BIO 101: FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGY
CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
❖ Living things have the ability to grow, reproduce
and develop and it is possible through the
presence of cell cycle and cell division.
IMPORTANT WORDS:
● CENTROSOME
- comprises two microtubule rings known as
centrioles
- to maintain equal distribution of chromosomes
in daughter cells and provide a structure to the cell
★ Equal distribution is crucial to avoid any defect
in offspring.
Example: Sobrang daliri ni Camille, any
unusual growth sa katawan
➢ CENTRIOLES - organelle in animal cell which
functions for the movement of structures of the
cell
● CHROMOSOME
- carrier of genetic information/ DNA from cell
to cell
- formed through coiling of chromatin
➢ CHROMATIN - binubuo ng DNA and protein
which helps in coiling histones
★ Mahaba ang genetic information so through the
formation of chromosomes, mas magiging
organized ang genetic information.
● CHROMATID
- one of the two identical halves of a
chromosome that has been replicated in
preparation for cell division
- came from a replicated chromosome
- ang chromatid ay kalahari ng replicated
chromosome
- two identical halves of a chromosome are called
as SISTER CHROMATIDS
● CENTROMERE
- constricted regions of the chromosomes that
holds the sister chromatids together, the site
where kinetochore forms
- in Layman's term, it is basically the center of
the chromosome
- holds the sister chromatids
● KINETOCHORE
- complex protein-containing structure to which
spindle fibers attach
➢ SPINDLE FIBERS - microtubules which are
the core position of the cytoskeleton
➢ centrioles ang naglalabas ng spindle fibers
OVERVIEW: THE KEY ROLES OF CELL
DIVISION
➔ The ability of organisms to reproduce best
distinguishes living things from nonliving matter.
➔ The continuity of life is based upon the
reproduction of cells, or cell division
➔ Cell division is an integral part of cell cycle.
➔ Small part lang ng cell cycle and mitotic phase or
cell division
➔ Most of the time, cell cycle happens during
Interphase.
● INTERPHASE - the cell grows and make a copy
of DNA
● MITOTIC PHASE - the cell separates its DNA
into two sets and dinidivide nila yung kanilang
cytoplasm to form two new cells
INTERPHASE
1. G1 PHASE/FIRST GAP PHASE
- cell grows physically larger and creates copies
of organelles
- molecular building blocks will be needed in later
steps
- recovery from the previous division
 - the centrosomes start to form a framework used
- nasa gitna ng mitotic phase and DNA synthesis to separate two sister chromatids called the
mitotic spindle, that is made of microtubules
2. S PHASE - nucleolus disappears
- cell synthesizes a complete copy of DNA - nuclear envelope disintegrates
- DNA synthesis or DNA replication
- duplicates a microtubule, organizing a structure
called centrosome
- centrosome helps separate DNA during M phase

3. G2 PHASE/SECOND GAP PHASE

- cell grows more
- makes proteins and organelles and recruits to
reorganize its contents in preparation for
mitosis
- ends when mitosis begins

MITOSIS PHASE/M PHASE II. PROMETAPHASE

- cell divides its copy DNA and cytoplasm to - nuclear envelope fragments
make two new cells - chromosomes become more condensed
- a kinetochore is formed at the centromere, the
2 DIVISION RELATED PROCESS: point where the sister chromatids are attached
★ MITOSIS (Karyokenesis) - microtubules attach at the kinetochores
- Karyo = nucleus, kinesis = separate
- nuclear DNA of the cell condenses in four
visible chromosomes and it is pulled apart by
the mitotic spindle
- nuclear division
- daughter chromosomes distributed in two
daughter nuclei

