Problems with Cell Size

- Enzymes
- Glycogen
- Potassium ions Na+ Ca 2+ Cl-
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1. MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA
1.
1. MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA
- Sausage-shaped
bodies that are considered as
the powerhouses of the cell
- they produce chemicals
that give the cell its
energy.
1. MITOCHONDRIA
Mitochondria and Chloroplast
o both are energy
transformers of cells
- mitochondria = cellular respiration
- chloroplast = photosynthesis
Bound by two membranes:
inner membrane folds into a series of
cristae, which are the surfaces on
which ATP is generated.
Mitochondria contain
their own DNA
(mDNA) and are
thought to represent
bacteria-like organisms
incorporated into
eukaryotic cells over
700 million years ago
(perhaps even as far back
as 1.5 billion years ago).
Mitochondria and endosymbiosis
During the 1980s, Lynn Margulis proposed the theory
of endosymbiosis to explain the origin of
mitochondria and chloroplasts from permanent
resident prokaryotes about 1.5 billion to 700 million
years ago.
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2.MITOCHONDRIA
RIBOSOMES
1.
2.MITOCHONDRIA
RIBOSOMES
- Protein factories of the cell.
- Composed of ribosomal
RNA (rRNA) and proteins.
1.
2.MITOCHONDRIA
RIBOSOMES
- Secretes digestive enzymes
and protein hormones
1. MITOCHONDRIA
3. ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
1. MITOCHONDRIA
3. ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
- Manufacturers and shippers of
the cell
- They connect the nuclear
membrane and the plasma
membrane, thus serving as the
passageway for food substances.
An interconnecting
membranous
network of vesicles ,
tubules and
flattened sacs called
cisternae and the
internal volume
called cisternal
space
The ER membrane
1. MITOCHONDRIA
TYPES:

• Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
• Rough endoplasmic
reticulum.
RER and SER
RER
RER
SER
1.
4.MITOCHONDRIA
GOLGI BODIES
1.
4.MITOCHONDRIA
GOLGI BODIES
- The packaging centers of the cell
- discovered by Camillo Golgi (1898)
- major sites for carbohydrate
synthesis
- sorting and dispatching station for
the products of the ER
- consists of flatten membranous
sacs, cisternae
a Golgi stacks has polarity: (the receiving
side) and (the shipping side)
Secretory Pathways
1. MITOCHONDRIA
5.VACUOLES
1. MITOCHONDRIA
5.VACUOLES
- Storage tank of the cell
- Fluid-filled cavities that are
surrounded by membranes
- Regulates the molecular traffic
between the vacuole and the cell
substances.
1. MITOCHONDRIA
5.VACUOLES
Diverse functions in cell maintenance
formed by phagocytosis
and digested by lysosomes
(in protists) pump
excess water out of the cells
central vacuole (a
versatile compartment in plants) stores
protein and metabolic by-products,
reservoir of inorganic ions, pigments
1.
6. MITOCHONDRIA
LYSOSOMES
1.
6. MITOCHONDRIA
LYSOSOMES
- The suicide bags of the cell
- They are capable of breaking down
and destroying a number of
important cellular constituents.
- Once the membrane is damaged, the
lysosome releases its contents into
the cytoplasm and may destroy the
entire cell.
1.
6. MITOCHONDRIA
LYSOSOMES
- principal sites of intracellular digestion
- contain hydrolytic enzymes (required
acidic pH) to digest proteins,
polysaccharides, fats and nucleic acids
(if those hydrolases leak out of the
lysosmes, they are not likely to do
damage unless the cells become acidic)
1.
7. MITOCHONDRIA
CENTROSOME
1.
7. MITOCHONDRIA
CENTROSOME
- Helpers in cell division
- A mass of dense
protoplasm with
structures called
centrioles at the center.
1.
8. MITOCHONDRIA
CYTOSKELETON
1.
8. MITOCHONDRIA
CYTOSKELETON
- Framework of the
cell
- Supports the internal
system and gives the
cell its shape.
1.
8. MITOCHONDRIA
CYTOSKELETON
- Consist of
microtubules – hollow
tubes that serve as
girders and give the
cell its shape.
1.
9. MITOCHONDRIA
CELL WALL
1.
9. MITOCHONDRIA
CELL WALL
- Present only in
plant cell
- Consist of several
layers
1.
9. MITOCHONDRIA
CELL WALL
- Cellulose of plant ell
walls is commercially
important as the main
component of paper,
cotton, flax, hemp, and
wood itself.
- PECTIN – present in the
form of calcium pectate
responsible for fruit
ripening.
- LIGNIN – a complex
organic compound that
adds hardness and rigidity
to cell wall.
1.
10.MITOCHONDRIA
CHLOROPLAST
1.
10.MITOCHONDRIA
CHLOROPLAST
- Are the chromoplasts
containing the green
coloring bodies
CHROROPHYLL – essential
in the manufacturing of
food by green plants.
- Carotenoids – yellow
or orange pigment

- Rheodoplast – red
pigment.
- CHROMOPLASTS
– colored plastids
- LEUCOPLASTS
– colorless plastids,
abundant in cells roots,
stems.
CAROTENOIDS
RHEODOPLASTS