Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D.

Groundwater

CH 2

Hydraulics Flow
Introduction
Flow is the amount of fluid that can be transported in
a given time.

It is given by the following magnitudes

Volumetric Flow → Q = V A [m3/s]

Weight Flow → W = g Q [N/s]
Mass Flow → M = ρ Q [kg/s]
Departamento de Hidráulica,
Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente
Facultad de Ingeniería Civil Melisabel Muñoz U.
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TYPES OF CONDUITS TYPES OF CONDUITS

• There are two main types of water conduits: Pipes are closed conduits that are designed to collect
and transport water, wastewater or stormwater from
• Pipe systems one locations to another.
• Open channels
• There are three types of water pipes:

• Water supply pipes

• Wastewater pips → sanitary sewers
• Stormwater pipes → storm sewers or storm drains

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TYPES OF CONDUITS
Open channels

Later …..
TYPES AND CLASIFICATION OF
FLOW IN CONDUITS

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Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D. Groundwater

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Types of flow in conduits Pipe flow

Two main types of Flow: Is a Flow in a completely filled
conduit .
Pipe Flow
Open channel or gravity flow Pressure Flow is a special type of
Flow in which forces on the fluid
cause it to push against the top of
the channel as well as the bottom
and sides. These forces may result
from, for example, the weight of a
column of water from en elevated
storage tank.

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Classification of flow Classification of flow

Flow is classified according to several criteria Steady Flow
• According to the change in flow depth with respect The Flow in which conditions at any point do not chage with
to time and space: time
• Steady flow
• Unsteady Flow Time

• Uniform Unsteady Flow

• Non uniform Space The Flow in which conditions at any point change with time

• Laminar
• Turbulent

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Classification of flow Classification of flow

Uniform Flow Flow combinations
If the Flow velocity is the same
magnitude and direction at every
point in the fluid it is said to be
uniform.

Non-uniform Flow
The velocity is not he same at
every point.

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Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D. Groundwater

CH 2 CH 2

Classification of flow 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜌𝑉𝐷 Classification of flow
Laminar Flow 𝜇 Laminar Flow
The Flow in laminations The Flow in laminations
(layers) (layers)

Turbulent Flow Turbulent Flow

When the fluid Flow layers When the fluid Flow layers
intermix with each other intermix with each other

Reynold´s number is used to Reynold´s number is used to

differentiate between laminar differentiate between laminar
and turbulent flows and turbulent flows
𝜌 → density of the fluid
𝜌𝑉𝐷 𝑣 → velocity 𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = D → Diameter of the pipe 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇 𝜇 → dynamic viscosity of the fluid 𝑣
Sep-22 13 Sep-22 𝑣 → kinematic viscosity 𝜇Τ𝜌 14

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Classification of flow Classification of flow

𝑹𝒆 < 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
Laminar Flow
The Flow in laminations
(layers)

Turbulent Flow
When the fluid Flow layers
intermix with each other

𝜌𝑉𝐷 𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇 𝑣 𝑹𝒆 > 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 < 𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒆 > 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎

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Classification of flow Classification of flow

Algunos valores de la viscosidad (Pa. x seg.) Laminar Flow
The Flow in laminations
(layers)
Tº agua aire aceite sangre plasma
0 1,79x10-3 1,70x10-5 5,30 Turbulent Flow
20 1,00x10-3 1,81x10-5 0,99 3,0x10-3 1,8x10-3 When the fluid Flow layers
37 0,69x10-3 1,87x10-5 2,1x10-3 1,3x10-3 intermix with each other
40 0,66x10-3 1,90x10-5 0,23
Reynold´s number is used to
60 0,47x10-3 2,00x10-5 0,08 differentiate between laminar
80 0,36x10-3 2,09x10-5 0,03 and turbulent flows
100 0,28x10-3 2,18x10-5 0,017

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Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D. Groundwater

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