LABORATORY 1
Alejandra Garcés Gil Geraldine Filigrana Jaime Arturo Herrera
Universidad Autónoma de Universidad Autónoma de
Occidente Occidente
Cali, Colombia Cali, Colombia
Alejandra.garces@uao.edu. Geraldine.filigrana@uao.ed
co u.co
Abstract— For this laboratory a circuit had to be
designed following the block diagram given by the
professor, in the same way, the circuit was designed to
satisfy the different points established in the approach
and that allows to have a regulated voltage source with
Zener diodes that has 3 independent DC voltage outputs
of 3.3 V, 7.5 V and 10.7 V. For this we investigated on
the operation of Zener diodes for voltage regulation and
how to design a circuit with power supplies,
transformers, capacitors, Zener diodes, and rectifiers.
We also investigated the ¨XOR¨ system that allowed us to
have better management of the LEDs ignition system.
Keywords- diode LED; circuits; analysis; diode zener;
XOR
I. INTRODUCTION
A rectifier is the electronic device that converts alternating
current into direct current using rectifier diodes, either solid
state semiconductors, vacuum valves or gaseous valves such
as mercury vapor valves.
Depending on the characteristics of the alternating current
supply they use, they are classified as single-phase, when
they are supplied by one phase of the electrical network or
three-phase when they are supplied by three phases.
Depending on the type of rectification, they can be half-
wave, when only one of the current half-cycles is used, or
full-wave, where both half-cycles are used.
A full-wave rectifier converts the entire input waveform into
a constant polarity (positive or negative) at the output by
inverting the negative (or positive) portions (half-cycles) of
the input waveform. The positive (or negative) portions
combine with the inverses of the negative (positive) portions
to produce a partially positive (negative) waveform.
II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Ohm’s laws
Ohm's law, postulated by the German physicist and
mathematician Georg Simon Ohm, is a basic law for
understanding the main fundamentals of electrical
circuits. It states that the potential difference V that we
apply between the ends of a given conductor is directly
Malcolm Ruiz Hurtado
Universidad Autónoma de Universidad Autónoma de
occidente occidente
Cali, Colombia Cali, Colombia
jaime.herrera@uao.edu.co Malcolm.ruiz@uao.edu.co
proportional to the intensity of the current I flowing
through that conductor.
B. Kirchhoff’s Laws.
Kirchhoff's current law states that the algebraic addition
of the currents entering and leaving an area, system, or
Union is zero. In other words, the sum of the currents
entering must equal the sum of the currents leaving.
When analyzing a circuit by Kirchhoff's laws, one could
use node analysis (nodal voltages) by Kirchhoff's current
law (LCK) or mesh analysis (mesh currents) using
Kirchhoff's voltage law (LVK).
C. kirchhoff's law, mesh analysis
Mesh analysis is a technique used to determine the
voltage or current of any element of a planar circuit. A
flat circuit is one that can be drawn in a plane so that no
branch is below or above any other.
D. kirchhoff's law, nodes analysis
In the analysis by nodes, we start from the application of
KCL to each node of the circuit to find at the end all the
voltages of the circuit. To find all the node voltages of
the circuit at the end. For the system of equations to be
of equations to be consistent, there must be one equation
for each node. Thus the number of unknowns (node
voltages) is equal to the number of equations (one per
node).
E. LEDs
A light-emitting diode or LED is a light source
consisting of a semiconductor material with two
terminals. It is a p-n junction diode, which emits light
when activated. If a suitable voltage is applied to the
terminals, electrons recombine with holes in the p-n
junction region of the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons.
F. Rectifier diodes III. DEVELOPMENT
A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as To solve the circuit we use a diode rectifier bridge, then
a one-way switch for current. It allows current to flow in divided into 3 branches guided by the block diagram and in
one direction, but does not allow current to flow in the each branch we use a capacitor that complies with point (i)
opposite direction. Diodes are also known as rectifiers of the approach, to obtain a ripple between 5% and 10%,
because they change alternating current (AC) to then connected to their respective loads Rs that regulates the
pulsating direct current (DC). Diodes are classified level of current flowing through the zener diode.
according to their type, voltage, and current rating.
Diodes have a polarity determined by an anode (positive To make the red LED light up when S1 and S2 are open, 2
terminal) and a cathode (negative terminal). Most diodes reverse-biased silicon diodes were adapted.
allow current to flow only when voltage is applied to the
positive anode. Various configurations of diodes are
shown in this graph.
G. Capacitor
An electrical capacitor is a passive device, used in
electricity and electronics, capable of storing energy by
sustaining an electric field. It consists of a pair of
conductive surfaces, usually in the form of sheets or
plates, in a situation of total influence separated by a
dielectric material or by a vacuum.
H. Inductor
An inductor, coil, or reactor is a passive component of an
electrical circuit that, due to the phenomenon of self-
induction, stores energy in the form of a magnetic field
when electric current flows through it. An inductor
usually consists of an insulated wire wound on a coil. 1) First we did the rectification, taking the 120 volt
An inductor is characterized by its inductance, which is Rms and multiplying it by root of 2 to get the
the ratio of the voltage to the rate of change of current. peak to peak voltage of the first inductance.

