nhQng sQ dofin nfiy chi
cd the tham gia chiin dfi'u sau khi nhfin
dQdc trang bi vu khi tQ Lien Xfl" (16). Mao
Trach Dong dong thdi yeu cau Lien Xd vifln
Lien bang X6 viet...
trp cho Trung Quoc, bao vfi bifln gidi, cac
khu cfing nghifip va qufin dfii Trung Quic
tQ trfln khflng. Ngfiy 8-10-1950, Mao Trgch
Dflng d i n d i u dofin dgi bilu Trung Quic
tdi thfinh phfi' Sflchi (Lifln Xfl) gfip I.V.
Stalin (IQc nfiy dang nghi mfit tai dd) d l
thUdng thao. VI vifln trp vu khi, I.V. Stalin
Ifip tQc ding f vdi Dofin dgi biflu Trung
Quoc: "Lifin Xfi s i n sfing trang hi vu khf
cho khoang 20 sQ dofin QuSn chf nguyfin
Trung Qufi'c" (17). V l yflu ciu bao vfi mfit so'
dia dilm cua Trung Qufic, I.V. Stalin tra
ldi: "Lifln Xfi khflng t h i cd ngay lyc lUpng
khdng qufin du d l bao vfi nhQng ndi mfi
Trung Quoc yeu eiu. Lien Xfl cd t h i bao vfl
mdt s i cum cong nghiflp cua Trung Quic vfi
bao vfi vQng bien gidi Trung Quoc gifip
CHDCND Trilu Tien, nhUng ein ed thdi
gian chuin bi" (18). Khdng thfit hai long vl
cau tra ldi eua I.V. Stalin, Mao Trgch Dfing
tilp tuc tri hoan dQa quan vfio Trilu Tifin
trong khi cufic chien diln biln ngfiy cfing
bfit ldi cho quan dpi CHDCND Trifi'u Tien,
qufin dpi Hfin Quoc vfi Lifln qufin LHQ
ngay cfing tien g i n tdi bien gidi Trung
Quflc. Khdng the chfim chl hdn, Mao Trach
Dflng Ifinh cho Chu An Lai (IQc nfiy dang d
Lifin Xfl) chuyin tdi LV. StaUn thfing bfio:
"Chl nguyfin quan Trung Quoc se tiin vfio
Trieu Tien, n l u Lien Xfl trang bi ngay cho
15 su dofin quan tinh nguyfin Trung Quoc"
(19). Trong tinh t h i luc dd, I.V. StaHn
khfing cdn cfich nao hdn Ifi ddng f. Ngay 19-
10-1950, Chf nguyen quan Trung Qufic vUpt
bifln gidi, trUe tiep tham chiin tren chien
trudng Trilu Tien.
VI phia Lien Xfi, thQa Ifinh I.V Stalin, tQ
ngfiy 20 -ID d i n ngfiy 10-11-1950, Bfl Tfing
tham mQu qufin dfii Lien Xfl gfip rQt thfinh
Ifip hai sU dofin khfing qufin (moi sU dofin
CO 30 may bay MIG- 15) vfi hai sQ dofin
61
khflng quan nfiy " nhanh chdng dQpc gQi
bing t i u hda din thfinh phfl* Phyng Thifln
(Trung Qufi'c) dQdi danh nghia thyc tfip bay
mQa hfl" (20), song trfln thQc t l , cfic sU dofin
nfiy dupc Ifip tQc tung vfio cudc chiin. Cuoi
thfing 11-1950, trfln dia phfin Trung Quic,
Qufin dofin phdng khfing Lien Xd s i 64
dupc thfinh Ifip, cd nhifim vy bao vfi efie ed
ad kinh t l , chinh trj quan trpng, cfic vj tri
chien lUpc qufin sy trpng yiu cua vQng Dong
Bfic Trung Qufic vfi hfiu phUdng cua qufin dpi
CHDCND Trilu Tien (21).
