Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D.

Groundwater

CH 2

Hydraulics Pressure
Flow measurement in closed conduits Piezometer
or pipes

Piezometer is the simplest form of liquid pressure

measuring device. It measures the gauge pressure of
liquid in a system by measuring the height up to which
the column of liquid rise against the gravity. Measured
liquid column height is known as piezometric height.
Departamento de Hidráulica,
Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente
Facultad de Ingeniería Civil Melisabel Muñoz U.
Sep-22 2

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CH 2 CH 2

Pressure Pressure
Piezometer Piezometer

Sep-22 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VDVi_zq3nk 3 Sep-22 4

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CH 2 CH 2

Pressure Pressure
Piezometer Manometer

Manometer are capable of detecting pressure in

stationary and moving liquids.

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Semester II - 2020 1
Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D. Groundwater

CH 2 CH 2

Pressure Pressure
Manometer Manometer

When the water in a vessel is stationary, the

manometer reading reflects the hydrostatic pressure
at the opening in the boundary wall.

If the water is moving in the vessel, then the pressure

at the opening decreases with increasing Flow velocity
at the opening. The amount of pressure decrease can
be calculated by Brnoulli`s principle.

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CH 2 CH 2

Pressure - Example Pressure - Example

Manometer Manometer

In the figure, water is flowing in the pipe, and mercury In the figure, water is flowing in the pipe, and mercury
(sp. gr. = 13,6) is the manometer fluid. Determine the (sp. gr. = 13,6) is the manometer fluid. Determine the
pressure in the pipe in psi and in inches of mercury pressure in the pipe in psi and in inches of mercury
1 2 1 2
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑.
+𝑧 = +𝑧 =0
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦:

𝑃 𝑃
𝑧 = +𝑧 ℎ=
𝛾 𝛾

𝑃
3 𝑓𝑡 = + 2 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏 ℎ= = 2,86 𝑓𝑡 of Hg
𝑙𝑏 𝑃 = 2460 = 16.8 𝑝𝑠𝑖
62.4 𝑓𝑡
. .
𝑓𝑡
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CH 2 CH 2

Velocity Velocity
Pitot tube Pitot tube

It is basically a fluid velocity measuring instrument

that can also be used for flow measurement of liquids
and gases. It consists of two hollow tubes that sense
pressure at different places within the pipe. This
hollow tubes can be mounted separately in a pipe or
installing together in one casing as a single device.
One tube measures the stagnation or impact pressure
and another tube measures only static pressure
usually at the wall of the pipe.

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Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D. Groundwater

CH 2 CH 2

Velocity Velocity
Pitot tube Pitot tube

𝑃 𝑉 𝑃 𝑉 𝑉
+ +𝑧 = + +𝑧 =0 𝑧 =0 𝑧 =0
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔

𝛾𝑉 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉
𝑃 + = 𝑃 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
2𝑔
2𝑔 𝑃 − 𝑃
𝑉 =
𝜌𝑔
𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
Sep-22 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zEdtkuNYLU 13 Sep-22 14

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CH 2 CH 2

Velocity - Example Flow

Pitot tube Although pipe Flow measurements can be
accomplished by several different methods, the
simples and most reliable measurement is the
A Pitot tube is used to measure velocity at a certain volumetric method.
location in a water pipe. The manometer indicates a
pressure difference (column height) of 14.6 cm. The
indicator fluid has a specific gravity of 1.95. Compute Pipe Flow rates can be correlated to variations in
the velocity. energy (head) distribution associated with a sudden
2𝑔 ∆ℎ 𝛾 − 𝛾 change in pipe cross sectional geometry.
∆𝑃 = ∆ℎ 𝛾 − 𝛾 𝑉 = = 2 𝑔 ∆ℎ 𝑠𝑝 𝑔𝑟 − 1
𝛾

2𝑔 𝑃 − 𝑃 𝑉 = 2 9.81
𝑚
14.6 𝑐𝑚 1.95 − 1 This principle is utilized in Venturi meters, nozzle
𝑉 =
𝜌𝑔 𝑠
meters (Toberas), and orifice meters.
𝑚
Sep-22
𝑉 = 1.65 15 Sep-22 16
𝑠

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CH 2 CH 2

Flow Flow
Venturimeter Venturimeter

Applying Bernoulli at section 1 and 2 and neglecting

A Venturi meter is a precisely engineered section of the head loss:
pipe with a narrow throat. Two piezometric openings
𝑃 𝑉 𝑃 𝑉
are installed at the entrance and at the throat. +
𝛾 2𝑔
+𝑧 = +
𝛾 2𝑔
+𝑧

