NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY

MACRONUTRIENTS – PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS

PRELIM | Ma’am Aguirre
Transcribed by: Ochave, Daisy Rey C.

Topic Outline NEAA

(1) Classification of proteins/amino acids (1) CITRULLINE

(2) Functions (2) ASPARTIC ACID

(3) Protein and health (3) HYDROXYGLYCINE

(4) Nitrogen balance (4) NORLEUCINE

(5) HYDROXYPROLINE
(5) Digestion review
(6) GLUTAMIC ACID
(7) PROLINE ALANINE
PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS
 A body building nutrient AMINO ACID MAIN FOOD SOURCES
 A structure nutrient for bones, skin, muscles and other tissues AMINO ACID MAIN FOOD SOURCES
 Some CHON do some cell works Soy protein, eggs, parmesan, sesame, peanuts
HISTIDINE
 More complex that CHO Eggs, soy protein and tofu, whitefish, pork, parmesan
ISOLEUCITIN
 CHON – carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Eggs, soy protein, whitefish, parmesan, sesame
LEUCINE
 Amino acid – building blocks of proteins Eggs, soy protein, whitefish, parmesan, smelts
LYSINE
METHIONINE Eggs, whitefish, sesame, smelts, soy protein
CLASSIFICATION OF CHON Eggs, soy protein, sesame, mustard seeds, peanuts
CYSTEINE
PHENYLALANINE Eggs, soy protein, peanuts, sesame, whitefish
CLASSIFICATION OF CHON
 EAA – Essential Amino Acids TYROSINE Spy protein, eggs, parmesan, peanuts, sesame
ACCORDING TO
 cannot be synthesized by the body THREONINE Eggs, soy protein, whitefish, smelts, sesame
ESSENTIALITY  SEAA – Semi Essential Amino Acids
TRYPTOPHAN Soy protein, sesame, eggs, winged beans, chia seeds
 Partially spares EAA but cannot totally replaced it
 NEAA – Non-Essential Amino Acids VALINE Eggs, soy protein, parmesan, sesame, beef
 The body can make it for itself
ACCORDING TO COMPLETE PROTEIN
COMPLETENESS IN
 contains all the EAA in sufficient amount for growth and FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN
maintenance of life
AA CONTENT  Meat, fish, poultry, cheese, eggs, milk and yogurt
FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN
PARTIALLY COMPLETE PROTEIN
 can maintain life but cannot support growth CHON (1) AS ENZYMES
 A protein catalyst
derived from plants such as legumes, whole grains, nuts, soy
(2) REGULATES FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES BALANCE
 Albumin and Globulin are the two proteins that help maintain body’s fluid balance by
INCOMPLETE PROTEIN keeping water in the blood
 cannot support life and growth
 zein in corn, gelatin in agar-agar IMBALANCE
 Is critical to the functions of nerve transmission and muscle contraction
EAA  may lead to
(1) HISTIDINE  irregular heartbeat, kidney failure, muscular weakness, death
 Production of red and white blood cells (3) TRANSPORT CHON
 Treatment of anemia  Hgb – carries O2 from the lungs to the body cells
(2) ISOLEUCINE  Lipoproteins – transport package of CHON and lipid around the body
 Formation of hemoglobin; prevents muscle wasting in debilitated individuals  Albumin – responsible for transporting substances and drugs by the body
(3) LEUCINE (4) ACID BASE BALANCE
 Promotes healing of skin and broken bones  CHON protect one another by gathering up extra acid (H+ions) when there are too
 Reduces muscle protein breakdown many in the surrounding medium, then release them when there are too few
 By accepting and releasing H+ions, CHON act as BUFFER (as reserved that will
(4) LYSINE
 Inhibits viruses maintain the acid balance of the blood and body fluids)
 Treatment of herpes simplex
 Lysine and vitamin C together form L-carnitine IMBALANCE
 can be fatal that lead to acidosis, and alkalosis chon denaturation
(5) METHIONINE
 Increases the antioxidant levels (glutathione) (5) ANTIBODIES
 Reduces blood cholesterol levels  is a CHON that are synthesized by the body in response to the presence of a foreign
substance in the body
(6) ARGININE
 Antibodies are created by WBC or more specifically the B cells
(7) PHENYLALANINE
 Production of collagen, precursor of tyrosine (6) HORMONES
 the blood messenger molecules
 enhances learning, memory, mood and alertness
 some are CHON
(8) THREONINE
 Prevents fatty buildup in the liver EXAMPLE
 amino detoxifers  CHON that act as Hormone are insulin and glucagon
(9) VALINE
(7) GROWTH, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
 Influences brain uptake of other neurotransmitter precursors (tryptophan,  AA is the one use to build CHONs of all its tissues
phenylalanine and tyrosine)  Collagen CHON – serves as the mending material of torn tissues, forming scars to
(10) TRYPTOPHAN hold the separated part together
 Prevents fatty build up in the liver
 Precursor of key neurotransmitter serotonin which exerts a calming effect PROTEIN TURN OVER
 the entire process of breakdown, recover and synthesis
SEAA (8) PROVIDING ENERGY GLUCOSE
(1) TYROSINE  If fats and CHO failed to supply sufficient energy, the body dismantles the CHON
 Spirulina, spinach, eggs (egg whites), salmon, cottage cheese, fava beans, avocados, tissues and uses them for energy
bananas, peanuts, turkey, chicken, edamame  The overtime energy deprivation (starvation) always incurs wasting of lean body
tissues as well as fat loss
(2) CYSTEINE
(3) GLYCINE
(4) SELINE
 AMINO ACID FUNCTIONS (+) N BALANCE
(1) Extructural function collagen  Synthesis increases than it degrades, the body adds CHON for growth
(2) Movement function Actin and myosin and development in infants, children, adolescents and pregnant women
(3) Immune function defense cells because there is new blood, bones, and muscular cells to their bodies
(4) Hormonal function growth hormone

