Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83).

2010 3

VAN HOA - LCH S

CUOC GAP G GIA PHAI OAN TRIEU TIEN VA AI VIET

TRIEU NH NHA THANH NAM CANH TUAT (1790)
Nguyn Duy Chnh*
S lc noi vu
Nam Canh Tuat [1790] la nam khanh tiet bat tuan van tho vua Thanh
Cao Tong [Can Long]. Cac phien thuoc cua Trung Hoa trong o co Trieu
Tien, An Nam [ai Viet], Xiem La, Nam Chng, Mien ien, Lu Cau, ai
Loan va cac x Mong Co, Hoi Bo, Tay Tang eu c s than em o le
sang. ac biet hn ca, Thanh nh c on tiep mot v khach quy: quoc
vng An Nam ch than tham d,(**) cung vi mot phai bo tuy tong ong
ao len en gan 200 ngi.(1)
Tuy cung la ngoai phien cua Trung Hoa, ai Viet va Trieu Tien dng
nh t co lien he ngoai giao, hoa hoan mot vai lan cac s than gap g tai
trieu nh Bac Kinh, trao oi mot so van th, xng hoa. Tao ngo ly ky
nhat trong lch s co le la lan s than nc ta Phung Khac Khoan []
gap s than Trieu Tien Ly Tuy Quang [](2) trong ky le van tho vua
Minh Than Tong nam Van Lch th 25 [inh Dau, 1597]. Ba mi bai th
mng vua Minh cua Phung Khac Khoan a c chau phe Ha a bat sinh
tai (at nao chang co ngi tai gioi) va c trieu nh Trung Hoa khac in
thanh An Nam s than van tho tiet khanh ha thi tap. Nhng bai th cua ho
Phung xng hoa vi s than Trieu Tien c ghi lai trong Chi Phong tien
sinh thi tap(3) [Chi Phong la ten hieu cua Ly Tuy Quang].
Theo li dan trong Chi Phong tap [] cua Ly Tuy Quang th hai
ngi a quen biet t nam Canh Dan [1590] khi ho Phung sang s Trung
Hoa nhng cach xa nhau, lai b cam khong cho giao thiep theo luat nha
Minh.(4) Mai en nam inh Dau [1597], tnh c hai ngi trong hai s bo
sang mng tho, v ai le rat ong ngi, nen co dp song chung cung mot
khu hn 50 ngay, xng hoa en may chuc bai. Thi tai cua s than nc ta
khien Ly Chi Phong rat than phuc va con c nhac en trong mot hanh
ngo khac gan hai the ky sau di i Thanh. Trong lan gap g cung rat ac
biet nay, phai oan Trieu Tien ghi lai kha t m dien tien hn mot thang
ai le giup cho chung ta tm hieu them mot so chi tiet khong phai ch ve
mot bien co lch s ma lien quan ca trieu nh Tay Sn.
* California, Hoa Ky.
** S nc ta cho rang ngi cam au phai oan la gia vng Pham Cong Tr. Theo tac gia
Nguyen Duy Chnh, viec vua Quang Trung gia sang Trung Hoa la mot nghi van, va a ra gia
thuyet: Ngi dan au phai bo ai Viet sang d le bat tuan van tho vua Can Long chnh la vua
Quang Trung that. Xem them: Nguyen Duy Chnh Bao kien hay bao tat, Tap ch Nghien cu
va Phat trien so 4-5 (47-48). 2004 va so 2 (50). 2005. BBT.
4 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010

Noi dung tai lieu cua Trieu Tien la mot ban bao cao theo dang thc
mot nhat ky [journal] cua ngi tham d, ghi chep nhng ieu mat thay tai
nghe trong cuoc hanh trnh. Ngoai nhng chi tiet ve le tiet va sinh hoat cua
thi gian khanh tiet ma chung toi i sau hn trong nhng nghien cu khac,
trao oi trong nhng lan gap phai oan nc ta la chu e chnh trong bien
khao ngan nay.
Ngoai nhng trao oi trc tiep, mot so ghi nhan cung giup chung ta
phoi kiem c tnh hnh cu the nh the nao. Tuy co nhieu sai lam nhng
hien nhien nhng chi tiet o a c loan truyen tai Bac Kinh. Thi nao
cung the, nhng ngi ben ngoai quan sat thng phong oan theo chu
quan cua mnh khien cho chung ta biet c phan nao nhng tin on trong
thi o, nhng phan nhieu khong ung vi s that nhat la nhng s kien
mat thuoc pham vi quoc gia.
Trong nhng phien thuoc, s than Trieu Tien luon luon c coi trong,
v tr, th bac bao gi cung cao hn s than nc ta. Theo ien le nha
Thanh, hoang e ngoi phng bac [mat hng ve nam] mot mnh mot
ban ln, pha ong la cac than vng, boi lac, boi t [tat ca eu la tc vng
nhng chia lam bon hang: than vng, quan vng, boi t, boi lac] ngoi
nhng hang tren, pha sau ch vng la cac ai than. Cac vng eu thuoc
hoang toc nha Thanh, khong co ngi ngoai.
Ngoi ben pha tay, hang au la ch vng Mong Co, Hoi Bo, Tay Tang,
pha sau la cac s than phien thuoc theo th t Trieu Tien, An Nam, Nam
Chng, Mien ien. Tuy hai trieu ai Minh-Thanh co khac nhau oi chut,
nhng luon luon theo ung le nghi nen cha bao gi s than ai Viet co the
ngoi cao hn s than Trieu Tien. o la cha ke, trong mot so thi ky, vua
nc ta cha c phong An Nam quoc vng ma ch c phong An Nam
o thong s, mot tc v tng oi thap. Vua a the th s than lai cang nhe
the nen tuy ong van [cung van hoa], s than Trieu Tien luon luon tm cach
th tai s than nc ta.
Th bac o gan nh bat bien trong nhieu trieu ai nhng v the ot
nhien oi han trong vai nam di thi Quang Trung. Trong bien khao Van
hien chi bang, chung toi a e cap en viec ca 6 ngi trong s oan nc
ta eu hoa th vua Can Long vao mua xuan nam Canh Tuat va c chnh
tay vua Thanh ban ng tu khien trieu nh Trung Hoa phai kinh ngac, cac
quoc gia khac nhn nc ta bang cap mat ne v.
May thang sau, viec mot phai bo hung hau ca ve lng lan pham vi
nhng danh Nho c phach cang lam cho vai tro cua ai Viet noi bat. ay
cung la lan au tien, s than nc ta a chu ong lam th gi cho s than
Trieu Tien yeu cau hoa lai. Co le v the ma oan Nguyen Tuan a t hao
rang T trc en gi, ngi mnh i s Trung Hoa cha bao gi la lung
ma lai vinh d en nh the !.
Noi dung tai lieu Trieu Tien
Nguyen ban tai lieu chung toi s dung la tap V trong bo Yen hanh luc
tuyen tap [],(5) ban dch cac co th chep ve cac cong s cua Trieu
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010 5

