REVISION 1

I- Join pairs or groups of sentences to make up longer sentences

1. which
A resistor is a device
It is used to add resistance to a circuit.
=> A resistor is a device ( which is) used to add resistance to a circuit.
2. to
We need a soldering iron now.
It is used to weld two joints together.
=> We need a soldering iron now TO weld two joints together.
3. when
A switch is closed.
A current will flow through the transformer primary.
=> When 1, 2.
4. causing
.The cathode is heated.
Electrons are emitted.
=> The cathode is heated CAUSING electrons to be emitted.
5. making
The supply current flows through the transformer primary.
A voltage is induced in the secondary.
=> The supply current flows through the transformer primary MAKING a voltage BE
induced in the secondary
6. After
The microprocessor detects this change.
The microprocessor instructs the motor to open the doors.
=> After detecting this change, the microprocessor instructs the motor to open
the doors
7. making
The supply current flows through the transformer primary.
A voltage is induced in the secondary.
=> 1 MAKING a voltage BE induced in the secondary.
.8. If
A person remains standing in the doorway.
A safety beam prevents the from closing.
=> If 1 ,2.
19. when
You make a recording .
You should ensure the recording levels are satisfactory.
=> WHEN making a recording, you should ensure the recording levels are satisfactory.
10. to
Light bulbs may contain rare gases.
The gases prevent the filament burning up.
=> Light bulbs may contain rare gases TO filament burning up.

II./ Give a correct term to each of the following definitions or explanations.

1 Electronic instrument for measuring and displaying Oscilloscope.

changing signals on a screen using a cathode ray tube.
2 How often a pattern is repeated a second. Frequency
3 Transmitting radio or TV signals. Broadcasting
 4 A type of propagation in which the waves travel round the surface Ground wave
of the earth for short distances
5 Negative electrode which emits electrons Cathode
6 unwanted current in a transistor Leakage current
7 A component of the CRT which forms the electrons into a beam. Electron gun
8 Scan path of an electron beam going across and down the screen of Raster pattern
a television receiver
9 Layers of ionized gas in the upper atmosphere Ionosphere
1 Complete picture in a video display consisting of two fields. Frame
0
1 A component that is used to rectify AC voltage A diode.
1
1 A device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy Electrical
2 generator
1 It is controlled the movement of the spot down the screen. Field scan signal
3
1 An instrument used to measure resistance Ohmmeter
4
1 Part of a video signal which adjusts the timing for the display of a Filed sync pulse
5 frame on a television screen.
1 A device that is used to reduce heat A heat sink
6
1 Positive electrode which attracts electrons Anode
7
1 Shaping of a carrier wave by combining it with a signal to be Modulation
8 carried
1 Closed path around which a current can flow Circuit
9
2 Size of a wave at any given time Amplitude
0