5 stages : prophase, pro-metaphase, metaphase,

anaphase, telophase (sabi ng sir sa lecture, 4 daw pero
bilangin nyo, 5 naman)
III. METAPHASE - M for middle
★ CYTOKINESIS - chromosomes align on the axis called the
- cyto = from cytoplasm, kinesis = separate metaphase plate
- cytoplasm of the cell split into two new cells - NOTE: the spindle consists of the microtubules,
- Usually begins just as mitosis ending with a one attached to each chromosome
little overlap
- cytoplasm division
- results in two genetically identical daughter cells

SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS
➔ Permits growth and repair. (Pag nagkakasugat,
gumagaling or bumabalik sa dati because of mitotic
phase where cells continue to divide.)
➔ In plants, it retains the ability to divide
throughout the life of a plant. (Plant cell division
is infinite.)
➔ In mammals, mitosis is necessary for:
- Fertilized egg becomes an embryo IV. ANAPHASE - A for away
- Embryo becomes a fetus - each centromere splits making two
- Allows a cut to heal or a broken bone to mend chromatids free
- each chromatid moves toward a pole
MITOSIS PHASES - cell begins to elongate, caused by microtubules
I. PROPHASE not associated with the kinetochore
- chromatin condenses - sabi ni sir, kapag nasstretch daw, may tendency
- centrosomes separate, moving to opposite ends na humaba ang cells
of the nucleus
 ➔ meiosis must reduce the chromosome number by
V. TELOPHASE - last stage half
- formation of nuclear membrane and nucleolus ➔ fertilization then restores the 2n number
- short and thick chromosomes begin to elongate
to form long and thin chromatin
- formation of the cleavage furrow - a shallow
groove in the metaphase plate
- Cytokinesis - a division of the cytoplasm

★ Hindi pwedeng sobra kasi pwedeng magkaroon

ng genetic disorder like Down Syndrome,
Superman’s Syndrome, etc.

MEIOTIC DIVISIONS:

MEIOSIS I

I. PROPHASE I
RESULTS OF MITOSIS - a physical exchange of chromosome pieces
➔ two daughter nuclei - prophase I is further subdivided into periods
➔ each with same chromosome number as parent cell known as:
(2n) or diploid cell - Leptotene
➔ genetically identical to each other and the parent - Zygotene
cell - Pachytene
- Diplotene
- Diakinesis

MEIOSIS
- formation of gametes (sex cells, eggs and
sperm)
- cell reduction - division (diploid to haploid)
- preceded by interphase which includes
chromosome replication 1. Leptotene
- two meiotic divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II - nag-didisintegrate and nuclear envelope
- original cells is diploid (2n) - replicated chromosomes condense (sabi ni sir,
- four daughter cells produced that are haploid nagsasama-sama)

SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS 2. Zygotene

➔ two haploid (1n) gametes are brought together - Bivalent forming
through fertilization to form a diploid (2n) zygote - bivalent - two groups of homologous pairs
- synaptonemal complex forming
- synapsis begins
 3. Pachytene
- crossing over has occurred
- nag-cocombine ang chromosomes mula sa
mother and father

4. Diplotene
- synaptonemal complex dissociates

5. Diakinesis
- nuclear envelope fragmenting
- end of Prophase I
MEIOSIS II:
1. PROPHASE II
II. METAPHASE I
- nuclear envelope fragments
- homologous pairs of chromosomes align
- spindle forms
through the equator of the cell

2. METAPHASE II - Middle
- chromosomes align along equator of the cell

III. ANAPHASE I
- homologs separate and move to opposite poles
- sister chromatids remain attached at their
centromeres

3. ANAPHASE II
- sister chromatids separate and move to opposite
poles

IV. TELOPHASE I
- nuclear envelopes reassemble
- spindle disappears
- cytokinesis divides cell into two
★ Si Meiosis I daw ay may resemblance sa
Mitosis, and difference lang sa prophase ay
mayroong crossing over 4. TELOPHASE II
- nuclear envelope assembles
- chromosomes are condensed
- spindle appears
- cytokinesis divides cell into two
RESULTS OF MEIOSIS
- four haploid cells with one copy of each
chromosome