Tien sang Trung Hoa. Nhng co th nay viet bang ch Han nay c dch
ra tieng Han [hangul] la th ch mi cua Cao Ly. Cung nh ngi Viet, Han
Quoc thi xa dung van t Trung Hoa mac dau ho a s dung mot loai ky
am rieng e viet tieng Han t the ky XV nhng trieu nh va Nho s van
s dung Han t [hanja] trong sach v, thi c cho en tan au the ky XX. Bo
sach nay cung tng t nh nhng phien dch cac tac pham cua ngi Viet
trc ay khi cha ong chung ta con dung ch Han lam van t chnh thc.
V khong am tng tieng Han, nhng chi tiet chung toi s dung ch thuan
tuy can c vao nguyen ban Han van c in lai theo loi chup anh [anh an]
cuoi sach.
Tap V chu yeu la bo Yen hanh ky [] cua T Hao Tu [] bao
gom 4 quyen chep ve viec s oan Trieu Tien sang kinh o nha Thanh d le
bat tuan khanh tho [Canh Tuat, 1790] cua vua Thanh Cao Tong [Can Long,
1736-1795]. Trong dp nay, vua Chnh Tong [1777-1800] cua Trieu Tien sai
Xng Thanh uy Hoang Nhan iem [] lam Chanh s, Le tao Phan
th T Hao Tu [] lam Pho s, Hieu ly Hoang Van Quan Ly Bach Hanh
[] lam Th trang quan [ngi theo phai oan e lo viec ghi chep, giay
t] cung tuy tong sang Yen Kinh.
Noi dung ai lc 4 quyen Yen hanh ky chia lam bon giai oan nh sau:
- Quyen I: Khi Tran Giang Thanh ch Nhiet Ha [ghi lai dien tien viec
phai oan Trieu Tien t khi ri kinh o nc Han en Nhiet Ha] (t ngay
mong 1 en 15 thang 7).
- Quyen II: Khi Nhiet Ha ch Vien Minh Vien [t Nhiet Ha en Vien
Minh Vien] (t ngay 16 en ngay 26 thang 7).
- Quyen III: Khi Vien Minh Vien ch Yen Kinh [t Vien Minh Vien
en Yen Kinh] (t ngay 27 en ngay mong 3 thang 9).
- Quyen IV: Khi Yen Kinh ch Tran Giang Thanh [t Yen Kinh tr ve
Tran Giang Thanh] (t mong 3 thang 9 ve sau).
Xem ra, s than Trieu Tien ch mat o hn 3 thang tnh ca i va ve
[cong s nc ta i mat hang nam] v Trieu Tien cach Bac Kinh khong xa.
Cung v the, nam nao trieu nh Han Quoc cung gi mot phai oan sang
trieu cong [trong khi nc ta hai, ba nam trieu cong mot lan va thng hai
lan nhap mot nen bon hay sau nam mi co mot phai bo] va v the ho cung
than can hn nhng phien thuoc khac cua Trung Hoa.
Khi cac s than [ke ca phai oan ai Viet] en kinh o th vua Can
Long lai ang ngh mat tai Nhiet Ha nen moi ngi eu tiep tuc i ti T
Th Sn Trang e trieu kien. V phai oan nc ta qua ong nen ch vua
Quang Trung va nhng tong than quan trong nhat cung ti hanh tai, ngoai
ra lu lai Bac Kinh.
Trong 4 quyen Yen hanh ky, oi vi chung ta quan trong nhat la
quyen II va III nhac en s co mat cua phai oan Quang Trung trong
6 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010

khoang thi gian t gia thang 7 en cuoi thang 8, tnh ra gan 40 ngay
kinh o nha Thanh.
Nhng trch oan sau ay tuy ch tap trung vao viec gap g, trao oi
cua hai phai oan ai Viet va Trieu Tien nhng thc te ham cha nhieu
chu e, khong phai ch la nhng tham hoi xa giao bnh thng. S than
Trieu Tien tng oi am tng tnh hnh nc ta, ve a ly, phong tho,
san vat cung nh nhan van, chng to ho a chuan b va quan tam ac
biet. Ho con can than sao chep mot so van chng, chieu bieu ma nc ta
khong lu tr, trong o co ca may bai th xng hoa vi Phan Huy ch va
Vu Huy Tan.
Ve dien tien s viec, v phai oan Trieu Tien en sau phai oan nc
ta may ngay [vua Quang Trung va tong than en Nhiet Ha ngay 10/7, trieu
can ngay 11 con phai oan Trieu Tien en ngay 16/7], nen khong co tng
thuat cu the ve ai le bao kien thnh an la mot nghi thc on tiep lch s
gia vua Can Long va vua Quang Trung rat hiem co. Thanh th ho ch e
cap en rat tong quat la ai bang nghi le ac biet cho Quang Bnh va tong
than c tham 72 canh hanh cung co le nghe noi lai t nhng ngi a
tham d.
Trong nhng ghi chep cua phai oan Trieu Tien, co nhng ghi nhan
hoan toan tng thuat, nhng cung khong t phe phan. Cac chi tiet khac ve
chuyen cong du cua phai oan Quang Trung se c trch dan them trong
hai bien khao Phai oan ai Viet va le bat tuan khanh tho cua Thanh Cao
Tong va S kien hon nh cu thc than.
Yen hanh ky, Quyen II, trang 70-79
Cac s oan vao an yen, xem tuong va trnh tien ha bieu (bieu chuc
mng vua Can Long). ay la mot oan kha dai, trong sach tong cong hn
10 trang, moi trang chup lai hai t, gom 4 trang giay ban [9 dong, moi dong
21 ch], tong cong nh vay phai gan 8.000 ch. Ngoai phan gap g va trao
oi vi s than nc ta, s than Trieu Tien con ghi lai nhieu chi tiet ve lch
s, lai lch Nguyen Quang Bnh [vua Quang Trung], to chc hanh chanh
Thanh trieu
Ngay Giap Ngo 16/7
Thiet Th lang [tc Le Bo Th lang Thiet Bao] a chung toi [tc s
than Cao Ly] ngoi vao pha cac s than, au tien la Trieu Tien, ke en la
An Nam, sau na la Nam Chng, sau na la Mien ien, roi en sinh phien
[au muc ai Loan].
Than vng, boi lac, boi t cac bo ai than ngoi giai vo pha ong,
hang oi, tay trai hng ve phng bac. Than vng, boi lac, boi t ngoi
hang trc, ai than ngoi hang sau. Ch vng bon bo toc Mong Co va vua
An Nam, boi lac, boi t va s than cac nc ngoi giai vo pha tay, hang
oi, tay phai hng ve phng bac. Ch vng, boi lac, boi t ngoi hang
trc, s than ngoi hang sau.
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010 7

Vao gi Mao sau phan th tuong bat au, en gi Mui mot khac nam
phan th cham dt... [Lc mot oan chep ten 16 v tuong. BBT]. Trong
nhng man o co ca tien lan Phat [Lao giao va Phat giao], co ca quy lan
than, co ca e lan vng, tiet tau thanh ieu, moi man mot khac nhng
noi chung eu la li le chuc tho, hoac 32 tng trang nghiem cua Nh Lai
[Phat Thch Ca] ngoi xep bang tren ai sen, tren nh khi m ca ra cho
hang sa gii [] th thay co en vai tram La Han quy ng hai ben, au
oi vong hao quang vang ta [t kim vien quang - ], tren ngi mac
ca sa gam, toc quan thanh lon,(6) mat lim dim tung kinh bang tieng Phan.
Trong khi o tren di co cac xe may va cac v tien mu vang ai ngoc qua
lai thi trien 36 phep mau. Cac than tng mac giap phuc ng hau trong
that oai nghi, kh tng hung trang. Lai them tien ong vai tram a cam
dng knh, ao quan sac s, xoay tron, tien thoai mua may...
Theo sach v e lai, nhng ngi trung hieu tiet ngha mi c dien
e lam gng tot cho dan chung. Trong ba tiec o an c don len ba lan,
lan au sau khi don i th c mi uong tra sa [lac tra - ](7) va lan th
ba sau khi don i th c mi tra xanh [thanh tra - ]. Thang nay [tc
thang 7 am lch nam Canh Tuat, 1790] co bay ba tiec nhng ba lan ngay
mong 9, 11 va 13 th a qua, chung toi ch d t tiec th 4 tr i.
Trc khi cac v tuong cham dt, Hoa Khon i ra thu cac bieu van
chuc mng [tien ha bieu van - ] va van ca tung at nc thnh tr
[bang khanh t van - ] a len cho hoang e. Mot luc lau sau mi
truyen cho Thiet Bao la nha vua a oc xong cac bieu van. Cac bieu van
c Bo Le hanh tai gom lai e gi ve Bo Le kinh o.
Bo Le lai m bieu t ra cho An Nam quoc vng Nguyen Quang Bnh
xem noi: Net ch ngay ngan, pham chat giay sach se tinh khiet, Trieu Tien
oi vi viec th nc ln knh can the nay, co the lam khuon mau cho cac
phien thuoc khac. Vua An Nam xem i xem lai may lan, tam tac khen ngi.(8)
... Han Thng th Bo Lai la Banh Nguyen Thuy hoi toi [T Hao Tu]:
Quy quoc co Hai ong b s, ong Quoc thanh thi hai quyen sach, lieu cho
xem co c chang?. Toi ap: Tieu bang von khong co b s, ch co Cao
Ly s cua Trnh Lan Ch, Kim Phu Thc, Tam quoc s, hien nay v i xa
nen khong mang theo. Ve th th co ong thi tuyen lam i Khang Hy ma
thoi, con khong co tuyen tap nao khac. Ngoai ra Vng S Trinh ngi Ng
Dng co ong S giai thanh thi truyen lai.
Banh noi: Co van chan ban quy quoc qua co that hay khong?
Toi ap: Cuon Te ong hao quai la truyen hoang ng, ngay nh
Thng th Nhat Ban trong Kim co van nguyen dan li Co nh Lam(9) cung
a phan bien minh bach, nhng nguy th nh the khong nen noi en lam g.
Banh noi: nh Lam la ngi hoc rong co the coi nh ng au, kinh
lch nhieu lai con khao sat tinh tng. Ket phu phap cua quy quoc so sanh
vi khoanh mau phap cua Trung Quoc khac nhau, giong nhau the nao, cho
nghe co c chang?
8 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010