III. Write the following sentences using the given words and phrases

1. Resistor / be / sorted / before / they / be / mark / indicate their values//.

=> Resistors are sorted before they are marked to indicate their values.
2. Function / rectifier circuit / convert / alternating current / direct current //
=> The function of rectifier circuit is to convert alternating current into direct current.
3. Solar cell / be / electric cell / convert / sunlight / electrical energy//.
A solar cell is an electric cell which converts sunlight into electrical energy.
4.FM / good/ than / AM / because / there / less interference.
=> FM is better than AM because there is less interference.
5. A voltage / applied / Y plates / making / electron beam / be / deflected//.
=> A voltage is applied to Y plates making the electron beam be deflected.
6. Scan rate / must be / great / than 40Hz / prevent / screen / flicker//.
=> The scan rate must be greater than 40 Hz to prevent the screen from flicker
7. Cathode / heat / causing / electrons / be / emit //.
=> The cathode is heated causing the electrons to be emitted
8. Resistor / device / be / used / add / resistance / circuit//.
=> A resistor is a device which is used that add resistance to a circuit.
9. On / strike / plane / radar signal / be / reflect //.
=> On striking a plane, the radar signal is reflected
10. In FM /frequency /carrier wave /modulate /according /amplitude /modulating signal//.
=> In FM the frequency of the carrier wave is modulated according to the amplitude of
the modulating signal.
11. Telephone / instrument / enable / us / transmit / speech / wires.
=> A telephone is an instrument that ( which) enables us to transmit speech through
wires
12. Switch / closed / making / current / flow / transformer primary.
=> The switch is closed making the current flow through transformer primary.
13. Copper / good conductor / therefore / it / widely / used / cables.
=> Copper is a good conductor , therefore it is widely used for making cables.
14. Transistor / used /make / essential part / all modern electronics.
=> A transistor is used for making essential parts of the all modern electronic
15. The function / electronic amplifier / increase / power / signal.
=> The function of an electronic amplifier is to increase the power of signal
IV. Each sentence has ONE mistake. Find the mistake and correct it.
On the answer sheet, you write: chip – chips
1. The spots of light move across and down a screen to build up gradual a television picture
Gradual ( adj)  gradually ( adj)
2. After being sort, the resistors are marked to indicate their values.
Sort sorted : sau after Ving tobe Pii bị động
3. Circuits are the pathways along which electrons move to produce various effect.
Effect effectes
4. All detectors work on same principle which is electromagnetic induction.
Same  the same
5. A rapid move back to the starting point in a screen is known as fly-back.
move - movement
6. The current rises sharply making the circuit breaker opening.
Opening-open
7. A rectifier circuit is used to convert alternating current to direct current.
To into
8. The higher the frequency, the great the possible ground wave reflection.
The higher…, the greater… : the s² hơn…., the s² hơn..
9. On strike a plane , the radar signal is reflected.
Strike striking
10. When the circuitry senses the reaction, it changes the voltage into a audible note.
A an

REVISION 2
.I - Give the proper term for cacti of the following definitions or explanations.
Terms Definitions / Explanations
1. Rectifier : A component that is used to rectify AC voltage.
2. Electric generator : A device which converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
3. Insulator : A material with very few if any electrons.
4. Ohmmeter : An instrument used to measure resistance.
5. Heat sink : A device that is used to reduce heat.
6. Logic gate : An electronic component for opening and closing a circuit.
7. Electric current : A movement of free electrons towards the positive end.
8. Resistor : A device which adds resistance to a circuit.
9. Switch : A component for opening and closing a circuit.
10. Circuit : A closed path around which a current can flow.
II- Joining the following groups of sentences to make longer sentences using
suggested instructions.( 10 points )
1. Using a Relative clause with a preposition
The supply is fed to a distribution substation.
The supply is reduced to 415V in the distribution substation.
=> The supply is fed to a distribution substation in which it is reduced to 415V
2. Using a Time clause
The current flows through the conductor.
A magnetic field is set up round the conductor
=> When the current flows through the conductor, a magnetic field is set up
round the conductor
3. Using a linking word to express Cause and Effect relationship
Manganin wire is used for the elements of an electric wire.
Manganin has a higher resistance than most metals.
=> Manganin wire is used for the elements of an electric wire because it has a
higher resistance than most metals
4. Using an Infinitive of Purpose and a linking word to express qualification
The metal detector was developed for military purposes.
The metal detector was developed to find buried explosives.
Nowadays the metal detectors was also used to locate pipes, cables, and lost valuables.