Nhu vfiy, cho dQ da co trfinh dfnh Ifu
trQc tilp vfio cufic xung dot, song do diln
biln thyc t l cua cufic chiin vfi dl lfim an
long ngUdi bgn ldn Trung Hoa, Lifin Xfi da
buflc phai hfinh dpng, nhUng khfi thfin
trpng, trong gidi hgn vQa du de khfing h\ coi
lfi bd mfic nhQng ngUdi anh em dong minh,
vQa du d l CHDCND Trilu Tifln try vQng
dQdi sy giup dd cua Chi nguyfin qufin Trung
Qufic vdi vu khi vfi vi$n trp quan sQ Lifin Xfi,
mfi vin "khfing bi diy vfio cufic chiin tranh
nfiy dl chiu sU len fin eua dU lufin the gidi"
(22).
Thdi diim thU tit. NhiJng cupc dfim phfin
kfio dai trfln t h i giing co cua cuflc chiin.
TQ thfing 7-1951 din thfing 1-1953,
chiin sQ tren bfin dao Trilu Tien diln ra
khic liet. Sau khi Chi nguyfln qufin Trung
Quo'c vfi iQc iQpng phdng khflng - khfing
quan Lien Xfl nhfip cupc, cfin cfin quan sQ
tren chiin trudng trd nen cfin bfing, cuflc
chiin diln ra trong t h i giing co, rdi vfio
tinh trgng b l tic; vfi do vfiy, viflc k i t thuc
chien tranh bfing giai phfip chinh tri trd
nfln cfi'p thiit. Khi muc tieu kiem soat
tofin bd ban dao dfi trd nen xa vdi dfli vdi
ca hai ben tham chiin, khi tfl'n thfi't,
thUdng vong nfing n l da lfim quan dfii hai
bfln m^t mdi, kifit lyc, ca hai ben gid dfiy
d i u hudng tdi ky k i t thda thufin hda binh.
62
Dfip Qng nguyfin vpng dd, ngfiy 10-7-1951,
tai Kaesong, dgi difin cua cfic bfin tham
chien da b i t d i u cfic cupe dfim phfin
ngQng b i n , tuy nhifin, d i l n t i i n eiia cfic
cufic dfim phfin rfi't eh^m chgp. Vfio thfing
5-1952, cfic bfin da dgt dUpc thda thu§n
trfin h i u h i t cfic d i l u kifin, ngogi trQ al"
phfin cua tQ nhfin chiin t r a n h . Phai mfi't
hdn mfit nfim, dfi'n thfing 6-1953, cfic bfin
mdi t h i n g nhfi't dUpc v l vific trao doi tQ
nhfin, d l ngfiy 27-7-1953 kf k i t thda
thufin ngQng b i n . Mfit trong nhQng
nguyfln nhfin ehu y i u gfiy nen sy tri hofin
trong k^' k i t hda dfim lfi nhflng tfnh tofin
eua cfic nUdc ldn, trong dd cd Lien Xfl.
Chiin tranh Trilu Tifln lfi cufic chiin
tranh cd khoang thdi gian dfim phan tUdng
doi kflo dfii (hai nfim) dfit trong so sfinh v6i
tofin bfi chilu dfii cua eupe chien (ba nfim,
hai thang). Theo lihu phan tfch eua nhfi
nghien cQu A.V. Smorchkov thi I.V Stalin
da iQdng dinh ring, "cufic ehien tranh
giing CO se hgn che tilm lue quan sU cua
My d chau Au, tieu hao cac nguon lUc kinh
t l vfi tao ra nhQng khd khan chinh tri cho
chfnh quyen H. S. Truman" (23), lfim cho
My bi sa liy, bfic Ip sQ yiu kfim vl qufin sQ.
