CH8 Screws Fasteners and The Design of Nonpermanent Joints 2015

10/23/2015
Chapter 8
Screws, Fasteners,
and the Design of
Nonpermanent
Joints
1 Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
2 10/23/2015
Chapter Outline
 Thread Standards & Definitions
 Mechanics of Power Screws
 Threaded Fasteners
 Joints—Fastener Stiffness
 Joints—Member Stiffness
 Bolt Strength
 Tension Joints—The External Load
 Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension
 Statically Loaded Tension Joint with Preload
 Gasketed Joints
 Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
 Bolted and Riveted Joints Loaded in Shear
Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
3 10/23/2015
Thread Standards and Definitions
Fig. 8–1

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 Pitch: distance between adjacent
threads
 Major diameter: largest diameter of
thread
 Minor diameter: smallest diameter of
thread
 Pitch diameter: theoretical diameter
between major & minor diameters,
where tooth & gap are same width
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Lead l: distance the nut moves parallel to

screw axis in one turn
 For a single thread, lead = pitch

 In a double-threaded screw, lead =
twice pitch
 In a triple-threaded screw, lead = 3
times the pitch
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 All threads are RH unless otherwise noted

 If the bolt is turned cw, the bolt advances
toward the nut.

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 American National (Unified) thread
 UN: normal thread
 UNR: greater root radius for fatigue
applications
 Metric
thread
M series: normal thread
MJ series: greater root radius
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 Coarse series UNC
 General assembly & Frequent disassembly
 Not good for vibrations
 Fine series UNF
 Good for vibrations & adjustments
 Automotive & aircraft
 Extra Fine series UNEF
 Good for shock and large vibrations
 High grade alloy
 Instrumentation & Aircraft
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Basic profile for metric M and MJ threads
Fig. 8–2

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Table 8-1: Diameters & Areas for Metric Threads

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Table 8-2: Diameters & Areas for Unified Screw Threads

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Tensile Stress Area

 Tensile stress area, At: area of an
unthreaded rod with the same tensile
strength as a threaded rod.
 Effective area of a threaded rod to be
used for stress calculations.
 Diameter of this unthreaded rod:

average of pitch diameter & minor
diameter of the threaded rod
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Unified threads designation

 Unified threads are specified by
stating nominal major diameter,
number of threads per inch, and
thread series,
 Ex: 5/8 in-18 UNRF or 0.625 in-18 UNRF

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Metric threads designation

 Metric threads are specified by
writing diameter and pitch in
millimeters
 M12 × 1.75: a thread having a
nominal major diameter of 12 mm
and a pitch of 1.75 mm

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Square and Acme Threads

Square & Acme threads are used when
threads are intended to transmit power
Fig. 8–3

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Square and Acme Threads
Table 8-3: Preferred Pitches for Acme Threads

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Mechanics of
Power Screws
Power screw
 Used to change
angular motion into
linear motion
 Transmits power
 Examples: vises,
presses, jacks, lead
Fig. 8–4 screw on lathe
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Mechanics of Power
Screws
 Torque to raise or lower a
load
 Unroll one turn of a thread
 Treat thread as inclined
plane and Do force analysis

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Mechanics of Power Screws

For raising the load

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For lowering the load

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 Eliminate N & solve for P to raise & lower the
load

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numerator & denominator by cosl,
 Divide
knowing tanl = l /p dm

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Raising and Lowering Torque

Torque = Force × mean radius

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Self-locking Condition
 If lowering torque is negative, the load will

lower itself by causing the screw to spin
without any external effort.
 If the lowering torque is positive, screw is
self-locking

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Self-locking Condition
 Self-locking condition: p f dm > l

 l / p dm = tan l, the self-locking condition
can be seen to only involve the coefficient
of friction and the lead angle.

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Power Screw Efficiency

 Torque needed to raise the load with no
friction losses can be found from Eq. (8–1)
with f = 0.
 Efficiency of the power screw

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Power Screws with

Acme Threads
 Thread angle creates a
wedging action
 Friction components are
increased
 Torque to raise a load is
found by dividing friction
terms in Eq. (8–1) by cosa: Fig. 8–7

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Collar Friction
 Additional component
of torque is often
needed to account for
friction between a
collar & the load.
 Assuming load is
concentrated at mean
collar diameter dc
Fig. 8–7
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Stresses in Body of Power Screws

 Maximum nominal shear stress in torsion of
the screw body
 Axial stress in screw body

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Stresses in Threads of Power Screws

