Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D.

Groundwater

Hydraulics
MINOR LOSSES

Minor
losses

Departamento de Hidráulica,
Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente
Facultad de Ingeniería Civil Melisabel Muñoz U.
2
Sep-22

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CH 2

Minor losses, accessories or

premises
Codo

• The accessories produce an alteration in the flow pattern and

changing the flow pattern distorts the flow pattern and Contracción

additional shear stresses are produced. These additional shear

stresses produce additional energy dissipation (more losses).
Fricción
Fricción Fricción

• They are called minor losses because in a large system, the Codo
accessories are the least. However, in a home system there are Codo

more fixtures than pipes. Ampliación Reducción

Gradual
Gradual
Reducción
Gradual
ℎ𝐿 = ෍ 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + ෍ 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
+ + 𝑍1 + ℎ𝑝 = + + 𝑍2 + ℎ𝑇 + ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝑚 𝐿 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 ෍ 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑔 ෍ 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = 𝐾 𝑔
𝐷 2 2

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CH 2 CH 2

Minor losses, accessories or Minor losses, accessories or

premises premises
• To calculate the minor losses, the equation must be • Elbows, yees, tees, valves
used:
• hm = energy loss due to accessories (m or ft)
• V = average flow velocity (m/s or ft/s)
• K = typical accessory values (dimensionless)
K are obtained empirically by making measurements
in laboratories.

𝑉2
ℎ𝑚 = 𝐾𝐿 ∗
2𝑔

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Semester II - 2020 1
Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D. Groundwater

CH 2 CH 2

Minor losses, accessories or Minor losses, accessories or

premises premises
• Elbows, yees, tees, valves
Typical values of 𝐾𝐿 :

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CH 2 CH 2

Minor losses, accessories or Minor losses, accessories or

premises premises
Typical values of 𝐾𝐿 : Typical values of 𝐾𝐿 :

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CH 2 CH 2

Special Case - Input Special Case - Input

When a fluid passes
from a pond or
reservoir to a pipe,
losses are generated
that depend on the
way the pipe is
connected to the
reservoir (entry
conditions):

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Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D. Groundwater

CH 2 CH 2

Special Case - Input Special Case - Output

A head loss (the outlet loss) occurs when a fluid
passes from a pipe to a reservoir.

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CH 2 CH 2

Special Case Special Case

Sudden or Abrupt Expantion Sudden or Abrupt Expantion
2 2
(𝑉1 −𝑉2 )2 𝐴1 𝐷1
ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐾𝑒𝑥𝑝 ∗ 𝐾𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 1 − = 1−
2𝑔 𝐴2 𝐷2

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CH 2 CH 2

Special Case Special Case

Sudden or Abrupt Expantion Sudden or Abrupt Contraction
2 2
𝐴1 𝐷1 𝑉2 2
𝐾𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 1 − = 1− ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐾𝑐 ∗
𝐴2 𝐷2 2𝑔

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Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D. Groundwater

CH 2 CH 2

Special Case Special Case

Sudden or Abrupt Contraction Gradual expantion
𝑉1 2
ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐾𝑒𝑥𝑝 ∗
2𝑔

D2 2
2
A2 D
= 4 2 = 22
A1 D1 D1
4

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CH 2 CH 2

Special Case Special Case

Gradual Contraction • Globe Valve
𝑉2 2
ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑛 ∗
2𝑔

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CH 2 CH 2

Special Case Special Case

• Globe Valve
Minor losses can also be
A common method to expressed in terms of the
determine pressure losses equivalent length Le
through an accessory or
fitting is by means of the
loss coefficient 𝐾𝐿 (also 𝐿𝑒 𝑉 2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 ∙ ∙
known as the coefficient of 𝐷 2𝑔
resistance).

𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝐾𝐿 ∗
2𝑔

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Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D. Groundwater

CH 2 CH 2

Special Case Equivalent Length

𝑉2 𝐿𝑒𝑞. 𝑉 2
ℎ𝑚 = 𝐾𝐿 ∗ = f∗ ∗
2𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔

𝐾∗𝐷
𝐿𝑒𝑞. =
𝑓

𝐿 + 𝐿𝑒𝑞. 𝑉 2
ℎ𝐿 = ℎ𝑓 + ෍ ℎ𝑚 = 𝑓 ∗ ∗
𝐷 2𝑔

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CH 2

Example
A pump is used to transport a flow rate of 0.05 m3/s from a river to a reservoir tank.
The system consists of a 500 m 0.15 m diameter cast iron pipe with a 90° elbow (K =
0.20), the pipe is reduced to another 0.1 m diameter and 100 m length also made of
cast iron (K = 0.054). If the elevation difference is 20 m between the river and the
tank and the water is discharged to the atmosphere through a fully open gate valve
(K = 0.15). What will be the power (HP) required? Assume water temperature of 20
°C. Roughness 0.00026 m and kinematic viscosity 1x10-6 m2/s.

Examples

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CH 2 CH 2

Example – Solution Example – Solution

𝑄 𝑚 𝑄 𝑚
𝑉12
𝑉1 = = 2.82 𝑉2 = = 6.36 ℎ𝑚1 = 𝐾1 ∗ = 0.081 𝑚
𝐴1 𝑠 𝐴2 𝑠 2𝑔
𝜀 0.00026 𝜀 0.00026
= = 0.0017 = = 0.0026 𝑉22
𝐷1 0.15 𝐷2 0.10 ℎ𝑚2 = 𝐾2 ∗ = 0.111 𝑚
2𝑔
𝑉1 ∗ 𝐷1 2.82 ∗ (0.15) 𝑉2 ∗ 𝐷2 6.36 ∗ (0.10)
𝑅𝑒1 = = 𝑅𝑒2 = =
𝜐 1𝑥10 − 6 𝜐 1𝑥10 − 6 𝑉32
ℎ𝑚3 = 𝐾3 ∗ = 0.309 𝑚
𝑅𝑒1 = 4.22𝑥10 5
𝑅𝑒2 = 6.34𝑥10 5 2𝑔

𝑓1 = 0.022 𝑓2 = 0.025 ℎ𝑏 = ℎ𝑓1 + ℎ𝑓2 + ℎ𝑚1 + ℎ𝑚2 + ℎ𝑚3

Friction Losses Friction Losses ℎ𝑏 = 29.7 + 51.5 + 20 + 0.111 + 0.081 + 0.309

𝑓1 𝐿1𝑉12 𝑓2 𝐿2𝑉22
Sep-22
ℎ𝑓1 = 𝐷1 ∗2𝑔
= 29.7 𝑚 ℎ𝑓2 = 𝐷2 ∗2𝑔
= 51.5 𝑚 29 Sep-22
ℎ𝑏 = 101.70 𝑚 30

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Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D. Groundwater

CH 2

Example – Solution
Potencia = Q ∗ γ ∗ hb

Potencia = 9810 N/m3)(0.05 m3/s)(101.70 m)

Potencia= 49,884.34 watts

𝜂 = 100%

𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 = 49 𝑘𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡

𝐻𝑃
𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 = 49 𝑘𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡 ∗ = 66.86 𝐻𝑃
0.746 𝑘𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
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Semester II - 2020 6