Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D.

Groundwater

Hydraulics
Introduction

Friction factor for

Non circular conduits

Departamento de Hidráulica,
Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente
Facultad de Ingeniería Civil Melisabel Muñoz U.
2
Sep-22

1 2

CH 2 CH 2

non-circular conduits non-circular conduits

Many ducts used for heating, ventilation, and air For circular ducts (pipes), we define the Reynolds
condictioning in buildings number as:
𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

For non-circular ducts, we define the Reynolds number

as:

𝜌𝑉𝐷ℎ
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

𝐷ℎ → 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
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CH 2 CH 2

non-circular conduits non-circular conduits

𝜌𝑉𝐷ℎ
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

𝐷ℎ → 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 4 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴

𝐷ℎ = =4
𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃
4 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
𝐷ℎ = =4 𝜋𝑅2 − 𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋 𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 𝑅2 − 𝑟 2
𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃 𝐷ℎ = 4 =4 =2
2𝜋 𝑅 + 2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 𝑅 + 𝑟 𝑅+𝑟
𝐷2
𝜋 4 𝑅−𝑟 𝑅+𝑟
𝐷ℎ = 4 =𝐷 𝐷ℎ = 2 =2 𝑅−𝑟 = D−d
𝜋𝐷 𝑅+𝑟
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Semester II - 2020 1
Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D. Groundwater

CH 2 CH 2

non-circular conduits non-circular conduits

We have calculated the coefficient of friction based on the diameter of a
pipe. However, in some cases, pipes with a section other than circular are
presented, such as square, rectangular, oval and others.

4 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴

𝐷ℎ = =4
𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃

𝑎∙𝑏
𝐷ℎ = 4
2𝑎 + 2𝑏

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CH 2 CH 2

non-circular conduits non-circular conduits

The characteristic dimension of non-circular cross sections is called the Determine the head loss in a 1,000 ft tunnel lined with concrete (0.4 mm
hydraulic radius, Rh, and is defined as the ratio of the net cross-sectional roughness). The design water discharge is 1,500 ft3/s of water at 60°F.
area of a flow stream to the wetted perimeter of the section: (kinematic viscosity = 1.22x10-5 ft2/s).

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑅ℎ =
𝑊𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

4R is equivalent to D for the circular tube. Thus, by analogy, the use of 4R as

the characteristic dimension for noncircular cross sections is appropriate.

𝑉 ∗ (4𝑅ℎ) 𝑉 ∗ 4𝑅ℎ ∗ 𝜌
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜈 𝜇

𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 ∗ ∗
4𝑅ℎ 2𝑔
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CH 2 CH 2

𝑃=2∗𝜋∗𝑟
non-circular conduits 𝐴 = 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟2 non-circular conduits
4 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚 3.281 𝑓𝑡
𝐷ℎ = 𝜖 0.4𝑚𝑚 ∗ 1,000 𝑚𝑚 ∗
𝑊𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚
= = 0.000115
𝐷 11.44 𝑓𝑡
2
𝜋∗ 5
𝐴 = 8 ∗ 10 + = 119.26 𝑓𝑡 2
2 𝑉 ∗ (𝐷ℎ ) 12.57 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 ∗ (11.44 𝑓𝑡)
𝑅𝑒 = = = 11.79 𝑥106
2∗𝜋∗(5)
𝜈 1.22 × 10−5 𝑓𝑡 2 /𝑠
P = 8 + 10 + 8 + = 41.70 𝑓𝑡
2

2
119.26 𝑓𝑡
𝐷ℎ = = 11.44 𝑓𝑡
41.70 𝑓𝑡

𝑓𝑡 3ൗ
𝑄 1,500 𝑠
𝑉= = = 12.57 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝐴 119.26 𝑓𝑡 2

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Semester II - 2020 2
Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D. Groundwater

CH 2 CH 2

non-circular conduits non-circular conduits

𝑚 3.281 𝑓𝑡
𝜖 0.4𝑚𝑚 ∗ ∗
1,000 𝑚𝑚 𝑚
= = 0.000115
𝐷 11.44 𝑓𝑡

𝑉 ∗ (𝐷ℎ ) 12.57 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 ∗ (11.44 𝑓𝑡)

𝑅𝑒 = = = 11.79 𝑥106
𝜈 1.22 × 10−5 𝑓𝑡 2 /𝑠

Using the Moody diagram or the modified Colebrook formula

𝜀ൗ 1.11
1 𝐷 6.9
= −1.8 log +
𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒

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CH 2

non-circular conduits
𝑓 = 0.0124

𝐿 𝑉2 1,000 𝑓𝑡 (12.57)2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 ∗ ∗ = 0.0124 ∗ ∗
𝐷 2𝑔 4 ∗ 2.85 𝑓𝑡 2 ∗ 32.2

𝐿 𝑉2 1,000 𝑓𝑡 (12.57)2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 ∗ ∗ = 0.0124 ∗ ∗
𝐷ℎ 2𝑔 11.44 𝑓𝑡 2 ∗ 32.2

ℎ𝐿 = 2.66 𝑓𝑡

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Semester II - 2020 3