9/5/2016

Objectives Flow through a passage:

 Review SFEE – problems p 2    

Q  W shaft     u   gz (ρ .dA)   e(ρdV )
 Viscosity cs ρ 2  t cv
 Newton’s law of viscosity
Assumptions : 1. Steady flow
2. Incompressible
3. Adiabatic
4. No work done

p 2  p 2 
 u   gz     u   gz 
ρ ρ
 2 1  2 2

u2  u1  p1 12  p 2  Part of mechanical energy

    z1    2  2  z2  that is converted into
g  ρg 2 g   ρg 2 g  intermolecular energy
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Energy principle : Minor/local losses :

Head loss or loss of energy: Due to eddies formation or turbulence i.e. change in velocity (magnitude or
direction)
 u2  u1  p  p2 12  22
   hL OR h f  1   z1  z2 1. Sudden change in flow passage area (P3.64)
 g  ρg 2g 2. Some obstruction in flow passage
3. At the entrance and exit of pipes/tanks
4. Elbows, bends, pipe fittings D1 D2
Due to friction Due to eddies formation or
(Major losses) turbulence
i.e. change in velocity
(magnitude or direction)
(Minor/local losses)

fL 2 2 2
h f major  φ( f , L, , D)  k hf  φ( , D1, D2 )  k 
2 gD 2g minor 2g
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Energy principle : Velocity :  Vavg 
Ac
 VdAc

Head loss or loss of energy: Vavg

12  22
Ac
 u2  u1  p1  p2 V(r)
Vavg
 g   hL  ρg   z1  z2
  2g Vmax Q=VavgAc
Assumptions : 1. Steady flow
2. Incompressible
3. Adiabatic Cross-section
No-slip V= 0
4. No work done
5. Frictionless/inviscid flow

Total available head (Stagnation pressure head) (H):

p 2
 z C Bernoulli’s equation
ρg 2 g

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Ex 1 : Ex 2 (P3.191):
A pump is 2.5 m above the water level in the sump (water reservoir) and has a The pump in Fig creates a water jet oriented to travel a maximum
pressure of (-) 22 cm of mercury at the suction side (pump inlet). The suction pipe is horizontal distance. System friction head losses are 6.5 m. The jet may be
of 25 cm diameter and delivery pipe (pump outlet) is a 30 cm diameter pipe ending approximated by the trajectory of frictionless particles. What power must be
delivered by the pump?
in a nozzle of 10 cm diameter. If the nozzle is directed vertically upwards at an
elevation of 4 m above the sump water level (i.e. EL = 0 m). Neglecting all the
losses, determine
1. The discharge (m3/s)
2. The power input by pump (kW)
 p  p A 12   A2 (u1  u A ) 
 g ) 1
 Q  W s  (m 
 ρg  2 g  ( z1  z A ) 
3. Elevation (m) above the sump

water level, to which the jet  g 
would reach
25 m
θ
2m

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Ex 3: Home assignment (P 3.122) Ex 4 : Home assignment

A jet of water from a nozzle is to reach a window on a vertical wall. The A siphon of 15 cm diameter is used to empty kerosene oil (Relative density = 0.8) from a tank.
window is at 15 m above the ground. The nozzle exit is at 1.5 m above the The losses in pipe can be assumed to be 0.5 m up to summit (point B) and 1.2 m from the
ground level. If the velocity of jet at the nozzle exit is 25 m/s, calculate the summit to the outlet. Determine
maximum horizontal distance from the wall at which the nozzle can be kept 1. Rate of discharge Siphon: a bent tube used to move a
to achieve the objective. What is the corresponding angle of inclination of 2. Pressure head at B liquid over an obstruction to a lower
the nozzle? level without a pump due to
B
EL: 5.5 m gravitational effect of large liquid
dx
Window  x    o cos  x  o cos t column that cause a suction at the
dt top of siphon.
o EL: 4 m
θ dy
15 m y    o sin   gt
1.5 m dt
gt 2
 y   o sin  t 
x 2
15 cm
EL: 1 m
gx2
θ = 52.8˚  y  x tan   Q = 0.0892 m3/s
x = 48.36 m 2(o cos ) 2 PB = - 25.85 kPa
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Home assignment:
1. P 3.64
2. Solved example 3.15
3. Unsolved 3.135 (Venturi meter), 3.138

Reading assignment:
1. Orifice meter
2. Venturi meter (P 3.135)
3. Total energy line and Hydraulic grade line
4. Momentum and energy correction factors

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