"Cufic chiin tranh kdo dfii lfim chay mfiu
nUdc Mf... Ngudi My b i l u rang cupc ehien
tranh nfiy lfi bfi't ldi dfli vdi hp... Sau ehiln
tranh Trilu Tien, ngudi My se khfing edn
kha nfing t i i n hfinh nhQng cuflc chiin
tranh ldn" (24). Nhfi nghifln cQu
A.V.Pansov cung cho ring, "ngay tQ d i u ,
I.V Stalin da dy tinh sQ dung chiin tranh
Trieu Tifln dl lfim My yiu di bfing each d i y
My dung dp vdi CHDCND Trifl'u Tien vfi
Trung Quo'c" (25), "lfim tfing len sy thu dieh
giQa My vfi Trung Quoc eung ding nghia
vdi sU g i n bd ngfiy cfing chfit che giQa Bftc
Kinh vfi Moscow" (26). Chiin tranh kdo dfii
cdn lfim "giam dang k l sQ nhdm ngd cua
My vfi cac nUdc phUdng Tfiy doi vdi chfiu
Au" (27) - ndi dUde mfinh danh lfi "trai tfio
bfi't hda giQa hai cUdng quic t h i gidi Hoa
Ky vfi Lifln Xo" (28), "tgo dilu kifin de Lifln
Xfi cung cfi" vQng chflc vj tri cua minh doi
vdi cfic nUdc dfin chu nhfin dfin vQa mdi
d\S(}c thfinh Ifip d Dfing Au" (29). Bfln canh
dd, theo ly t h u y i t t i i n hfinh cfich mang vfi
san trfln phgm vi tofin t h i gidi, "ehiln
tranh Trilu Tifln chfnh lfi mpt p h i n k l
hoach each mang t h i gidi cua LV Stalin; vi
vfiy, nhflng cufic thUdng lUpng hda binh chl lfi
hinh thQc" (30). NhQng dilu nfiy diu nim
trong k l hogch cua Lifin Xfl vfi cd y nghia
quan trpng doi vdi vific eung c l vj tri sifiu
cUdng, lan tda anh hudng cua Lien Xo
khong ehi tgi thdi dilm dfi, mfi cdn v l Ifiu,
vl dfii sau nfiy.
3. L i e n Xo v6i Chi^n tranh T r i l u
T i e n v a h e luy
Chiin t r a n h Trilu Tien da p h i n nfio
thay dfi'i cfich nhin eua Lien Xfl doi vdi t h i
gidi. Sau chien t r a n h Trilu Tien, Lifln Xo
CO vQ cho chinh saeh "ehung sing hda binh"
gifla cfic nudc cd che dp chfnh tri - xa hpi
khfic nhau. Khflng phai ngfiu nhien, thang
4-1952, I.V Stalin tuyen bo: "CQng tin tai
hda binh vfi hdp tac giQa ehu nghia cflng
san vfi ehu nghia tQ ban lfi hofin tofin cd
the, neu nhu hai bfln d i u cd mong muon vfi
tuan thu nguyen t i c binh dfing, khfing can
thifip vfio cflng viflc npi bp" (31). Mfit khfic,
vdi Lien Xo, "dUpe vfi mfi't", "chiin thing vfi
ehie'n bgi" trong chien tranh Trieu Tifln lfi
nhQng khai niem thfit khd dfit Ifin ban can
de so do nfing nhe: 1) V l chinh thing, Lifln
Xfl khong tham gia vfio ehiln tranh; 2) Tuy
Lien Xfl khflng the md rdng anh hQdng tren
toan bfi bfin dao T r i l u Tien, song v i n gifl
nguyen vung anh hudng cua minh d Bftc
Trieu Tifin; 3) BQdc thay dii ehiln lUdc
trong cupe ehiln lfim eho quan hfi Xfi-Trung
Luen u a n y A.U viei...