 Bearing stress in
threads,
 nt
= number of Fig. 8–8
engaged threads
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Stresses in Threads
of Power Screws
Bending stress at root of
thread,

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Stresses in Threads
of Power Screws
Transverse shear stress at
center of root of thread,

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Stresses in Threads
of Power Screws
Consider stress element
at top of root “plane”

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Largest stress in threads of a

screw-nut combination
 Experiments indicate that:
 1stthread carries 38% of load
 2nd thread 25%
 3rd thread 18%
 7th thread is free of load
 Tofind largest stress in 1st thread of a screw-

nut combination, use 0.38F in place of F,
and set nt = 1 Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
35 10/23/2015
Example 8-1
A square-thread power
screw has a major
diameter of 32 mm and
a pitch of 4 mm with
double threads. The
given data include f = fc
= 0.08, dc = 40 mm, and F
= 6.4 kN per screw.

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Example 8-1
Find:
a) Thread depth, thread width, pitch diameter,
minor diameter, and lead
b) Torque required to raise and lower the load
c) Efficiency during lifting the load
d) Body stresses, torsional and compressive
Bearing stress
e) Thread bending stress at the root of thread
f) Von Mises stress at the root of thread
g) maximum shear stress at the root of thread

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Coefficient of friction in screw threads

Ham and Ryan showed that the coefficient
of friction in screw threads is:
 independent of axial load
 independent of speed
 decreases with heavier lubricants
 shows little variation with combinations of
materials, and is best for steel on bronze.
 Sliding coefficients of friction in power
screws are about 0.10 – 0.15
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Power Screw Safe Bearing Pressure

Table 8–4: Screw Bearing Pressure pb
Source: H. A. Rothbart and T. H. Brown, Jr., Mechanical Design Handbook, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill,
New York, 2006.

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Power Screw Friction Coefficients

Table 8–5: Coefficients of Friction f for
Threaded Pairs
New York, 2006.

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Power Screw Friction Coefficients
Table 8–6: Thrust-Collar Friction Coefficients
New York, 2006.

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Hexagon-Head Bolt
 Table A–29: Standard dimensions
 W ≈1.5 times nominal diameter

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Hexagon-Head Bolt
Threaded Length
English
Metric

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Hexagon-Head Bolt
 Ideal bolt length: one or two threads
project from the nut after it is tightened.
 Bolt holes may have burrs or sharp edges
after drilling. These could bite into the fillet
and increase stress concentration.
Therefore, washers must always be used
under the bolt head.

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Hexagon-Head Bolt
 Washers should be of hardened steel and
loaded onto the bolt so that the rounded
edge of the stamped hole faces the
washer face of the bolt.
 When tightening, if possible, hold the bolt
head stationary and twist the nut; in this
way the bolt shank will not feel the thread-
friction torque.

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Head Type of Bolts

 Hexagon head bolt  Socket head cap
 Usually uses nut screw
 Usually more
 Heavy duty
precision
 Hexagon head applications
cap screw  Access from the top
 Thinner head  Machine screws
 Often used as  Usually smaller sizes
screw (in threaded  Slot or Philips head
hole, without nut) common
 Threaded all the
way
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Typical cap-screw heads

Fig. 8–10
a) Fillister head
b) Flat head
c) Hexagonal
socket head

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Machine Screws
Fig. 8–11 Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

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Machine Screws

Fig. 8–11
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Nuts
a) End view Fig. 8–12

b) Washer-faced, regular
c) Chamfered both sides, regular
d) Washer-faced, jam nut
e) Chamfered both sides, jam nut
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Nuts
 Appendix A–31: typical specifications

 First three threads of nut carry majority of
load
 Localized plastic strain in the first thread is
likely, so nuts should not be re-used in
critical applications.

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Joints—Fastener Stiffness
Tension Loaded Bolted Joint
Fig. 8–13

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Tension Loaded Bolted Joint
 Grip length l includes everything
being compressed by bolt preload,
including washers
 Washer under head prevents burrs
at the hole from gouging into the
fillet under the bolt head

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Pressure Vessel Head
Fig. 8–14
 Only part of the

threaded length
of the bolt
contributes to
the effective
grip l
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Procedure for
Finding Fastener
Stiffness
Effective Grip Length for
Tapped Holes
Fastener length (round

up using Table A–17)

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Procedure for Finding Fastener

Stiffness
Effective Grip Length for Tapped Holes
l = thickness of all material squeezed between face of
bolt and face of nut
Fastener length
(round up using
Table A–17)

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Procedure to Find Bolt Stiffness