=> The metal detector was developed for military purposes to find buried
explosives though nowadays the metal detector is also used to locate pipes, cables
and lost valuebles
5..Using indefinite pronoun " either ...... or"
Variable resistors may have a coil of resistance wire.
Variable resistors may have a carbon track.
=> Variable resistor may have either a coil of resistance wire or a carbon track
III - Write sentences using the given words or phrases
1. After / resistive element / be / insert / ceramic housing ,/ ends/ element / be / spray /
metal.
=> After the resistive element is inserted into a ceramic housing, the ends of the
element are sprayed with metal
2. Rectifier circuit / used / convert / alternating current / direct current .
=> Rectifier circuit is used to convert alternating current into direct current
3. Ends / resistor / be / seal / before / you / mark / value / housing .
=> The ends of the resistor are sealed before you mark the value on the housing
4. Switch / be / closed / causing / current / flow / transformer primary.
=> The switch is closed causing the current to flow through the transformer
primary
5. Electrolysis / can / used / break down / water / hydrogen and oxygen.
=> Electrolysis can be used to break down water into hydrogen and oxygen
6. Resistor / be / sort / before / they / be / mark / indicate their values.
=> Resistors are sorted before they are marked to indicate their values
7. Supply/ should / disconnected / by / open / mains switch / and / remove / fuses.
=> The supply should be disconnected by opening mains switch and removing fuses
8. Most / fibre / make / silica / very cheap
=> Most of fibres are made of silica are cheap
9. On / leave / electron gun / beam / pass / two /set / plate.
=> On leaving the electron gun, the beam is passed through two sets of plates.
10. The lines / connect / telephone / building / be / simplest / type / transmission line.
=> The lines which connect telephones within a building are the simplest type of
transmission line.
11. LAN / define / transmission and switching systems / provide / high -speed
communication / between / device/ single site.
=> LAN is defined as the transmission and switching system that provides high-
speed communication between devices in a single site
12. Radio turner circuit / consist / inductor / capacitor / connect / parallel.
=> Radio tuner circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor connected in parallel
13. Television picture / built / gradually / move / spot / light / across and down / screen /
raster pattern.
=> A television picture is built up gradually by moving a spot of light across and
down as screen in a raster pattern
14. If / object / be / place / changing magnetic field / electrical voltage / be / create /
object//.
=> If an object is placed in a changing magnetic field, an electrical voltage will be
created in the object.
15. Current / flow / conductor / making / magnetic field / set up / conductor//.
=> The current flows through a conductor making the magnetic field be set up
around conductor
16. . Before / be / apply / Y plates / signal / must / be/ amplify//.
=> Before being applied to Y plates,the signal must be amplified
17. An antenna / used / measure / current / circuit //
=> An ammeter is used to measure the current into the circuit.
18. The function / capacitor / be / add / capacitance / circuit//
=> The function of capacitor is to add capacitance the circuit.
19. The carrier wave / demodulated / receiver / and / audio-frequency signal /
recovered //
=> The carrier wave is demodulated in the receiver and the audio-frequency signal
is recovered
20. The holes / referred / majority carriers / p-type semiconductor //
=> The holes are referred as majority carriers in the p-type semiconductor
REVISION 3
111. Write the following sentences using the given words and phrases
1. Low / frequency / transmission / great / number / reflection / need / cover / required
distance.
=> The lower the frequency of transmission, the greater the number of
reflection are needed to cover the required distance
2. Beyond / breakdown point / increase voltage /cause / large increase / current.
=> Beyond the breakdown point, an increase voltage causes a large
increase in the current
3. Speech / music / produce / audio frequency / cannot / transmit / directly.
=> Speech and music produce the audio frequency which cannot transmit
directly
4. Brightness / spot/ vary / proportion /intensity / light/ original image.
=> The Brightness of spot varies in proportion to the intensity of light on an original
image
5. Rapid movement / back / starting point / screen / call / flyback.
=> A rapid movement back to the starting point in a screen is called fly-back.
6. Video signal / transmit / receive / similar fashion / sound transmission.
=> The video signal is transmitted and received in a similar fashion with sound
transmission
7. There / almost no change / leakage current / until / reverse voltage / reach / breakdown
point.
=> There is almost no change in the leakage current until the reverse voltage reaches the
breakdown point
8. FM / broadcast / VHF band / therefore / FM station / require / greater spacing.
=> FM broadcasts in the VHF band therefore FM stations require greater spacing.
9. Graphic equalizer / allow /user / adjust / amplification / different / frequency range.
=> A graphic equalizer allows the user to adjust the amplification of different
frequency range
Term
1.cathode ray tube : a part of a cathode-ray tube that emits a narrow beam of electrons,
consisting of a cathode, control grids,and usually a heater.
2. frame scan rate : number of times per second that a video frame is displayed on a screen
3. flyback : the rapid movement of the spot back to a starting point
4. line scan signal : part of a video signal which controls the movement of the spot across the
television screen
5. maximum usable frequency : covers the required distance with the smallest number of
reflection
6. aerial : device for collecting or sending out signals being transmitted through free space
7. attenuation : loss of power
8. space wave propagation : applies mainly to very high frequency
9. ground waves : travels along the ground, following the curvature of the earth’s surface
10. distortion : unwanted change of shape of a signal
11. carrier wave : a waveform that is modified with an input signal for the purpose of
conveying information
12. bias : apply a DC voltage to a component to control its operating point
13. PN junction : . junction formed by combining P-type and N-type semiconductors together
in very close contact
14. breakdown voltage : the minimum reverse voltage to make the diode conduct in reverse
15. truth table : A table showing the output of a logic gate for all possible combinations of its
inputs
16. inverter = NOT gate : A digital logic gate which has a high output when its input is low
and vice verse
17. fibre optic cable : a cable made of glass that can transmit large amounts of information at
the speed of light
18. light-emitting diode (LED) : a diode in which light emitted at a p-n junction is
proportional to the bias current
19. crosstalk : the presence of unwanted signal
20. cladding : the opaque surrounding around the highly transparent core at the center of a
glass fibre
21. avalanche photodiode (APD) : a kind of photodetectors that has a higher value when the
higher reverse voltage is applied

