EXPERIMENT FOR SPOTTING-6

147

REQUIREMENTS

Permanent slide of mitosis onion root tip cells, record file, pencil, eraser, sharpner,
EXPERIMENT FOR SPOTTING laboratory guide or practical book.
ruler,

Study of Mitosis in Onion Root Ti PROCEDURE

and Animal Cell 1. Place the permanent

slide under the microscope.

2. Observe first under the low power microscope to locate the dividing cells.
of of mitosis.
3. Then observe under the high power microscope to examine different stages
INTRODUCTION
All cells are produced by divisions of pre-existing cells. Continuity oflife depends one OBSERVATIONS
division. with pink nucleus are seen scattered.
Under low power of the microscope, rectangular cells
2 There are two types of cell division-mitosis and meiosis. Somatie cells (body cels become distinct : (Fig. 6.1 and 6.2)
Under high power of the microscope following stages
divide by mitosis. It helps in growth, by increasing the number of cells. The germ ol
reproductive cells) divide by meiosis, when they form gametes (in animals) or sprs
in plants Maturation zone-

3 Meiosis produces four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes (nd
the parent cell (2n). Therefore, it is also called reduction division. Meiosis enablesa
sexually reproducing species to maintain its chromosome number constant, generatia Proomase
after generation. Zone of elongation

Each cell division consists of two events. Metaoras

(a) Karyokinesis division of the nucleus Menstematic zone

(b) Cytokinesis-division of the cytoplasm.

The stage of the cell prior to division is called
interphase.
5 A mitotic cell division can be divided into
following phases rase

-Prophase Appearance of chromosomes. eeras

A. Karyokinesis-
-Metaphase Spindle formation and arrangement of
in the anioD
ro0t p
mitosis
chromosomes at equator. Different stages of
Fig. 6.1.
-Anaphase Movement of daughter chromosomes
towards poles. 1. Interphase cell divisions
between two successive
-Telophase Formation of daughter nuclei. ) It is a non-dividing phase of the cell cycle network within the nucleus
B. Cytokinesis. Division of form of a
cytoplasm to form two daughter cells. Chromatin fibres appear in the
The meristematic cells located in the root distinct.
tips provide the most suitable envelope and nucleolus are
the study of mitosis, while the anthers are most mate
suitable material to study mei
12) Nuclear
called chro
2. Prophase thread like structures
The chromosomes of condenses into
fore, onion root tips are
monocotyledonous
used to
plants are large sized and better visible. Chromatin material shortens
and
study mitosis and anthers of onion centromere.
used to study meiosis or
Tradesca mosomes.
chromatids. JOinted at a point caled
E a c h chromosome
consists oftwo disintegration and disappear
at the end of
nucleolus start
and
Nuclearmembrane
EXPERIMENT 6.1 prophase. chroma-
3. Metaphase become thick
and two
Chromasomes
in the cell.
A bipolar, spindle develops
Obiect. To study varout stages of mitos14
in Tids of each
chromosome
become clear.
onion root
tup cells from permane arranged at the
equator of the spindle.
Chromosomes become
t
attached to the
spindle fibres at its centromee
Each chromosome get
146
 cOMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY MANUAL IN BIOL PERIMENT FOR SPOTTING-6
148 OGY- 149
4 Anaphase 6. Telophase

() The two sister chromatids of each chromosome separate from the centroma. ) The spindle disappears and the daughter chromosomes uncoil to form
ere ant chromatin
move towards the opposite poles. fibres at the two poles.
() The daughter chromosomes (separated chromatids) appear V, J, L and I sho membrane
Gi) Nuclear and nucleolus reappears and two daughter nuclei
pending upon the position of centromere.
nape de posite poles.
appear at op-

(ii) Cytokinesis oceurs by cell plate formation between the two daughter nuclei.

Nuclear
membrane PRECAUTIONS

Chromatin 1. Use fine adjustment knob of the microscope while focussing the slide under high power
fibres lens should not touch the slide.
2. Objective
-Nucleolus

Cell membrane
EXPERIMENT 6.2 T-2
Object. 7o study various stages of mitosis in animal cells (grasshopper) from perma
interphase stage nent slide.

-Cell wall
Nuclear REQUIREMENTS
Nuclear membrane
membrane Permanent slide of mitosis in animal cells, record file, pencil, eraser, sharpner, ruler, a

Nucleolus Disappearing laboratory guide or practical book.

nucleolus
Chromosomes Chromosomes
PROCEDURE
Cell wall
Early prophase 1. Place the permanent slide under the microscope.
Late prophase
to locate the dividing cells.
2. Observe first under the low power of the microscope
examine different stages of mitosis.
3. Then observe under the high power of microscope to
Spindle Daughter
fibres chromosomes
OBSERVATIONS
Chromatids observed
of the microscope following stages
are
Under high power
Spindle fibres
1. Interphase
and nucleolus.
nucleus with intact nuclear membrane
(0) The cells contain a prominent
Early anaphase form of network within the nucleus.
Metaphase stage ( ) Chromatin material appears in the
2. Prophase
structures called
Cell wall and condenses into thread like
Daughter cells () The chromatin material shortens a point called
consists of two chromatids joined at
chromosomes. Each chromosome
Chromosomes Daughter nuclei|
(Chromatids) centromere.
to form two pairs of centrioles, which migrate towards
Cell plate u) The centriole pair replicate
Spindle fibres Nuclear
opposite poles.
start disappearing.
membrane (i) Nuclear membrane and nucleolus
3. Metaphase
Late anaphase
in the cell, with asters made up of centriole pairs forming
Telophase stage (0)A bipolar spindle develops
Fig. 6.2. Various stages of the poles.
mitosis in onion root at the equator of the spindle.
tip cells. ) Chromosomes are arranged
 150 cOMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY MANUAL
N
BIO

Centrosome Astral rays Spindle Centromere

Nucleus NucleolusS Chromatids

Duplicated
Early Duplicated Late
chromosomes prophase
Interphase chromatin
prophase
fibres
Attachment
Metaphase plate spindle fibres

Metaphase Early anaphase Late anaphase

Nucleolus.
Nuc ar
membrane

Cell furrow
-
Diploid daughter cells

Early telophase
Late telophase

Fig. 6.3. Stages of mitosis in

animal cells.
4. Anaphase
(i) The sister chromatids of each
shape towards poles. chromosome separate and appear in V, *; *

5. Telophase
) Daughter chromosomes uncoil to form
(ii) Nuclear membrane and
chromatin fibrestwo poles.at the
nucleoli are reformed to
form nucle.
(ii) A constriction
start
(iu) The constriction divides
developingg between the two nuclei.daughter
the parent cell into two
daughter cells.
PRECAUTIONS

1 Use fine adjustment knob, Wnie cus8ing in high power of

2. Objective lens should not touch the slide. the microscope.