Toi ap: ien che cua tieu bang th mi ba [] thanh mot thuc
[], mi thuc thanh mot phu [], mot tram phu thanh mot ket []. Con
Trung Quoc ien che th mi bo [] thanh mot phan [], mi phan
thanh mot mau [], tram mau thanh mot khoanh [] cho nen ket phu cua
tieu bang cung chnh la khoanh mau cua Trung Quoc. Con lng xch cua
tieu bang lay Chu xch lam chuan. Bay xch cua Trung Quoc th bang sau
xch i Chu. Cho nen mot ba la vuong vc mot Chu xch, bon mi chn
xch mot bo la vuong vc ba mi sau Chu xch. Do o ket va khoanh co
nhieu t khac nhau.
Quoc vng An Nam Nguyen Quang Bnh hoi Chanh s [tc Hoang
Nhan iem]: Quy quoc co le ch than nha vua sang chau thien t hay
khong?. Chanh s ap: Nc ong chung toi [Cao Ly pha ong Trung
Hoa nen t xng la ong quoc, cung nh nc ta la Nam quoc] t khi m
nc en nay khong co le o.(10) Vua nc kia noi: Nc An Nam t xa
en nay cung khong co le nay. The nhng qua nhan v n ln nh tri cao
at day cua hoang thng nen mi thanh knh ma qua chiem can la viec
xa nay cha tng co. Vt ng sa xa xoi hiem tr hn van dam, viec phi
thng le nao khong bao ap bang viec chang bnh thng. Lai hoi toi:
ng t quy quoc ti ay xa bao nhieu?. Toi ap: T kinh o nc toi
theo ng bo i ve pha nam ti bien gii Phu Sn [] hn mot nghn
dam. T Phu Sn theo ng bien ti ao oi Ma [] bay tram bay mi
dam, t ao oi Ma theo ng bien en Xch Gian Quan [] them mot
nghn bay mi dam. T Xch Gian Quan theo ng bien en ien Pho
[] mot nghn bon tram nam mi dam, t ien Pho i ng bo en ca
Giang Ho [] mot nghn ba tram mi dam na.
[An Nam] Vng lai hoi: i Van Lch t khi dep c loan Tu Cat
tr ve sau nh the nao?. Toi ap: Quan Bach hom nay la hau due cua
Nguyen Gia Khang, khong phai la dong giong Tu Cat. Tong than Lai Bo
Thng th Phan Huy ch lai hoi: Nh toi c biet, nam inh Dau i
Van Lch, Phung Ly [ay la Phung Khac Khoan va Ly Tuy Quang] hai ngi
xng hoa Ngoc Ha Quan qua la ky ngo nghn nam co mot. Trong th van
tap cua Ly tien sinh co e lai khong?. Toi ap: Tap th cua Chi Phong
[ten hieu cua Ly Tuy Quang] co chep nhieu th cua ho Phung. Roi hoi lai:
Ngh Trai [ten hieu cua Phung Khac Khoan] co th van tap hay khong?.
Phan ap: Co th e lai va trong Van tho thanh tiet khanh ha thi cung co
chep ca van cua Chi Phong. Toi [Hao Tu] oc:
Sn xuat d hnh nhieu tng cot,
a chng linh kh san long hng.
[](11)
o la hai cau th rat ac y cua Chi Phong, con nh:
Cc phan hong mong kh,
Khu phan thng ha nhuyen.
[]
chnh la hai cau th hay cua Ngh Trai.(12)
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010 9

Phan [Huy ch] noi: T cua Chi Phong that la nhuan nha, y cua Ngh
Trai that hao hung, hai ngi qua la tai ba trong [ngang nga nhau]. Nam
Canh Thn [1760] i Can Long, th trang quy quoc Ly cong Huy Trong
cung s than nc toi xng hoa e lai nhieu th hay, khong biet hien nay
lam quan chc g roi?.(13)
Toi ap: Ly cong van t hn ngi nhng bat chc co nhan [khiem
ton, khong muon lam quan to] nen ch lam chc Th lang thoi. S chep rang
hai chau Giao Ai [a danh cu, khoang t Ha Noi xuong Thanh Hoa ngay
nay] cua quy quoc lam loi lac, hai chau Hoan Dien [at Nghe An Ha Tnh
hien nay] lam van hoc, hien nay ra sao?.
Phan ap: Khong con c nh xa na.
Toi hoi: Quy quoc cng vc, pha ong la bien, tay giap Lao Qua,
nam giap Chiem Thanh, bac lien Quang Tay, Van Nam. Vay cac tnh quoc
noi nh the nao?.
Phan ap: ong tay hn mot nghn bay tram dam. Nam bac hn hai
nghn tam tram dam. Hien nay chia lam mi sau ao. [Nhng cho gach
di la nhan manh cua ngi viet. NDC]
Toi hoi: Cc bac cua quy quoc la may o?.
Phan ap: Toi cha tng hoc lch tng.
Toi noi: Quy quoc thien khoanh gan xch ao, kh hau viem nhiet, moi
nam trong c hai mua lua phai khong?.
Phan ap: ung vay.
Toi hoi: Hoac hng, nhuc que cua quy quoc san sinh thc la giai
pham, phai khong?
Phan ap: Hoac hng cua at Quang Tay cung tot lam. Con nhuc
que nc toi san xuat th qua tot that. Noi en que th phai noi en Thanh
Hoa nhng may nam gan ay trai qua chinh chien, cac rng que b tan nat
nen kiem c que tot cung kho.
Toi hoi: Tng nghe An Nam s than bui toc tha ra pha sau, oi mu
sa en, mac hong bao tay ao thung, cai tram oi moi vang, chan i giay
da en giong nh quan phuc nc chung toi. Nay thay quy quoc lai mac y
phuc Man Chau, lai khong bt au, vay la the nao? Quan phuc quy quoc von
giong Man Chau hay sao?
Phan ap: Hoang thng khen ngi qua quan nc toi ch than sang
chau nen ac biet ban cho xe va y phuc, lai thng cho ca boi than na.
The nhng hoang thng cung du rang khi lam trieu, te le kinh th mac
y phuc ban quoc [tc y phuc cua nc ta], cung nh khi ve nc th lai mac
ban phuc. Quan ao nay chang qua ch la nhat thi ay thoi.
Li noi co chng lung tung, ve mat ngng ngap.
S than cac nc en kinh theo le do Quang Loc T cap cho lng thc
nhng ay la ni hanh tai khong co Quang Loc T, s than, tong than, tong
10 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010