Threaded Length, LT

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Procedure to Find Bolt Stiffness

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Bolt Effective Stiffness

 Axiallyloaded rod, partly threaded and partly
unthreaded
 Consider each portion as a spring
 Combine as two springs in series

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Member Stiffness
 Model compressed members as if they are frusta
spreading from the bolt head and nut to the
midpoint of the grip
 Each frustum has a half-apex angle of a
 Find stiffness for frustum in compression

Fig. 8–15
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Member Stiffness
Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D.,

PE
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Member Stiffness

PE
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Member Stiffness
 With typical value of a = 30º,
 Use Eq. (8–20) to find stiffness for each

frustum
 Combine all frusta as springs in series

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Member Stiffness for Common

Material in Grip
 If the grip consists of any number of
members all of the same material, two
identical frusta can be added in series.
 dw = washer face diameter = 1.5d, and

with a = 30º,

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FEA Approach to Member Stiffness
Figure 8–16

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Exponential curve-fit of finite element results

can be used for case of common material
within the grip

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Table 8–8: Stiffness Parameters of Various

Member Materials
Source: J. Wileman, M. Choudury, and I. Green, “Computation of Member Stiffness in Bolted
Connections,” Trans. ASME, J. Mech. Design, vol. 113, December 1991, pp. 432–437.

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Example 8-2
As shown in Fig. 8–17a, two plates are clamped by
washer-faced ½ in-20 UNF × 11/2 in SAE grade 5 bolts
each with a standard ½ N steel plain washer.
a) Determine the member spring rate km if the top
plate is steel and the bottom plate is gray cast
iron.
b) Using the method of conical frusta, determine the
member spring rate km if both plates are steel.
c) Using Eq. (8–23), determine the member spring
rate km if both plates are steel. Compare the
results with part (b).
d) Determine the bolt spring rate kb.
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Example 8-2

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Bolt Materials
 Proof load: maximum load that a bolt
can withstand without acquiring a
permanent set
 Proof strength = proof load / At
 Corresponds to proportional limit
 Typically used for static strength of bolt
 Good bolt materials have stress-strain

curve that continues to rise to fracture

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Bolt Materials
Figure 8–18: Typical stress-strain

diagram for bolt materials showing
proof strength Sp, yield strength Sy,
and ultimate tensile strength Sut

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Table 8–9: SAE Specifications for Steel Bolts

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Table 8–9: SAE Specifications for Steel Bolts

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Table 8–10: ASTM Specification for Steel Bolts

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Table 8–10: ASTM Specification for Steel Bolts

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Table 8–11: Metric Mechanical-

Property Classes for Steel Bolts

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Table 8–11: Metric Mechanical-

Property Classes for Steel Bolts

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Unified Bolt Specification
Threads per inch Material grade

Thread series
¼-20 x ¾ in UNC-2 Grade 5 Hex head bolt
Nominal diameter length Class fit Head type

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Metric Bolt Specification
Metric Pitch
M12 x 1.75 ISO 4.8 Hex head bolt
Material class
Nominal diameter

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Tension Joints—The External Load

 Fi= preload
 Ptotal = Total external tensile load applied to joint
 P = external tensile load per bolt = Ptotal / N
 Pb = portion of P taken by bolt
 Pm = portion of P taken by members
 Fb = Pb + Fi = resultant bolt load
 Fm = Pm − Fi = resultant load on members
 C = fraction of external load P carried by bolt
 1 − C = fraction of external load P carried by
members
 N = Number of bolts in the joint
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 During bolt preload
 bolt is stretched
 members in grip are
compressed
 When external load P
is applied
 Bolt stretches an
additional amount d Fig. 8–13
 Members in grip
uncompress same
amount d
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P = Pb + Pm
 The stiffness constant of the joint C:
C indicates proportion of external load P that the

bolt will carry
 A good design target is around 0.2
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 The resultant bolt load is
 The resultant load on the members is
 Theseresults are only valid if the load on

the members remains negative, indicating
the members stay in compression.
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Table 8–12: Computation of Bolt and Member

Stiffnesses. Steel members clamped using a ½
in-13 NC steel bolt.