Describing cause and effect 1

Study these two actions:
(i) Current flows through the filament.
(ii) The bulb lights.
Action (i) is the cause. Action (ii) is the effect. We can link them in a number
of ways:
Using cause to and make
EXAMPLES
1. Current flows through the filament CAUSING the bulb TO light.
2. Current flows through the filament MAKING the bulb light.
Using an -ing clause.
EXAMPLE
3. Current flows through the filament thereby LIGHTING the bulb.
We can only use an -ing clause if the verb is transitive. Transitive verbs are verbs which can
have an object. In this case thereby can be omitted.
Study these two actions:
(i) The supply current flows through the primary of the transformer.
(ii) A voltage of 24V is induced in the secondary.
Action (i) is the cause. Action (ii) is the effect. Both are clauses. The verb in action (ii) is in
the passive, is induced. We can link action (i) and (ii) using cause to or an -ing clause.
EXAMPLES
4. The supply current flows through the primary of the transformer CAUSING a voltage of 24
V TO BE INDUCED in the secondary.
5. The supply current flows through the primary of the transformer, INDUCING a voltage of
24V in the secondary.

Ex1:
1) The cathode is heated causing electron to be emitted
2) The current rises sharply making the circuit-breaker open
3) A voltage is applied to the Y plates causing the electron beam to be deflected.
4) The thermostat contacts open at 20oC causing the heating system to be turned off
5) The current flows through the conductor causing a magnetic field to be set up round the
conductor
6) The current passes through the water making break down into hydrogen and oxygen
7) The electrons strike the screen making the screen glow

Ex2:
1) Fluorescent lamps consist of a glass tube which coated with a phosphor inside.
2) The tube is filled with mercury vapor and a small amount of argon.
3) A small tungsten filament coated with an electron emissive substance is sealed into each
end of the tube.
4) The filament electrodes heat causing a stream of electrons to flow between them.
5) These electrons collide with the electrons of argon gas and mercury vapour in the tube
making the two gases radiate ultraviolet light.
6) These rays are bombard the phosphor coating on the tube wall making the phosphor
coating radiates visible light.
7) Many fluorescent tubes require a ballast choke and a starter switch which provide the initial
ionization between the electrodes to starts the electron flow.
8) When the supply is switched on, the starter switch is closed so the filament will heat up.
9) The starter switch opens when the filaments are hot while the ballast choke provides a high
inductive voltage across the electrodes to starts the ionization.
10) The fluorescent lamp circuit also includes a filter capacitor fitted across the starter switch
to prevent radio interference.
11) A power factor correction capacitor is connected across the mains to compensates for the
inductance of the ballast choke.