nhan cac nc eu do Noi Vu Phu cung cap, o an rat nhieu va sach se v

do ch cua hoang e...
...Vua An Nam Nguyen Quang Bnh ten trc la Hue von dong doi the
toc at An Nam, song Quang Nam [ay la ten ch toan bo ang Trong,
khong phai ch Quang Nam nh ngay nay], con nha lam ruong [ien xa -
], v ho Le hen yeu nen tu tap dan chung noi len cong ham kinh o, lai
giet vua roi soan v.
The t Le Duy Ky cung me chay tron en Quang Tay cao cap xin cu
vien. Tong oc tnh o la Phuc Khang An nghe [lenh] hoang e sai tng
quan [tnh o] la Ton S Ngh phat binh chinh thao, chiem lai kinh thanh,
Nguyen Hue thua tran chay ve Quang Nam.(14) Le Duy Ky c phong lam
An Nam quoc vng.
Hoang e ha chieu cho S Ngh rut quan ve. Hue nghe tin quan binh
a triet hoi lien c ai binh vay anh kinh o. Duy Ky bo tong mieu, xa
tac tron chay, lan vao trong dan chung.(15) Hue chiem c kinh o, oi
ten thanh Quang Bnh em vang bac, chau bau hoi lo cho Phuc Khang An
e Khang An tau len rang Bnh a thanh tam quy phuc, Duy Ky hen nhat
khong xng ang.
Hoang e xem li tau, tha toi cho Quang Bnh, chieu rang:
An Nam tuy ni goc bien nhng viec hng suy cung co quan he en
kh van. Le Duy Ky mem yeu nen tri a ghet bo. Tram giai quyet cong viec
thuan theo y tri ma lam. Nguyen Quang Bnh hoi toi au thanh [thanh
tam quy phuc], tnh t tha thiet, xin sang nam ch than en kinh [Bac
Kinh], cung chuc van tho, lai v cac tng s chet tran cua thien trieu lap
an cung te, u biet thc long cung thuan.
Le Duy Ky a bo an chay tron, nh vay khong con ly nao lay nc cho
y lan na nen tram a sai quan sang sac phong Nguyen Quang Bnh lam
An Nam quoc vng.
Nha vua lai trieu cu vng la Le Duy Ky cho lam chc tham lanh
[phu chu vo chc tam pham, thc ra la ta lanh] cung than thuoc, tong than
chn mi ho vao ky binh Han quan, song ben ngoai An nh Mon, thc
ra cung la v Quang Bnh ma giam gi vua toi ho vay.(16)
Ho Le t i Vnh Lac a thu phong tren ba tram nam, dan Giao Ch
c an hue rat nhieu. Duy Ky mat nc chang qua ch v mem yeu [nguyen
van uy m - ] khong chan hng len c, toi th nghch cua Quang Bnh,
phep vua at phai tru diet ma thoi. The nhng mot sm tong xa bien oi, at
Giao Nam may nghn dam le nao khong co ke s trung ngha, khang khai
mu o khoi phuc cho nha Le giong nh i Van Lch, Le Duy am tr kh
Mac Mau Hp vay.(17)
Thang ba nam nay, Quang Bnh t An Nam khi trnh, thang t en
Quang Tay [Quang Tay]. Hoang e sai Le Bo Th lang c Minh nghinh
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010 11

on, lai ra lenh cho Noi Cac ban thao ve viec nghi le tng kien cua cac
quan vi vua An Nam tren ng len Yen Kinh.(18)
Thang bay, Quang Bnh dan bay toi va lieu thuoc, tuy tong tat ca mot
tram tam mi t ngi en Nhiet Ha cong hien mot oi hac bang vang,
mot oi ky lan bang vang, nam oi te giac [sng con te ngu], mi oi nga
voi, hai con voi a thuan dng [huan tng], mot tram can nhuc que, mot
nghn can tram hng. Con cac mon ky ngoan khac khong sao ke xiet. Lai
tien mi nhac cong An Nam e giup trong khi dien kch.
Hoang e rat vui long nen ai bang nghi le ac biet [tc bao kien
thnh an], cho Quang Bnh va tong than c tham 72 canh hanh cung(19)
[tc Nhiet Ha], lai ng che mot bai luat thi that ngon, chnh tay viet bon
ai t Cung Cc Quy Thanh [],(20) cung ban thng ng che tap 20
quyen. Lai cho Quang Bnh xe va y phuc tc than vng cung trieu phuc
ngu pham cho tong than, phong con ca cua Quang Bnh la Quang Toan lam
the t.(21)
Khi ve en Vien Minh Vien, moi khi hoang e vi Quang Bnh en gap
th Phuc Khang An lai ng ben ngoai ca ghe tai noi tham ch bao cach
tau oi, en khi len ien th lai keo ao ch dan cach ngoi ng, quy lay. Khi
tiep rieng trieu phong th Khang An ng noi, con Quang Bnh quy ap,
thai o that la hen ha, chang ieu g ma khong lam.
Chung toi trong cac yen tiec cung vi vua An Nam va tong than Lai
Bo Thng th Phan Huy ch [], Cong Bo Thng th Vu Huy Tan
[] moi ngay eu ngoi gan nhau thu tac.(22) Con trai Hoa Khon la ngach
pho [tc pho ma, ten goi con re vua i Thanh] lay cong chua th 11 cua
hoang thng(23) a tng noi vi chung toi rang: Ngi An Nam khong nen
tham giao, lai nghe ngi ong dau(24) noi rang ong lang trung mo Bo
Hnh ni trieu phong a ch tong than An Nam i qua ma mang: Nguyen
Quang Bnh la o nghch tac, bon nay cung tong ang vi y! Xem nhng
li uat c cua s phu suy ra u biet Hoa Phuc [Hoa Khon, Phuc Khang An]
hai ben khong phai la thuan hp.
Quang Bnh cot cach kha thanh tu, hnh dang be ve ra ve hao kiet at
Giao Nam. The nhng cac bay toi i theo tuy hi gioi van t nhng than the
nho be, yeu uoi, an noi, hanh ong giao tra khinh bac.(25) Ho van thng
noi vi chung toi: Tan vng von la ngi ao vai at Quang Nam, oi vi
ho Le khong co ngha quan than. Lai noi rang: Cung that cua tan vng
van la phu n cu cua ho Le nhng sau nay khong the khong thay oi bien
ngach. Lai noi rang: Bon chung toi cha tng lam quan vi nha Le, tc
trat hom nay eu do vua mi ban cho. Giong ieu tuy lien thoang nhng
cung co chieu ngng ngap.(26)
Hom ng vao te ban Tch Nguyet an ni ien Thai Hoa mi thay
ho mac y phuc ban quoc. Vua cua ho au quan khan,(27) oi mao vang bay
ngan,(28) mnh mac long bao bang gam mau, eo ai bang ngoc trang. Tong
than cung quan khan, oi mao en nam ngan, than mac mang bao nhng
12 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010

hoac mau xanh, hoac mau ta, eo ai vang, hnh tren ao bac tap, la lung
trong nh phng tuong(29) khac xa co che nc An Nam.
An Nam trc ay chia lam 13 ao, nay chia thanh 16 ao eu la thay
oi cua tan vng.(30)
Ngay Bnh Than 18/7
Sang sm ngay Bnh Than 18 Nhiet Ha c hieu thong quan
[] a ba s than en Le Chnh Mon [] ben ngoai trieu phong
i en khi tri sang th thong quan mi a chung toi vao canh tay Dien
H ien [] xep hang ngoai giap mon, mot lat sau hoang thng len
ien, thong quan mi a chung toi xep th t cung nh khi an yen.
Gi Mao mi phan, tuong bat au dien, ti gi Mui hai khac th van...
[Lc mot oan ghi ten 16 man hat. BBT]. Sau o moi ngi lai c an
tiec, uong tra nh hom trc.
Khi a xong, Le Bo Th lang Thiet Bao noi vi chung toi: Co chieu
ch oi An Nam vng va s than Trieu Tien tien ien be ha. Sau o dan
chung toi vao ng di be trong ien pha tay va vi An Nam vng vao,
trong choc lat i ra, Hoa Khon ra truyen ch cua hoang e noi: S than
Trieu Tien vao.
Toi cung chanh s, th trang tien ien en trc ng thap [tc ghe ngoi
cua hoang e]. Hoang thng mac thng phuc ngoi tren ghe tram hng cao
hai thc, tren lot vai mau en co nem hoa, sau lng la bnh phong tram hng
khac sn thuy, may vat. Trc ghe co tham theu hoa van mau vang tham,
con hai ben tren ban bay truc gam, au bt nga co en vai tram cuon. Hoang
thng hoi: Cac khanh quen vi kh hau ben ngoai chac cha hp vi thuy
tho, i ng chac la gian kho lam nh? Toi va chanh s, th trang cung khau
au tha: Nh hong an cua hoang thng nen khong co g ang lo ca. Hoang
thng lai hoi: Nc cac khanh co ngi biet tieng co Man Chau phai khong?.
Chanh s tau: Trong so boi than co ngi t ngoai en nhng eu t Thnh
Kinh en Yen Kinh ma thoi. Hoang thng truyen: Sau khi van tuong tram
se hoi loan [vua i xa tr ve] vay cac khanh ve kinh o trc e i.
Ngay inh Dau 19/7 (tr. 81-82)
Ngay 19 inh Dau, Nhiet Ha sang sm hieu thong quan a ba s
than en Le Chnh Mon ben ngoai trieu phong. T m sang le quan a tat
ca chung toi vao Dien H ien ben canh tay ngoai giap mon. Mot lat sau
hoang thng len ien, thong quan dan chung toi vao ngoi theo th t an
yen. en gi Mao mot khac nam phan th tuong bat au, en gi Mui ba
khac mi phan th van hat... [Lc mot oan ghi ten 16 man hat. BBT].
An banh uong tra cung nh hom trc.
Van tuong roi, tien cac lao Hoa Khon theo lenh vua ban tang cho tat
ca nhng ai d buoi tra yen hom o. Toi va chanh s moi ngi c mot
bnh s, mot bat s, mot a s, mot khay tra bang nga. Th trang quan
c mot bat s, mot a s va mot khay tra bang nga.
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010 13