vin tilm i n nhQng bfi^t fi'n, chuyin h i n
sang trgng thfii cfing t h i n g , mfiu t h u i n r i i
di din dfii d i u - difl'u hofin tofin ngUpc lgi
vdi tinh tofin khiln Trung Quflc gin kit vfi
phy thufic hdn nOa vfio Lifin Xfi khi Trung
Quoc h\ lfli kdo vfio cupc chiin; 4) Chiin tranh
Trilu Tifln tgo ra mpt iQc cp sfit cfic mfii
quan hfi quic t l cua Lien Xfi, khiln Lifin Xfi
trd nen cd nhilu doi thu hdn (quan hfi Xfi -
My ngfiy cfing thQ dich, quan hfi Xfi-Trung
xlu di trfing thfi'y, Lifin Xfl vfi Nam Trilu
Tifln khflng t h i xich lgi g i n nhau); 5) Chiin
tranh Trilu Tifin lfi phfip thQ d i u tifln vfi
dl lgi nhQng kinh nghifim quan trpng cho
Lien Xfl trong xQ ly nhQng vfi'n d l xung dflt
cue bfl d Mozambique, Angola, Ethiopia,
Sjria, Ai Cfip, Viflt Nam... vfi sau nfiy lfi d
Afghanistan.
Trong dfinh gifi cua phUdng Tay v l Lien
Xfl, Chiin tranh Trilu Tifln dupc nhin nhfin
"nhu khuc nhgc dgo diu, bfio hifu v l sQ
bfinh trQdng anh hQdng cua Lien Xfi dfii vdi
t h i gidi" (32), nhfi't lfi khi I.V Stahn lien tuc
canh bfio v l kha nfing ehuyen hda eua cupc
chiin thfinh cufic chien tranh the gidi thQ
ba. Sy lo l i n g nfiy cua phUdng Tay dUdc
cung CO bdi tin tQc v l vy thQ thfinh cflng
bom nguyfin tQ cua Lifin Xfi vfio nfim 1949 -
vu thQ pha vfi t h i dflc tfln nguyfln tQ cua
Hoa Ky. Dinh ki^n v l "mfii de dpa Lien Xd"
da din din sQ gia tfing mpt cfich mgnh me
ngfin sfich quo'c phdng cua Hoa Ky di ddi
vdi vific biln NATO tQ mot lifin minh chinh
tri - qufin sQ thfinh mpt to chQc quan sy
thong nhfi't dQdi sQ chi huy eua Hoa Ky vfi
vific thfinh Ifip nhQng khoi quan sQ d Dflng
63
Nam A (SEATO), Trung cfin Dflng
(SEHTO). Chiin tranh Lanh da lan ra toan
ciu.
LQc khdi phfit, cufic Chiin tranh Trilu
Tifin mang tinh ehfi't mfit cufic nfii ehiln,
nhUng sau dd nhanh chdng biln thfinh mflt
cufic xung dflt qufl'c tl' vdi sy can dU cua r£ft
nhilu quoc gia, trong dd cd cfic sifiu cudng,
nhUng k i t cue cua cufic ehiln lfi khdng cd
ngudi ehiln t h i n g vfi eung chfing cd kd
ehiln bgi, chi cd nhQng mfi't mfit, ton th^t
lfi cd thye vfi khdng d l xda nhda. Cupc
ehiln tranh "da mang di sinh mgng eua
9.000.000 ngQdi Trilu Tifln, gin 1.000.000
Chi nguyfin quan, 54.246 linh My, 299 si
quan Lifln Xfi vfi hfing trifiu ngUdi mang
thUdng tfit ca ddi" (33). Hdn 60 nfim da qua
di k l tQ ngfiy dQpc tgm coi Ifi ngiing tiing
sung, bfin dao Trieu Tifin hfim nay v i n lfi
mflt diflm ndng eua t h i gidi, ludn tilm fin
nguy cd xung dfit. U"dc md ngudi thfin dupc
gfip ngudi thfin, Udc md dupc sing trong
mpt dfi't nudc thfl'ng nhfi't, hda binh cua
ngUdi dan Trieu Tien v i n chUa thfinh hifin
thUe. Bai hpc lich sQ tQ chiin tranh Trilu
Tifln cho thfi'y trong giai quyit nhQng vfi'n
d l trpng dgi cua dfi't nQde phai trfinh trd
thfinh eon bfii trong tay ngQdi khfic, trfinh hi
tac dfing, sQc fip tQ ben ngofii, tranh dl cfic
nUdc ldn ap dfit, c h l djnh, Ifii vfio quy dgo
vfi quan sQ khfing phai lfi giai phap dl di
d i n myc dich, c i n tinh tfio vQpt qua t h i dfii
diu, thfing qua dfii thogi, thUdng lUdng hda
binh dl tim tiing nfli chung trfin n i n tang
tfln trpng Ipi ich, hgnh phue vfi khfit vpng
cua nhfin dfin.