𝑃 𝑃
2𝑔 − +𝑧 −𝑧 = −𝑉 + 𝑉
𝛾 𝛾

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴 𝑉 =𝐴 𝑉 𝐴
𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑉 =𝑉
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𝐴 18

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Semester II - 2020 3
Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D. Groundwater

CH 2 CH 2

Flow Flow
Venturimeter Venturimeter

Applying Bernoulli at section 1 and 2 and neglecting Applying Bernoulli at section 1 and 2 and neglecting
the head loss: the head loss:
1 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
𝑃 𝑃 𝐴 𝑉 = 2𝑔 − +𝑧 −𝑧 𝑄=𝐶 𝐴 2𝑔 ∆ +𝑧
2𝑔 − +𝑧 −𝑧 =𝑉 −1 𝛾 𝛾 𝛾
𝛾 𝛾 𝐴 𝐴
−1
𝐴

1 𝑃 𝑃 1
𝑉 = 2𝑔 − +𝑧 −𝑧 𝐴 𝑃 𝑃 𝐶 =
𝛾 𝛾 𝐴 𝑉 =𝑄= 2𝑔 − +𝑧 −𝑧
𝐴 𝛾 𝛾 𝐴
−1 𝐴 −1
𝐴 −1 𝐴
𝐴
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CH 2 CH 2

Flow - Example Flow - Example

A 6 cm (throat) Venturi meter is installed in a 12 cm A 6 cm (throat) Venturi meter is installed in a 12 cm
diameter horizontal water pipe. A differential diameter horizontal water pipe. A differential
(mercury-water) manometer installed between the (mercury-water) manometer installed between the
throat and the entry section registers a mercury (sp. throat and the entry section registers a mercury (sp.
gr. = 13.6) column Reading if 15.2 cm. Calculate the gr. = 13.6) column Reading if 15.2 cm. Calculate the
discharge. discharge.
12
𝐴 =𝜋 = 113 𝑐𝑚 ∆𝑃
∆𝑃 = ∆ℎ 𝛾 − 𝛾 4 = 191,52 𝑐𝑚
𝛾
∆𝑃 𝛾 −𝛾 6 𝑃
= ∆ℎ 𝐴 =𝜋 = 28.3 𝑐𝑚 𝐶 = 0,259 𝑄=𝐶 𝐴 2𝑔 ∆ +𝑧
𝛾 𝛾 4 𝛾
∆𝑃
= ∆ℎ 𝑠𝑝 𝑔𝑟 − 1
𝛾 1 1
𝐶 = = = 0,259 𝑚
∆𝑃 113 𝑄 = 0,259 113 𝑐𝑚 2 𝑔 191,52 𝑐𝑚 = 0.0179
𝐴 −1 𝑠
= 15.2 𝑐𝑚 13.6 − 1 = 191,52 𝑐𝑚 −1 28.3
𝛾 𝐴
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CH 2 CH 2

Flow Flow
Venturimeter Venturimeter

The coefficient Cd can be directly computed from the
values of A1 and A2. The difference between this
theoretically computed value and that obtained from
experiments (which accounts for losses) should not
exceed a few percentage points for well manufactured
Venturi meters.
For satisfactory operation, the meter should be
installed in a section of the pipe where the Flow is
relatively undisturbed before it enters the meter. To
ensure this, a section of straight and uniform pipe that
is free from fittings and at least 30 diameters in
length must be provided upstream of the meter
installation.

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Semester II - 2020 4
Ing. Melisabel Muñoz, Ph.D. Groundwater

CH 2 CH 2

Flow Flow

Nozzles meters and orifice meters are also based on The main difference in application is that the value of the
variation of energy (head) distribution associated with coefficient of discharge (Cd) for the nozzle meters and
a sudden change in pipe cross-sectional geometry. orifice meters world be different from the theoretical
value.

In fact, the discharge equations for the nozzle meter This is primarilly because of the separations of the stream
and orifice meter have the same form as the derived Flow from the pipe wall baoundary immediately
for the Venturi meter. downstream from the Flow constriction (vena contracta).

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CH 2

Flow

The discharge equation must be modified by an

experimental, dimensionless coefficient Cv
𝑃
𝑄=𝐶 𝐶 𝐴 2𝑔 ∆ +𝑧
𝛾

1
𝐶 =
𝐴
−1
𝐴
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Semester II - 2020 5