I. Diode Zener. 120V * √ = 169,7

The Zener consists of a special PN junction
(semiconductor), heavily doped, designed to conduct in 2) To find the voltage of the second coil we divide
the reverse direction (reverse-biased diode) when a the voltage of the first coil by the number of
certain specified voltage, called Zener voltage or Zener turns, in this case, it is 10 and multiplies it by 1
voltage, is reached. which corresponds to the number of turns of the
Once the Zener voltage is reached, the voltage at the
second inductance.
Zener terminals does not change, it remains constant even
if the supply voltage is increased.
The Zener diode has a well-defined reverse breakdown * 1 = 16,97V
voltage, at which it begins to conduct current and
continues to operate continuously in the reverse biased 3) To find the rectification voltage we use the
mode without damage. voltage of the second coil and subtract the
voltage corresponding to the diode bridge, in this
J. Diodes bridge case, it is 1.4V.
The diode bridge or also called rectifier bridge or Graetz
bridge is a full wave rectifier circuit, the diode bridge 16,97 – 1,4 = 15,5V
requires four rectifier diodes or power diodes connected
in series in the form of a bridge, the main advantage of 4) We find the value of the peak-to-peak ripple
this rectifier bridge circuit allows full wave rectification
of a transformer that does not have a central tap (central
tap) which reduces its size and cost.

5) With the value of the peak-to-peak ripple we can

find the DC voltage level.
 IV. BLOCK DIAGRAM

6) Now we can find the ripple percentage to verify

that it meets the condition of being between 5%
and 10%.

V. EXPLANATION OF THE OPERATION OF FIGURE 2

A. circuit with 3.3 volts when S1 and S2 are open.

1) first we find the resistance of the red network,

using ohm's law with a voltage of 3.3 and a
current of 15mA.

RLEDRed = = 22 Ω

2) second we find the value of Rz

= 150

1) From inputs, v1 and v2 come 2 signals of 10.7

and 7.5 volts respectively, once they pass the
diode bridge the signal is rectified as a full-wave.

2) To calculate the currents we used the following

equation:

I3 =

( ) ( )
B. Circuit with 7,5 volts when S1 is open and S2 is I1 = 57mA
Closed
( ) ( )
3) first we find the resistance of the red network, I2 = = 25 mA
using ohm's law with a voltage of 7.5 and a
current of 18mA. ( )
I3 = = 4 mA

RLEDRed = = 40 Ω
VI. FUNCTION OF R1 AND R2 IN THE CIRCUIT
4) second we find the value of Rz R1 and R2 serve as ¨poll-down¨ resistors, i.e., resistors that
establish a logic state on the pin that drives the diode bridge
= 156.25 Ω and allow us to establish quiescent voltages for when the
pushbutton is not pressed to ensure a correct reading.

C. Circuit with 10.7 volts when S1 is closed and S2 is

open
5) second we find the value of Rz

= 10.80 Ω
 VII. CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY C. Zener diode voltage 1N4737A
A. .

D. Zener diode voltage 1N4741A

B. Zener diode voltage 1N4728A

The experimental voltage has a higher percentage of error

because we had to use resistors approximating those of the
simulation.
 VIII. SIMULATION 4) 19,5 VOLTS

IX. COMPARATIVE TABLE.

Theoretical voltage Simulated voltage Rate of error

3,3 V 3,29 0,3%
7,5 V 7,56 0,8%
10,7 10,2 V 4,6%
1) 3,29 VOLTS
 The experimental voltage has a higher percentage of
error because we had to use resistors approximating
those of the simulation.
Theoretical voltage Voltage measured Rate of error
3,3 V 3,8 15,15
7,5V 7,0 6,6%
10,7V 11,3 5,6%

X. TABLE OF CIRCUIT CURRENTS.

S1 S2 LED red LEDs green

2) 7,56 VOLTS (mA) (mA)
Open Open 0,15 0
Open Closed 0 0,37
Closed Open 0 18,26
Closed Closed 0 0

XI. PCB

3) 10,2 VOLTS
 XII. CONCLUSIONS

● In order to make the circuit we must take into

account the power, voltage and current that can
withstand all its elements so that they are not
damaged during the assembly of the circuit.

● The elements added to the circuit allow having the

result of current and voltages established.

● The Zener diode is used to regulate the voltage

level that circulates through a circuit.

XIII. REFERENCES
[1] II.A Ohm’s laws [Online] Available:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Ohm

[2] II.B Kirchhoff’s Laws. [Online] Available:

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyes_de_Kirchhoff#
Le y_de_corrientes_de_Kirchhoff

[3] II.B [Online] Available:

https://es.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits
- topic/circuits-resistance/a/ee-kirchhoffs-laws

[4] II.D kirchhoff's law, nodes analysis [Online]

Available:
https://es.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits
- topic/circuits-resistance/a/ee-kirchhoffs-laws

[5] II.F LEDs [Online] Available:

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led

[6] II.G Capacitor [Online] Available:

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensador_el%C3
%A9ctrico

[7] II.H Inductor [Online] Available:

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor

[8] https://www.areatecnologia.com/electronica/diodo-
zener.html
[9]