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Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension

 Best way to measure bolt preload is by
relating measured bolt elongation and
calculated stiffness
 measuring bolt elongation is not practical
 Measuring applied torque by a torque
wrench
 Findrelation between applied torque and
bolt preload

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 Power screw equations, Eqs. 8–5 & 8–6, we
get
 tanl = l/pdm,
 Collar diameter: dc = (d + 1.5d)/2 = 1.25d

PE
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 Define term in brackets as torque coefficient K

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 Table 8–15: recommended Torque factors
K for use with Eq. (8-27)
 K = 0.2 when bolt condition is not stated

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Table 8–13: Distribution of Preload Fi for 20
Tests of Un-lubricated Bolts Torqued to 90
N.m
 Mean value = 34.3 kN
 Standard deviation = 4.91KN

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Table 8–14: Distribution of Preload Fi for 10
Tests of Lubricated Bolts Torqued to 90 N.m
 Mean value = 34.18 kN (un-lubricated 34.3 kN)
 Standard deviation = 2.88 kN (un-lubricated 4.91
kN)
 Lubrication made little change to average preload
vs torque
 Lubrication significantly reduces the standard
deviation of preload vs torque

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Example 8-3

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Statically Loaded Tension Joint

with Preload
Axial Stress:
Yielding Factor of Safety:
Load Factor:

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Statically Loaded Tension Joint

with Preload
Safe joint: External load be smaller than that needed to
cause the joint to separate
If separation does occur, the entire external load will be
imposed on the bolt.
 P0 = value of the external load that would cause joint
separation.
At separation, Fm = 0 in Eq. (8–25):
Joint Separation Factor of safety:

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Statically Loaded Tension Joint with

Preload - Recommended Preload
For other materials, an approximate value is

Sp = 0.85Sy

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Example 8-4
Figure 8–19 is a cross section of a grade 25
cast-iron pressure vessel. A total of N bolts are
to be used to resist a separating force of 36
kip.
a) Determine kb, km, and C.
b) Find the number of bolts required for a load factor
of 2 where the bolts may be reused when the joint
is taken apart.
c) With the number of bolts obtained in part (b),
determine the realized load factor for overload,
the yielding factor of safety, and the load factor
for joint separation. Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
95 10/23/2015
Example 8-4
Fig. 8–19

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Gasketed Joints
 Fora full gasket compressed between
members of a bolted joint, the gasket
pressure p is found by dividing the force in
the member by the gasket area per bolt.
 Theforce in the member, including a load

factor n,

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Gasketed Joints Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
 Thus the gasket pressure is
 To maintain adequate uniformity of

pressure, adjacent bolts should not be
placed more than six nominal diameters
apart on the bolt circle.
 For wrench clearance, bolts should be at
least three diameters apart
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Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
Distribution of typical bolt failures:

 15% under the head
 20% at the end of the thread
 65% in the thread at the nut face

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Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints

Table 8–16: Fatigue stress-concentration
factors for threads and fillet

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Endurance Strength for Bolts

Table 8–17: Fully Corrected Endurance
Strengths for Bolts and Screws with Rolled
Threads*

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Endurance Strength for Bolts

 Fatigue stress-concentration factor Kf is
included as a reducer of the endurance
strength
 So it should not be applied to bolt stresses

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Fatigue Stresses
With an external load on a per bolt basis fluctuating
between Pmin and Pmax,

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Typical Fatigue Load Line for Bolts

Figure 8–20: Designer’s fatigue diagram
showing a Goodman failure line and a load line
for a constant preload and a fluctuating load.

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Typical Fatigue Load Line for Bolts

 Equation of load line:
 Equation of Goodman line:
 Solving (a) and (b) for intersection point,

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Fatigue Factor of Safety
 Fatigue
factor of safety based on
Goodman line and constant preload load
line,

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Repeated Load Special Case

 External load fluctuates between 0 and Pmax
 Setting Pmin = 0 in Eqs. (8-35) and (8-36),
 With constant preload load line,
 Load line has slope of unity for repeated load

case Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
107 10/23/2015
Load line:
Goodman:
Gerber:
ASME-elliptic:
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Goodman:
Gerber:
ASME-elliptic:

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Further Reductions for Goodman

 For convenience, sa & si can be
substituted into any of the fatigue factor of
safety equations.
 For Goodman criteria in Eq. (8–45),
 Ifthere is no preload, C = 1 and Fi = 0,

resulting in

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Further Reductions for Goodman
 Preload is beneficial for resisting fatigue

when nf / nf0 is greater than unity. This puts
an upper bound on the preload,

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Yield Check with Fatigue Stresses

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Example 8-5
Figure 8–21 shows a connection using cap
screws. The joint is subjected to a fluctuating
force whose maximum value is 5 kip per
screw. The required data are: cap screw, 5/8
in-11 NC, SAE 5; hardened-steel washer, tw =
1 /16 in thick; steel cover plate, t1 = 5/8 in, Es
= 30 Mpsi; and cast-iron base, t2 = 5/8 in, Eci =
16 Mpsi.
a) Find kb, km, and C using the assumptions
given in the caption of Fig. 8–21.
b) Find all factors of safety
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Example 8-5
Fig. 8–21 Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