64 i.20tS

CHU THtCH
(1). A.C. Orlov, B.A. Gavrilov, Bi mdt chiin tranh (20). X.LAtaevich, Con dilifng chiin diu cOa
Triiu Tan, Nxb Veche, M&txcova, 2003, tr. 75 (ding Qudn dodn phbng khdng Liin Xd si 64., Cong
Nga). thdng tin Hfin Qui$c thfl'ng nhfi't, ngfiy 13-3-2011,

(2). Walte LaFeber, America, Russian, and the (tig'ng Nga).

Cold War. 1945-1996, The McGraw-Hill Copaniea,
Inc, New York, 1997, tr. 6.
(3). Lich sit chinh sdch ddi ngogi ciia LiSn XO
(1945-1970), Nxb. IChoa hpc, MfitxcOvn, 1971, tr. 26
(tieng Nga).
(21). Bao gfim cfic sfin bay cua thfinh pbtf
Antung, thuy di^n Suphun, cfic n u t giao thSng
dudng s i t , cfiy c i u bie qua sdng fip Li;ic vfi hfing loat
cfic v) trf kinh t^. chfnh tr}, qufin ay khfic cua vfing
Dflng Bie Trung Quflc.

(4), (5), (6). A.C Orlov, B A Gavrilov, Bimdt chUn (22). V.V. Yurzanov, IVong chiin tranh Triiu
tranh Triiu TUn, add, tr. 65,66, 69. Tiin; Ghi chep cOa m0t nhd bdo Xd-vH't, Nxb Quftn
81^, Matxcova, 1958, tr, 96, (ti^ngNga).
(7), (10). Kim Chum Kon, The Korean War,
Seoul, 1973, tr. 19, 38, (23), (26). A.V. Smorchkov, Chiin tranh Triiu
Tiin 1950-1953, Cheki8t.ru, ngfiy 29-11-2009,
(8). (12). (14), (16), (17), (18), (19). A.C. Orlov, B A
(tijfng Nga).
Gavnlov, Bi mdt chiin tranh Triiu Tiin, add, tr. 71,
150,159,159,164,169,169,172, (24), (25), (30). A.V. Pansov, Stalin citinh keo
ddi chiin tranh tren ban ddo Triiu Tien, tldd, tr. 5,
(9). Theo c6c dieu khoan cfia Hifip U5c, thi hai
6,6.
ben ky kfi't c6 the ap dung nhflng bi^n phap phong
ngiia, ngu mot trong hai b§n, hofie ban bfi cua m$t (27), (29). (31), (32). Leonid Katsva, Lich si?
trong hai bfin bi de doa an ninh. ntf(fc Nga ' thdi ky Xd-vUt, Nxb. Khoa hpc,

(11). A.V. Pansov, Stalin ci tinh keo ddi chiin MatxctJva (tieng Nga), tr. 112, 113, 112, 113.

tranh tren bdn ddo Triiu TUn. Bfio i>pc lap, ngfiy (28). A C. Orlov, B.A Gavrilov. Bi mdt chien
18-7-2008, tr.3 (tieng Nga). tranh Triiu Tien, Sdd, tr, 381.

(15). R. Balandin, C, Mironov, Nhitng chuyin (33). S.S. Potocki (Chu bifin), ChUn tranh Triiu
ngogi giao cua Stalin, Nxb. Khoa hoc, Matxcova. Tien. 1950-1953, Tu sfich Nghien cflu "Tu U?u
2009. tr. 219 (tigng Nga). chifi'n tranh", Nxb. Pohgol, Matxcova, 2003, tr. 2.