Describing sequence 2 - time clause

We can also show sequence by using time clause.
EXAMPLES
- AFTER THE DESIRED SIGNAL IS FED TO THE ACCEPTOR CIRCUIT,it is mixed
with a signal from the oscillator to give a standardintermediate frequency.
- BEFORE THE DESIRED SIGNAL IS MIXED WITH A SIGNAL FROM THE
OSCILLATOR TO GIVE A STANDARD INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY, it is fed to
the acceptor circuit.
The part of each sentence in capitals is a time clause.
Time clauses can also be put last in a sentence. When this happens, there is no
comma between the time clause and the rest of the sentence.
EXAMPLE
- The desired signal is mixed with a signal from the oscillator to give a
standard intermediate frequency AFTER IT IS FED TO THE ACCEPTOR CIRCUIT.

Reduced time clause 1

2. However, we can reduce a time clause when the subject of the time clause is
the same as the subject of the main clause. When this happens we can rewrite
the time clause using the -ing part of the verb.
AFTER THE DESIRED SIGNAL IS FED TO THE ACCEPTOR CIRCUIT, it
is mixed with a signal from the oscillator to give a standard intermediate
frequency.
=> AFTER BEING FED TO THE ACCEPTOR CIRCUIT, the desired
signal is mixed with a signal from the oscillator to give a standard
intermediate frequency.

Double comparatives
1,The larger the cross-sectional area of the coil, the higher the inductance.
2, The longer the coil , the less the reluctance.
3, The larger the plate area , the greater the capacity .
4, The thinner the dielectric is, the closer the plates are.
5, The lower the frequency is, the weaker the signal will be.

Reduced time clause 2

Study these two actions:
1. Ground waves pass over sand.
2. Ground waves lose energy.
We can link these actions to make one sentence, using a time clause
 => When ground waves pass over sand, they lose energy.
Because the subject of both actions is the same - ground waves - there is a shorter method we
can use to link the actions:
When passing over sand, ground waves lose energy.
When -ing shows that action 2 happens during the same period as action 1.
Now study these two actions:
1. The sky wave strikes the earth.
2. The sky wave bounces back again.
Again we can link these actions to make one sentence, using a time clause.
When the sky wave strikes the earth, it bounces back again.
We can also link the actions in a shorter way:
On striking the earth, the sky wave bounces back again.
On -ing shows that action 2 follows immediately after action 1.
Ex4:
1. In FM the frequency of the carrier wave is modulated according to the amplitude of the
modulating signal.
2. Audio frequencies cannot be transmitted.
3. The amplitude, frequency and phase of a wave can be modulated.
4. FM broadcasts are in the VHF band partly because FM stations require greater spacing.
5. The carrier wave is demodulated by the receiver and the audio – frequency signal
recovered.
6. No information can be communicated by radio waves without modulating them.
7. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier wave is modulated according to the amplitude of the
modulating signal.
8. Stopping and starting the wave is the simplest method of modulation.
9. FM is better than AM because there is less interference.
10. Audio frequencies can be used to modulate high frequency radio waves,which can then
act as carriers of the audio - frequency signal.

Ex5:
A burglar alarm = an alarm which warns people when a burglar break into a house or a place.
A clock timer = a timer of a clock.
A mercury switch = a switch that controls mercury level.
A car phone = a phone in a car.
A germanium diode = a diode which contains germanium.
A ground wave = a radio wave that reaches a receiver from transmitter directly.
A block diagram = a diagram in shape of a block.
An assembly line = manufacturing process.
A fuseholder = an instrument for holding fuse.
A wavemeter = an instrument for measuring wavelength.
A cellphone = a phone that we can bring anywhere.
Headphones = instruments for listening to sound from other devices.
An ammeter = an instrument for measuring electric current in amperes.
A handset = a component of telephone.