Xng hoa thi van

Lai Bo Thng th nc An Nam la Phan Huy ch, Cong Bo Thng
th Vu Huy Tan moi ngi a en cho chung toi mot bai luat thi that ngon
e yeu cau hoa lai. Th cua Phan nh sau:








Dch am
C bang phan gii hai ong nam,
Cong hng minh ng vien gia tham.
Van hien tuc trng ngo ao tai,
Nhu hoai toan ngng e an am.
ong phong thien co y quan che,
Ky ngo lien trieu ch chng am.
Tao nha ngh truy Phung Ly cu,
Giao tnh thang t am thuan cam.
Dch ngha
Hai nc phan gii mot pha ong bien mot pha nam bien,
Ni xa xoi cung en cho minh ng [trieu nh Trung Hoa].
Xem van hien biet rang chung ta eu co ao ly,
Cung ngng mo an ien cua hoang e theo chnh sach nhu hoai [mem
deo oi vi phien thuoc xa].
Ao mu quan lai eu theo loi t nghn xa,
Cuoc ky ngo cung mot trieu noi chuyen bang cach viet ch bang ngon
tay len long ban tay.
oi vi nhau tao nha nh ho Phung gap ho Ly khi trc,
Giao tnh con hn ca uong ru ngot.
Th cua ho Vu nh sau:








14 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010

Dch am
Hai chi nam d hai chi ong,
Phong vc tuy thu ao mach thong.
Vng hoi s lai van hien tnh,
Hoang trang th ao can chiem ong.
Y quan thch hu tong kim che,
Cao tr ninh vo tuc co phong.
Y tch s Hoa thuy t nga,
Lien trieu am tieu yen dien trung.
Dch ngha
Pha nam bien va pha ong bien,
Khu vc tuy khac nhau nhng chung mot ao hoc.
Mi en tu hoi trieu nh nhng van hien cung the,
Y phuc cua nha vua nen cung eu e chiem can [trieu kien vua Thanh].
Ao mu tuy theo che o mi [trieu nh Quang Trung],
Trao oi qua cap theo tuc ngay xa.
Viec i s Trung Hoa ai c nh chung ta,
Cung mot trieu nh ci noi trong ba tiec.
Toi hoa lai hai bai a cho ho cung tang them mi cai quat va mi
hoan thuoc thanh tan nguyen. Hoa th ho Phan nh sau:








Dch am
Ha x thanh sn th Nhat Nam,
Loan Dng thu vu cong nh tham.
S Hoa tuc tch tu lan hao,
Thanh giao nh kim ha vien am.
Phap yen chung trieu linh nha nhac,
Cao tnh v ha pho thanh am.
Tan thi toc bai nhieu phong v,
on giac trung bien t mat cam.
Dch ngha
Nhat Nam la x nao vung nui xanh,
Cung dng nga ni Loan Dng(31) luc ma thu.
Trc ay cung a tng i s Trung Hoa gan gui vui ve,
Hom nay nh thanh giao nen n lan en ni xa.
Sang en chieu d yen xong lai c xem hat,
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010 15

Cao tnh nhng cha co dp e am luan vi nhau.

Th mi gi en that ay phong v,
Cht thay nh ben trong hng v ngot ngao.
Hoa th ho Vu nh sau:








Dch am
Gia tai Tam Han ong phuc ong,
Nhat Nam tieu tc yeu nan thong.
Hanh nhan vien ao tinh s ong,
Thien t cao c hai ky ong.
ong tu chan kham tieu vnh da,
Phi xa na ac to trng phong.
Tri quan van ly hoan hng mong,
Do th cau tran bao v trung.
Dch ngha
Nha toi pha ong cua Tam Han,(32)
Tin tc t Nhat Nam(33) kho ti c.
Ngi t xa en anh sao sm lap lanh,(34)
Nhng thien t tren cao oi x bon bien cung nh nhau.
em dai cung uong ru e giai khuay,
Xe bay cung khong de g gap gio manh.
Biet ong ang nh nha ni xa van dam,
Nhng v viec nc nen van phai theo xe vua ma i.
Nhan xet
Trong khi yen tiec va ngh ngi, gia quan lai Trung Hoa va cac s
than, gia nc no vi nc kia co nhng trao oi ngoai le la mot hnh thc
va thong tin, va chng to s hieu biet cua hai ben ve oi phng. Chung
ta cung biet viec am luan o khi khong trc tiep bang ngon ng [co thong
dch vien] th ngi no viet vao ban tay ngi kia e thong tin [ch chng
am]. Chnh v the, viec ghi nhan ngi nc ta lien thoang la ch am thanh
khi ngi nc ta noi chuyen vi nhau, khong phai khi trao oi vi ho v le
s than An Nam khong biet tieng Trieu Tien. Chung ta cung a tng nghe
ngi Trung Hoa bao rang am van tieng An Nam nghe nh chim ru rt con
ngi mnh th bao tieng ngi Han uech oac nh ech keu.
Tuy ch la hnh thc xa giao, nhng li oi ap van an giau nhng s
tranh ua quoc the. V v the cua nc ta noi bat trong chuyen i nay nen
16 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010

ghi nhan cua phai oan Trieu Tien co nhieu thien kien nen chung ta khong
the khong de dat khi s dung tai lieu cua Trieu Tien.
Mot iem kha ro ret, vua Quang Trung quan tam nhieu ve chnh tnh
va tng quan gia Cao Ly vi Trung Hoa trong khi cac tong than lai e y
en viec trao oi van chng, thi phu. S quan tam o cung co ly do. Nc ta
t trc en gi khong c coi nh mot phien thuoc hang nhat, luon luon
di Trieu Tien mot bac va b coi la man di. Khi e cap en An Nam, Viet
Thng, ngi Trung Hoa eu gan lien vi hai ngung [ goc bien], chng
le [chng kh, dch le], ngon ng kho hieu, la lung phai hai lan dch [trung
dch]. Khi can khen ngi, ngi ngoai cung t khi e cap en van hien ma
ch nhac en phng vat nh nga voi, sng te, dien hng, tram, que la
nhng cong pham phai dang nap. Nhng nh kien o a han sau trong
tam thc nen du chon van chng hay chnh sach ngoai giao cung eu coi
o la tam iem. Viec thay oi quan niem khong ch mot sm mot chieu nen
s than ai Viet luon luon muon chng minh nhng g ho biet ve chung ta
khong phai la s that. Khong hiem nhng lan ngi Viet phai au tr e ho
khoi miet th, goi chung ta bang nhng t xach me.
Ch trong vai cau chuyen ngan ngui, Phan Huy ch va Vu Huy Tan a
nhac en nhng lan gap g trc, t Phung Khac Khoan vi Ly Tuy Quang
en Le Quy on va Ly Huy Trong khong phai ch nhan manh ve giao tnh
gia hai ben ma ca ve van tai cua nhng ngi i trc.
Co le chnh v ngam cam thay b lep ve, s than Trieu Tien a ghi chep
nhieu chi tiet khong may trung thc, co the t quan lai nha Thanh kinh
o hay ca nhng li ket an t mot so vong than nha Le ang b an thap. t
nhat chung ta cung co the neu ra mot so sai lam: Nguyen Hue khong giet
vua Le ma Le Hien Tong chet v gia yeu. Le Duy Ky khong en Quang Tay
e cau vien va Phuc Khang An khong phai la cap tren cua Ton S Ngh. e
khoi be mat, nha Thanh giau i viec thua tran ma noi rang sau khi quan a
triet hoi, Nguyen Hue mi em quan ra anh, trut nhng tieu cc cho vua
toi nha Le.
Trong tau th ngay mong 2 thang 7 nam Canh Tuat, Phuc Khang An
cho biet v phai oan An Nam qua ong, viec sap xep phng tien di chuyen
t kinh o len Nhiet Ha gap tr ngai nen phan ln phai e lai Yen Kinh
[thay v i cung Nguyen Hue]. Cung theo li tau, v so ngi cua nhom Le
Duy Ky b an thap tai ay kha nhieu nen Kim Gian phai tm cach ngan
chan khong cho ho gap nhau e tranh xung ot [Kham nh An Nam ky
lc, quyen 29, tr. 16]. Khong biet ro dien tien noi vu, phe chong Nguyen
Hue tin rang viec phai oan Quang Trung sang Bac Kinh ch la ke cua nha
Thanh e du Nguyen Hue sang bat va tr toi v a dam chong lai thien trieu,
phan anh tam ly thong thng cua ngi that tran.
Phai oan Trieu Tien cung khong nam vng mot chi tiet quan trong.
Ngoai nhng gap g, yen tiec theo ien le, vua Quang Trung lai ac biet
c giao pho hai nhiem vu ngoai d lieu: boi te vua Thanh trong ai le
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010 17