(5) Digestive function enzymes

(6) Nutrients transport Albumin

PROTEIN AND HEALTH

PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTIRTION
 The major cause of death in children worldwide
 Often strikes early in childhood, but endangers many adults as well
 Prevalent in Africa, Central America, South America, Middle East,
South and East Asia

TWO FORMS OF PEM

MARASMUS  Infants less than 2 years old
 Severe deprivation or impaired absorption of CHON, energy,
vitamins and minerals
 Develop slowly, chronic PEM
 Severe weight loss
 Severe muscle wasting with fat loss
 Growth<60% weight for age
 No detectable edema
 No fatty liver
 Anxiety, apathy
 Appetite maybe normal or impaired
 Hair sparse, thin, dry, easily pulled out
 Skin is dry, thin and wrinkled
KWASHIORKOR  Older infants and young children 1 to 3 years old
 Inadequate CHON intake
 Rapid onset, Acute PEM
 Some weight loss
 Muscle wasting with retention of some body mass
 Growth 60-80% wt. for age
 With edema
 Apathy, misery, irritable, sad
 Loss appetite
 Hair is dry, and brittle, easily pulled out, changes color, becomes
straight
 Skin develops lesions
(3) GLYCINE
(4) SELINE

HEART DISEASE
 Meat high in saturated fats are known contributor to atherosclerosis
and heart disease
 The higher the intake, of CHON from red meats and high fat dairy
products, the greater the risk of heart attack
 If protein from plants are used as substitute for meat, lowers the risk
of dying from heart disease

KIDNEY DISEASE
 Increase CHON intake – increase urine output
 Increase CHON intake – increase the work of kidneys, it may worsen
existing kidney disease

ADULT BONE LOSS

 Increase CHON intake – increase urinary Ca excretion
 To compensate, increase the intake of vitamin D along with CHON

NITROGEN BALANCE
 N Intake = N output
 CHON synthesis balances with CHON degradation N intake from
CHON in food balances N excretion in the urine, feces and sweat

(-) NEGATIVE N BALANCE

 Degradation increases than synthesis like in starvation or suffering
from stress such as burns infection, fever and breakdown of muscle cells

Transes by: Daisy Rey Ochave | Template by: camillexcar 2