Ex6:Cause and effect

1. Distortion is caused by too high a recording level.
2. Hiss leads to noise generated within components.
3. Overheating a transistor results from damage.
4. A build-up of oxide on the head is due to poor recording
5. The tape rubbing against the head results in dirty heads
6. Jumping is the effect of scratches on records.
7. Interference on radios is the cause of unwanted signals.

Ex7:Sentence building
1. A metal detector is a device for locating hidden metal objects.
2. The metal detector was developed for military purposes to find buried explosives but
nowadays the metal detector is also used to locate pipes, cables and lost valuebles.
3. Special detectors are used at airports to used to screen passengers for concealed weapons.
4. All detectors work on the same principle which is electromagnetic induction.
5. If an object is placed in a changing magnetic field an electrical voltage is created in the
object.
6. When AC voltage is applied to the search coil,an ever changing electromagnetic field is
created around the search coil.
7. If the coil passes near a metal object, an electric current occurs in the metal object.
8. The electric current produces a magnetic field around the object, which induces the voltage
in the search coil.
9. When the circuitry senses this reaction, it changes the voltage into an audible note.
10. As the coil approaches the object, the audible note becomes louder and louder.

Ex8:
1. A graphic equalizer allows the user to adjust the amplification of different frequency
ranges.
2. A fuse prevents a sudden rise in current from damaging equipment.
3. A mixing desk allows the sound engineer to improve the quality of the sound recorded.
4. A heat sink prevents the output transistor from overheating.
5. Different inputs on the music centre allow the user to play CDs (compact discs), cassettes,
and MDs (MiniDiscs).

Describing function
EXAMPLE
What does the fuse do? It protects a circuit.
We can emphasize function by using this pattern:
The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.
Ex9:
The function of a resistor is to add resistance to a circuit.
The function of a capacitor is to add capacitance to a circuit.
The function of a variable resistor is to vary the current in a circuit.
The function of a variable capacitor is to select a frequency.
The function of a transformer is to transform AC voltage.
The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.
The function of a switch is to break a circuit.
The function of a milliammetter is to measure very small current.
The function of a diode is to rectify alternating current.
The function of a antenna is to receive radio frequency signals.

Ex10:

Describing purpose
EXAMPLE
What is an ammeter for? It is for measuring current.
Other ways we can describe the purpose of an ammeter are:
1. It is used for measuring current.
2. It is used to measure current.
3. We measure current with an ammeter.
4. We measure current using an ammeter.

Ex11:
We measure voltage with a voltmeter.
We solder connections with a soldering iron.
We measure very small current with a milliammeter.
An oscilloscope is used to show variations in an electric current.
A heat sink is used to reduce heat.
Wire clippers are used for cutting wires.
We measure very high resistance using a mega-ohmmeter.
We measure resistance using an ohmmeter.
We generate signals with a signal generator.
We charge batteries using a battery charger.
Reduced relative clauses
One way of adding extra information to an explanation, or any other text, is to
use relative clauses. For example:
1. Resistors are devices
2. The devices provide measured amounts of resistance.
1+2: Resistors are devices which provide measured amounts of resistance.
We can make this sentence shorter by omitting which and using an –ing clause:
Resistors are devices providing measured amounts of resistance
Study this example:
1. The microprocessor converts the information into signals.
2. The signals are called analogue tones.
3. The signals are suitable for telephone transmission.
1+2+3: The microprocessor converts the information into signals, which
are called analogue tones, which are suitable for telephone transmission.
We can make this sentence shorter by omitting which + to be:
The microprocessor converts the information into signals, called
analogue tones, suitable for telephone transmission