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Bolted and Riveted Joints

Loaded in Shear
Possible Failure
Fig. 8–23
modes:
(a) Joint loaded
in shear
(b) Bending of
bolt or
members
(c) Shear of bolt
(d) Tensile failure
of members
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Bolted and Riveted Joints

Loaded in Shear
Possible failure Fig. 8–23
modes
e) Bearing stress
on bolt or
members
f) Shear tear-
out
g) Tensile tear-
out Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
116 10/23/2015
Failure by Bending
 Bending moment is approximately M = Ft /
2, where t is the grip length
 I/c is for the weakest member or for the
bolt(s)

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Failure by Shear of Bolt

 Simple direct shear
 Use total cross sectional area of

bolts that are carrying the load.
 For bolts, determine whether the
shear is across the nominal area or
across threaded area. Use area
based on nominal diameter or
minor diameter, as appropriate.
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Failure by Tensile Rupture of Member

 Simple tensile failure
 Usesmallest net area of the

member, with holes removed

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Failure by Bearing or crushing Stress

 Bolt or member with lowest
strength will crush first
 Assume uniform stress distribution
over projected contact area, A =
td
 t = thickness of thinnest plate
 d = bolt diameter

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Failure by Shear-out or Tear-out

Edge shear-out or tear-out is avoided by
spacing bolts at least 1.5 diameters away
from the edge

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Example 8-6
Two 1- by 4-in 1018 cold-rolled steel bars
are butt-spliced with two ½ - by 4-in 1018
cold-rolled splice plates using four ¾ in-16
UNF grade 5 bolts as depicted in Fig. 8–24.
For a design factor of nd = 1.5 estimate the
static load F that can be carried if the bolts
lose preload.

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Example 8-6 Fig. 8–24

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Shear Joints with Eccentric Loading

 The load does not pass along a line of
symmetry of the fasteners.
 Find moment about centroid of bolt
pattern
 Centroid location

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Shear Joints with

Eccentric
Loading
Fig. 8–27

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Shear Joints with

Eccentric Loading
 Primary Shear
 Secondary
Shear, due to
moment load around
centroid

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Shear Joints with

Eccentric Loading
 Force taken by each bolt
depends upon its radial
distance from the centroid
 Bolt farthest from the centroid
takes the greatest load
 Nearest bolt takes the
smallest

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Example 8-7
Shown in Fig. 8–28 is a 15- by 200-mm
rectangular steel bar cantilevered to a 250-
mm steel channel using four tightly fitted
bolts located at A, B, C, and D. For F = 16 kN
load, find:
a) The resultant load on each bolt
b) The maximum shear stress in each bolt
c) The maximum bearing stress
d) The critical bending stress in the bar
128 10/23/2015
Example 8-7
Fig. 8–28

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Example 8-7
Fig. 8–29

CH8 Screws Fasteners and The Design of Nonpermanent Joints 2015

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CH8 Screws Fasteners and The Design of Nonpermanent Joints 2015

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10/23/2015

Thread Standards and Definitions

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Thread Standards and Definitions

Thread Standards and Definitions

Lead l: distance the nut moves parallel to

 For a single thread, lead = pitch

Thread Standards and Definitions

 All threads are RH unless otherwise noted

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Thread Standards and Definitions

Thread Standards and Definitions

Thread Standards and Definitions

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Table 8-1: Diameters & Areas for Metric Threads

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Table 8-2: Diameters & Areas for Unified Screw Threads

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Tensile Stress Area

 Diameter of this unthreaded rod:

Unified threads designation

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Metric threads designation

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Square and Acme Threads

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Square and Acme Threads

Table 8-3: Preferred Pitches for Acme Threads

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Mechanics of Power Screws

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Mechanics of Power Screws

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Mechanics of Power Screws

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Mechanics of Power Screws

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Raising and Lowering Torque

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

 If lowering torque is negative, the load will

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

 Self-locking condition: p f dm > l

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Power Screw Efficiency

 Efficiency of the power screw

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Power Screws with

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Stresses in Body of Power Screws

 Axial stress in screw body

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Stresses in Threads of Power Screws

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Largest stress in threads of a

 Tofind largest stress in 1st thread of a screw-

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE

Coefficient of friction in screw threads

Power Screw Safe Bearing Pressure