Tch Nguyet an va thay mat vua Cao Tong te Sung Thanh T [v vua Can
Long ban te Van Mieu]. Nguyen Hue von khong thong hieu ien le nha
Thanh nen trong khi gap rut Phuc Khang An phai thc tap cho ong va hai
ngi ong kch e khi hanh le khoi that tho. Ngoai ra, ong cung c ch
nh cam au phai oan ngoai phien on vua Cao Tong Bac Kinh khi nha
vua t Nhiet Ha tr ve e khai mac ai le khanh tho. Nghi le Thanh trieu
rat phc tap oi hoi nhieu thi gian tap luyen, khong the ch noi mieng ma
xong. Chnh an ien bat thng o khien cho cac than vng nha Thanh co
ac cam v chnh ho khong c giao nhiem vu quan trong nay ma lai giao
cho mot phien vng. Tuy nhien, cung co the vua Can Long khong muon
xac nh mot cach gian tiep la hoang t nao se c truyen ngoi [ngi ong
yeu quy nhat la Chat Than Vng Vnh Dong mi qua i vai thang trc].
Chung ta cung biet them mot chi tiet kha quan trong khi trieu nh
Quang Trung c thanh lap: Nguyen Hue a nap tat ca nhng cung n cua
nha Le, mot thoi tuc kha quen thuoc cua cac quoc gia Nam A khi ke thang
chiem kinh o. Trong nhieu vng quoc, vua mi con nap ca con gai hay than
quyen vua cu lam ty thiep coi nh chien li pham. Tng t nh the, khi vua
Gia Long chiem Bac Ha, trong so nap phi co ca Le Th Ngoc Bnh la cung
nhan cua Nguyen Quang Toan, tng truyen la cong chua nha Le(35) [nhng co
le khong phai con vua Hien Tong ma la mot tong n th phai hn].
Y phuc trieu nh thi Tay Sn cung khac vi tien trieu, cai cach pha
che nhieu the loai Han, Minh va co the ca y phuc ang Trong. Trc ay,
y phuc cua s than nc ta la ao thung mau o, oi mu canh chuon nh
ghi nhan trong Hoang Thanh chc cong o quyen [] (phan An
Nam)(36) nhng nay theo che o mi khong con giong nh thi nha Le.
Ket luan
Chuyen cong du lch s cua phai oan ai Viet c cac s than Trieu
Tien quan sat rat t m va ghi lai kha tng tan. Ngoai ch than vua Quang
Trung va con trai la Nguyen Quang Thuy [ve nc trc v benh], chung ta
cung ghi nhan mot so nhan vat ten tuoi hang vo nh Ngo Van S, ang
Van Chan, Pham Cong Tr [ho tong Nguyen Quang Thuy ve nc trc],
Nguyen Tien Loc, o Van Cong. Ve hang van chung ta thay co Phan Huy
ch, Vu Huy Tan, oan Nguyen Tuan eu la nhng danh Nho.
Neu ch xet n thuan viec gap g cua hai s bo vi mot vai lan trao
oi van chng chung ta kho co the hnh dung c van e mot cach toan
ven. Thc ra, ung nh co nhan van thng anh gia nhng ngi mang
trong trach i ra nc ngoai la lam sao cho khoi nhuc quan menh v ay
khong phai la mot van e ca nhan ma la quoc the. Song Bang Be Lang
Ngoan a viet:
Xem nh vay th s-menh cua nhng tue cong s rat quan trong va rat
bac tap. em chuong i anh nc ngi, cac v ay khong nhng phai luon
luon gi nguyen quoc-the lai con co gang lam cho ngi Trung-Hoa cam
phuc na.
18 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010

Thng thng mot tue cong s sang Tau khi a dang quoc th, cong
pham nhan tc phong v.v..., la nhiem vu oi vi vua, vi nc a thanh
thoa nhng cac v o con gang lam hn the va a khien ngi Viet Nam
hieu Trung Quoc hay trai lai, ngi Trung Quoc hieu nc Viet Nam, khong
can phai vt qua cng gii.(37)
Rieng lan nay, mot phan v co vua Quang Trung cam au phai oan, lai
c xep vao v tr than vng ngoai phien nen viec oi ai cua trieu nh
nha Thanh eu ac biet vt bnh thng.
Viec gap g phai oan Trieu Tien tng nh ch la mot hanh ngo ngoai
giao nhng thc ra la mot moc ln trong v tr, th bac va vai tro cua nc
ta oi vi Thanh trieu. Cung sau chuyen cong du nay, nhieu ong thai ke
tiep vi dung y nang cap ro ret lien quan en quan s, kinh te, trao oi van
hoa nham xac nh mot t cach mi a c tien hanh rat lp lang. Nhng
chnh sach ve an ninh, quan s, thng mai c s thoa hiep cua Thanh
trieu a giup nc ta giai quyet c nhieu van e ma bnh thi phai mat
nhieu cong sc, thi gian. Tiec thay, cong lao cua phai oan Quang Trung
van cha c anh gia ung mc neu khong noi la con b xuyen tac nen
hau nhan khong mot ai biet en.
Trc ay, nhng phai bo cua nc ta sang Trung Hoa thng ch
c nhn qua lang knh than phuc cua nc nho vi nc ln. Phai bo
ngoai giao lan nay, ngoai nhng le tiet cua trieu ai con phai c anh
gia di kha canh vai tro va v the, xac lap c mot so t cach ma t
trc cha he co c.
Thang 10/2010
NDC
CHU THCH
(1) V nhieu ly do, mot so ngi ang i th phai quay ve nen khi ti Bac Kinh th khong en con
so nay.
(2) Theo nhieu tai lieu th la Ly Toi Quang []. Ten Ly Tuy Quang chung toi da theo ket
luan trong bien khao rat cong phu Xung quanh cuoc gap g gia s than ai Viet va s than
Trieu Tien trong Viet Nam tap ch, Campbell, Calif., so ra mat 7/1989, tr. 26-42.
(3) Viet Nam tap ch, so ra mat 7/1989, tr. 19.
(4)
Toi Quang Van Lch Canh Dan, mong sai th trang quan ha thanh tiet vu kinh s. Ngo An
Nam quoc s than, cac x d quan, cam bat ac thong.
[Toi Quang nam Canh Dan i Van Lch, c sai i lam th trang quan e mng le thanh
tiet kinh s, gap c s than nc An Nam nhng moi ben mot quan khac nhau, cam
khong c giao thiep]. Nam Phong tap ch , nam th XIV, so 152 [phan Han van].
(5) Seoul, Minjok Munhwa Chujinhoe,1976.
(6) Nguyen van loa thieu [], la loi toc quan cua ngi Ho, nhng tng Phat cung tac theo
loi nay nen ngi Viet chung ta goi mot cach tng hnh la but oc.
(7) Tra uong vi sa len men cua ngi Tay Vc, Mong Co.
(8) Nguyen van:


Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010 19

Le Bo vi kha hu d bieu t trien th An Nam quoc vng Nguyen Quang Bnh viet. T hoach
chnh te, ch pham khiet tinh, Trieu Tien s ai chi tiet knh can nh th nghi tac tha phien
chi nghi thc. An Nam vng diec lu hoi khan qua, xng than bat d.
Viec nay a c nhac en trong Trieu Tien thc luc va cac sach v a chep lai. Trong Yen
hanh ky khong thay noi ro la Hoa Khon ma ch noi la Bo Le. Ve viec so sanh cac bieu van
cac nc, Ly Quang ao () trong Minh Thanh ang an luan van tap ()
trang 874 co mot oan nh sau:
...Tai hanh cung Nhiet Ha, ai hoc s Hoa Khon a tam tac khen bieu van cua Trieu Tien
khi a cho quoc vng nc An Nam Nguyen Quang Bnh xem. Nay [chung toi - tc tac
gia Ly Quang ao] so sanh cac bieu van cua An Nam con ton tr trong van kho cung nh
nha Thanh th thay qua thc ch viet con ep hn ca Trieu Tien, rieng co pham chat giay
th khong c trang tinh nh cua Trieu Tien ma thoi. Pham chat giay tuy theo tng a
phng, giay Cao Ly noi tieng la tot en nh Tuyen ch cua Trung Quoc cung khong bang.
Cung nen them mot chut, theo nh mot so chi tiet cua Trieu Tien th Phuc Khang An va Hoa
Khon dng nh khong han an canh vi nhau. Viec a bieu van cua Trieu Tien cho vua
Quang Trung coi khong biet co phai la mot hanh vi mang tnh khieu khch, coi nc ta khong
bang ho. Nhan xet cua Ly Quang ao khong the khong lu tam.
(9) Tc Co Viem Vo, danh s cuoi i Minh, au i Thanh.
(10) Trong bai Lien hoan thi cua vua Cao Tong va cac ai than au nam Ky Dau cho biet vua Cao
Ly cung a tng sang chau nha Thanh.
(11) Trong lan gap Phung Khac Khoan, Ly Tuy Quang a tang nhieu bai th [muc ch la e th
tai ngi nc ta]. ay la mot trong hai bai au tien, toan van nh sau:


Van ly lai tong chng le hng, Vien bang trung dch yet quan vng. e phong Han ai tan
ong tru, Cong hien Chu gia cu Viet Thng. Sn xuat d hnh nhieu tng cot, a chng linh
kh san long hng. Tc kim Trung Quoc phung than thanh, Thien tai phong iem ba bat dng.
[Ong t mot nc nhieu chng le t van dam en ay. a i xa ma con phai hai lan thong
dch e yet kien nha vua. T i Han a c nhac en vi cai cot ong. i cong nha Chu
nc cu ten la Viet Thng. Nui co hnh la nen nhieu xng voi. at nong kh linh nen san
xuat ra long dien hng. Hom nay en Trung Quoc c gap vua hien. Nghn xa mi co
mot lan gio em song khong noi len].
Tuy bai th li le nha nhan nhng khong khoi co y cho rang Phung Khac Khoan en t mot
ni xa xoi, tuy san sinh nhieu vat la nhng cha khai hoa.
Phung Khac Khoan hoa lai:


D vc ong quy le ngha hng, H phung kim nhat cong lai vng. Xu trieu tiep vo An quan
han, Quan quoc chiem quang Thuan mien thng. Yen hng tai nh triem e trach, Quy lai
man tu nha thien hng. Duy quan t thc chan quan t, Hanh ac thi trung nhat bieu dng.
[Tuy khac khu vc nhng cung eu la at le ngha. Hom nay vui mng cung sang at nha
vua. en trieu thay quan vo oi mu theo loi nha An. Con nc en chiem can th y phuc lai
nh i vua Thuan. Cung an yen trieu nh tham nhuan n cua hoang e. Khi ve tay ao
van con toa thien hng. Ch co ngi quan t mi biet c ngi quan t khac. May c
khen nhau bang li trong cau th].
(12) Trong lan gap g nay, Ly Tuy Quang lam ca thay 8 bai luat thi 6 cau 7 ch, tat ca eu dung
van hng, vng, thng, hng, dng. Phung Khac Khoan eu ap lai, ca hai ben tong
cong 16 bai, bai nao cung xuat sac.
20 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010

Sau o, Ly Tuy Quang lai lam th ngu ngon, 10 van tang Phung Khac Khoan, bai au tien
nh sau:



Van ao Giao Nam tuc, Dan c chng hai nhuyen. An luan tan vu lo, Phong nhng cu sn
xuyen. Gii cat quan man bieu, Phong lien Bach Viet thien. Thi thanh trnh thuy tr, Thuy oc
chiem phi dien. Tng t thon ong ng, Hng tuy co khach thuyen. Sa bien nhieu vc no,
Uyen e tho giao dien. a kh tien xuan noan, Mai hoa v lap phanh. Cong bang trung dch
thoai, Gia dng bat tam mien. Thai hoa Chu vng hoi, ong tieu Han s bien. Phung quan
hoan tac biet, Tng c ngu khe yen.
[Nghe noi tuc Giao Nam, Dan chung song bien nhieu chng kh. Nay c n ma moc
cua nha vua, Phong cho song nui cu. Bien gii ben ngoai cac ngi Man, Kh hau th lien
vi Bach Viet. Khi c mua th chi vi chim tr, Khi nc oc th tha dieu. Tre con que
ci voi, Hng lieu em ban cho khach i thuyen ti. Cat b bien nhieu sau bo, Di vc
th con giao nha dai. Mua xuan cha ti ma tri a am, Hoa mai cha thang chap a n. i
trieu cong phai en hai lan dch, nha nuoi tam ngu. Trong hoi nha Chu ve tranh mau, S
i Han a noi ti cot ong. Gap ong roi cung chia tay, Nhng du xa xoi van nh en nhau].
Phung Khac Khoan hoa lai:



Cc phan hong mong kh, Khu phan thng ha nhuyen. ong tay nam bac gii, Hoai Hai Te
Ha xuyen. Viet ien c s nh, Thien trung chnh bat thien. Chu lam khu ho bao, Ngu giao
nhac ng dien. L hang khai th thuc, Ky nh mai tu thuyen. Vu tinh thiem tng tch, Phong
noan tong long dien. Ham nhan cng vi thang, Trch van sao long phanh. Van hoa tranh tu
phat, Quan ong nham an mien. Vng ao xa th cong, Hoang trieu ch ky bien. Thi thanh
lieu s ngu, Ha san hai van yen.
[Khi nguyen thuy tri at hon mang, Phan chia ra thanh tren di. a gii chia thanh ong
tay nam bac, Song co song Hoai, song Hai, song Te, song Ha. Nc Viet khi mi lap quoc,
gia tri khong nghieng ve ben nao. uoi ho bao rng nha Chu, Bat ca tha dieu nghe
nhac vua Ngu Thuan. Xom nao cung co lp day hoc. nh treo c ban ru mua thuyen
em ti. Tri tanh ma co them dau voi en, Gio am th mang theo long dien [nc dai rong
dung lam thuoc hay hng lieu]. Ai gioi nhan nhn th la ngi thang, Trch van th ngi kheo
ua tranh vi nhau. Muon loai hoa tranh nhau pho ve ep, Moi ngi cung gi cho nhau ngu
yen. Vng ao ay xe sach, Ghi chep ve cac ky hoang trieu. Lam th ni s than , May
khoi bien thanh rang ep e].
(13) ay la phai oan nc ta gom Chanh s Tran Huy Mat, Pho s Le Quy on, Th che Trnh
Xuan Chu cung 9 tuy nhan khi hanh thang 5 nam Canh Thn [1760], ve nc thang 10 nam
Tan T [1761]. Viec gap cac s than Trieu Tien a c ghi chep kha chi tiet trong Kien van
tieu luc. Xem Le Quy on toan tap, Tap II: Kien van tieu luc, Pham Trong iem dch (Ha Noi,
Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, 1977) tr. 223-9.
Trong t khai gi chua Trnh khi tr ve co nhac en viec gap g cac s than Cao Ly, Lu
Cau. Xem Hoang Xuan Han: Vu Bac s nam Canh Thn i Canh Hng vi Le Quy on va
bai trnh bang van Nom (Sai Gon, Tap san S a , so 6, 1967) tr. 161.
(14) ay co ghi chu bang ch nho Ly nh Nguyen [] va Ton Trung Tha [] trong
th ve cuoc Nam chinh co viet: Giac Hue b thua co em trau bo ru en khao quan nhng
soai cong [nguyen soai tc cong, tc Ton S Ngh] t choi.
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010 21

(15) Nguyen van: [Hue van quan binh ky triet

phuc, ai c vi vng o. Duy Ky kh tong xa xuat bon, nac vu dan gian]. Chung toi nhan
manh a rut ve e neu ra tin tc nha Thanh loan truyen hoan toan sai s thc trut loi cho
Le Duy Ky.
(16) Nguyen van ky thc vi Quang Bnh co ky quan than da []. Co tc la cam
co, nay goi la biet giam.
(17) Quan iem nay han la ghi chep lai nhng li noi cng cua nhom di than nha Le, khong the
nao s than Trieu Tien lai nam vng s sach nc ta en the.
(18) Chnh vua Cao Tong ra lenh at ra mot so ien le mi e on vua Quang Trung v ay la
mot bien co cha tng co. Rat tiec nhng ien le nay chung toi cha tm thay nen ch co
the suy oan.
(19) Ghi chu them la nguyen luc au vua Thanh To kien truc 36 canh, hoang thng lai xay dng
them 36 canh na.
(20) Thanh thc quay ve phng bac.
(21) Ghi chu them ho Le lay ch Duy e truyen the, cho nen ho Nguyen cung lay ch Quang e
truyen the.
(22) Mi ru qua lai [].
(23) Chi tiet nay thieu chnh xac v vua Can Long ch co 10 cong chua. ay la con gai th mi
[ut] cua nha vua tc la Co Luan Hoa Hieu cong chua. Nam 14 tuoi [Can Long 54, 1789] lay
con trai Hoa Khon la Phong Than An c []. Nam 1790, Phong Than An c cung
ch mi 15 tuoi sao lai c giao thiep vi s than?
(24) Hai ch nay m va kho oc, khong biet la kiem th [] hay thap th [], chung toi oan
la kiem th tc ngi ong dau cac van ban cua trieu nh.
(25) Nguyen van:
[]

Quang Bnh cot cach pha thanh tu, nghi dung diec tram trong t th Giao Nam chi kiet. Nhien gia
tong than tac tuy sao giai van t nhi khu tai oan tieu, tan liet, ngon ong giao tra khinh dieu.
(26) Nguyen van nu ny [] [then thung].
(27) Nguyen van au tap cng can [].
(28) That lng kim quan []. Theo s tra cu cua chung toi, that lng kim quan la mu co
bay ng ngan go len, bat chc quan phuc i Nguyen, Minh danh cho bac than vng
hay hoang t. Cung co the vua Quang Trung mac loi nay e khoi vt qua phan phien vng
khi qua Bac Kinh nhng trong nc th lai khac.
(29) Nguyen van xng u [].
(30) T Hao Tu (). Yen hanh ky (), Tuyen tap V (Seoul, Minjok Munhwa Chujinhoe,
1976) phan phu luc chnh van [ch Han] 76-78.
(31) Mot ten khac cua Tha c, tc Nhiet Ha, thng viet la .
(32) La ten ba nc nho ngay xa ban ao Trieu Tien [Ma Han , Thn Han va Bien
Han ].
(33) Ch nc Viet pha nam Trung Hoa.
(34) Coi vua Quang Trung la mot tan vng giong nh v sao mi.
(35) Phan Thuc Trc. Quoc s di bien [Ban dch Hong Lien Le Xuan Giao] (Sai Gon, Phu Quoc
vu khanh ac trach van hoa, 1973) tr. 74.
(36) Phung Hng Anh []. ai Thanh thap nh e nghi an [], quyen Trung
(Trng Xuan, Cat Lam van s xuat ban xa, 2005) tr. 443.
(37) Song Bang Be Lang Ngoan: Viet Hoa thong s s lc (Ha Noi, Quoc Hoc th xa, 1943)
tr. 139-40.
22 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (83). 2010

TH MUC THAM KHAO

1. Be Lang Ngoan (Song Bang). Viet Hoa thong s s lc, Ha Noi, Quoc Hoc th xa, 1943.
2. Co cung Bac vat vien (). Kham nh An Nam ky lc () (ban chup lai
gom 30 quyen). Hai Nam, Hai Nam xuat ban xa, 2000.
3. Khng Tan Phat (). Thanh ai Bac Kinh thng lu xa hoi pho nh tra - Hai ngoai s
cao phan tch (-) (Bao cao ac biet trch trong Tra nghe,
so 22, ai Loan, Summer 2007).
4. Leisure & Cultural Services Department, Hongkong. Van tho vo cng []: Can Long
bat tuan ha tho [] (Happy Birthday Emperor Qianlong), Hongkong, Hongkong
Heritage Museum, 2000.
5. Ly Quang ao (). Minh Thanh ang an luan van tap (). ai Bac, Lien
Kinh, 1986.
6. Nam Phong tap ch [An ban ien t]. Calif., Vien Viet hoc, 2009.
7. Nguyen The Long. Chuyen i s - Tiep s thi xa. Ha Noi, Van hoa Thong tin, 2001.
8. Phan Thuc Trc. Quoc s di bien [ban dch Hong Lien Le Xuan Giao]. Sai Gon, Phu Quoc
vu khanh ac trach van hoa, 1973.
9. Phung Hng Anh []. ai Thanh thap nh e nghi an [] (ba quyen).
Trng Xuan, Cat Lam van s xuat ban xa, 2005.
10. T Hao Tu (). Yen hanh ky (), Tuyen tap V. Seoul, Minjok Munhwa Chujinhoe,1976.
11. Vien Nghien cu Han Nom [Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam]. Thong bao Han Nom hoc nam
2005. Ha Noi, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, 2006.
12. Vien S hoc. Le Quy on toan tap. Tap II: Kien van tieu luc (Pham Trong iem dch). Ha
Noi, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, 1977
13. Viet Nam tap ch []. So ra mat 7/1989, Campbell, Calif., 1989.
TOM TAT
Bien khao nay trch thuat nhng ghi chep cua s oan Trieu Tien lien quan en phai oan
ai Viet trong dp le bat tuan van tho vua Can Long cua nha Thanh vao nam Canh Tuat - 1790.
Trong lan gap g ac biet nay, s oan Trieu Tien a ghi chep kha t m dien tien cua hn mot
thang ai le, cung nhng lan gap g, trao oi, xng hoa th van vi s than nc ta. Tai lieu
nay c viet theo dang nhat ky nen co nhieu chi tiet song ong, giup chung ta co them mot t
lieu au tay (primary source) hiem quy e nghien cu ve nha Tay Sn. Tuy nhien, do v the cua
phai oan ai Viet rat noi bat so vi cac phai oan ngoai giao khac en Trung Quoc lan nay, nen
khong the tranh khoi s ganh t, thanh kien cua nhieu nhan vat ng thi, trong o co ca s bo
Trieu Tien. V vay, chung ta can de dat khi s dung tai lieu nay.
ABSTRACT
THE MEETING OF KOREAN AND VIETNAMESE DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS
AT THE QING COURT IN CHINESE LUNAR YEAR CANH TUAT (1790)
This study quotes the Korean delegations records relating to the Vietnamese delegation
on the 80th birthday anniversary of Emperor Qianlong in the year Canh Tuat (1790). During this
special meeting, the Korean delegation fairly meticulously recorded the course of over a month of
festival with the meetings to exchange and compose extempore poems between our delegation
and the others.
Written in diary form, this document has a lot of lively details which provide us with a rare
primary source to study on the Tay Sn dynasty. However, because of the outstanding position of
the Vietnamese delegation compared with other diplomatic missions at that time, it would be hard
to avoid the envy and prejudice of contemporary political characters, including Korean delegation.
Thus, we should be reserved when applying this document.