Understanding

Culture,Society,
and Politics
Grade 11/12

Quarter 1 – Module 3
The Evolution and The
Human Prehistory
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics-Grade 11/12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3: The Evolution and The Human Prehistory
First Edition, 2020

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Management and Development Team

Schools Division Superintendent: Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V
Chief Education Supervisor: Aida H. Rondilla
CID Education Program Supervisor: Amalia C. Solis
CID LR Supervisor: Lucky S. Carpio
CID-LRMS Librarian II: Lady Hannah C Gillo
CID-LRMS PDO II: Albert James P. Macaraeg

Editor/s: Raul F. Espinosa, Master Teacher II (Content)

Alvin V. Santos, Master Teacher II (Content)
Winnie Irish T. Sanqui, Teacher III (Content)
Susana T. Alabastro, Ret. Head Teacher VI (Language)
Writer/s: Angeline O. Pagurigan, Master Teacher II

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 11/12
Understanding
Culture,Society,
and, Politics

Quarter 1 – Module 3
The Evolution and The Human
Prehistory

3
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics-Grade 11/12

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on The Evolution and The Human
Prehistory.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics-Grade 11/12

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on The Evolution and Human Prehistory.

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

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This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.
At the end of this module you will also find:

The following are some reminders in using this module:

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 References This is a list of all sources used in developing
this module.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Need to Know

This module is written to help learners understand the different changes on

the stages of man’s biological, cultural, political evolution. The module is prepared
according to the course design. Following the standard sequence, it will help
students gain knowledge.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – The Human Biological Evolution
 Lesson 2 – The Prehistoric Human Achievements

The Most Essential Learning Competency is to:

Analyze the significance of cultural, social, political, and economic symbols

and practices.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. explain the biological evolution of man;
2. analyze the different factors that led to the development of man’s socio-
cultural, political and economic life; and
3. show appreciation to cultural, social, political and economic symbols and
practices.

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 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. It is the latest species of prehistoric man discovered in the Philippines by a team

led by Dr. Armand Salvador Mijares, an anthropologist from the University of the
Philippines.
a. Homo erectus c. Homo sapiens
b. Homo habilis d. Homo luzonensis

2. As a student of culture and society, what is the most beneficial reason for having
knowledge on the different changes in society?
a. To make people aware of the changes
b. To accept the changes and face the world
c. To change the way people view the society during early times
d. To gain skills that can make people survive in different situations

3. How did Homo sapiens successfully controlled their environment?

a. by having the ability to cook food for their sustenance
b. by having the most developed brains and speech organs
c. by having knowledge on the growth and breeding of certain plants and
animals
d. by having capacity on how to control fire which provided a source of
warmth and protection from predators

4. Which statement is NOT true about hominids and Homo sapiens.

a. Hominids are more developed while Homo sapiens is less developed
b. Hominids are mostly bipedal while most Homo sapiens are
quadrupeds.
c. Hominids refer to a group of primates consisting of modern humans
while Homo sapiens is a group of primates of apes.
d. Hominids consist of a group of primates that include chimpanzees and
gorillas while Homo sapiens consist of modern humans.

5.The physiological changes in prehistoric humans resulted in the ___________.

a. development of their body
b. creation of a beautiful environment
c. rejection of stone tools that are old and obsolete
d. adaptation to the environment by means of more advanced stone-tools

6. Which statement best summarizes the importance of fossils and artifacts?

a. They help us understand the different geological changes.
b. They make us appreciate the aesthetic purposes of paleontologists.
c. They let us know how many places species have travelled.
d. They explain the complete physical changes that happened to an
organism over time.

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7. Why does cultural evolution affect the transformation of societies?
a. Culture is instinctive among tribe members.
b. Culture is cumulative in small communities.
c. Culture is an adaptive mechanism for humans.
d. Culture is necessary for survival in the complex industrialized
nations, but ( it is) not in small societies that live by hunting and
gathering wild foods.

8. Which statement best explains the scientific context of the phrase “survival of
the fittest?”
a. Organisms that are best adapted to their environment will
survive the longest.
b. Organisms that reproduce with traits passed from parent to offspring
will survive the longest.
c. Organisms that overcome differences among individual members of the
species will survive the longest.
d. Organisms that use animal breeding and plant breeding to
selectively develop particular traits will survive the longest.

9. The theory considered as the central unifying theme of biology as it explains how
all living organisms are related and how existing species adapt to their
environments and new species arise.
a. evolution c. artificial Selection
b. natural selection d. both A and C

10. Choose the phrase that best completes the statement “If modern man knows the
different changes that occur in a society, he will ________________.”
a. not matter
b. stay the same
c. enjoy the benefits of society
d. learn to adapt to the changes and help the society develop and prosper.

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 Lesson
THE HUMAN BIOLOGICAL
1 EVOLUTION

Humans have undergone a long process of physiological developments which

have paved the way for the development of a more advanced culture. Understanding
these developments would give us better perspectives about our current status in
the long evolution of human civilization.

This module is about biological, cultural, socio-cultural, and political

evolution. This lesson will provide a deeper understanding of the different concepts
on the above mentioned topics. Furthermore, this will help you grasp the significance
of cultural, social, political, and economic symbols and practices.

What’s In

Jumbled Letters
(Communication)

Directions: Unscramble the letters in each number to form the concepts discussed
in Module 1. On a separate sheet of paper, try to define or explain these concepts.
Enjoy this activity!

C t r l
au l u
1. ___________Relativism

s y go l
o c i o
2. ______________

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 s c i p
i l o t
3. ________________

emsin
e c ot
n h t r
4. _______________

el to t

s i r a
5. ______________

Notes to the Teacher

You may ask your students to watch a video on You Tube entitled,
History of Cavemen, Stone Age, Full Documentary, published by
Wisdom Land for the overview of the biocultural evolution. You may
provide guide questions before watching the documentary.
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rU2Uq831-Rg&t=220s

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 What’s New

Become familiar with the following essential words to help you understand
the lesson ahead.

Australopithecus Homo habilis Natural Selection

Evolution Homo Neanderthal Neolithic Age
Hominid Metal Age Paleolithic Age

`Read and reflect on the quotation inside the box. You may answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

“There is nothing permanent except change.”-Heraclitus

Guide Questions
1. What can you say about the quotation?
2. Do you agree with the author’s statement? Why or why not?
3. What personal values and characteristics should you have to be able to
cope successfully with the changing times?

What is It

It is important to trace back how modern humans evolve. Fossils like

skeletons, skulls, and bone fragments are the primary evidence used by
palaeontologists to identify certain geological periods, understand geological change,
and show evolution processes on Earth. Studying evolution is significant because it
teaches us the lesson of the past and guide us in studying our future. Evolution also
influences one’s culture and helps to explain the diversity of life. If we know how
people lived during the ancient times, we will be more appreciative of what we are
experiencing nowadays. The transformation of early humans from being nomadic to
having a settled life is very interesting to revisit. Charles Darwin’s Theory of
Evolution not only made a strong impact on science and human societies, but it also

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paved the way for its practical application to improve our lives today. In this lesson,
we will learn how the early humans adapted to their constantly changing
environment.

The Evolution Theory by Charles Darwin

The evolution theory states that all forms of life started from simple forms and
transformed to complex ones. It refers to the physical transformation of modern
humans from hominids into thinking modern humans or Homo sapiens. It was
introduced by the naturalist and biologist known for his theory of evolution and the
process of natural selection - Charles Darwin who is called the Father of Evolution -
in his published work, On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection.

Principles of Natural Selection

Natural selection explains how species evolved and
how they adapt to their environment. The components
of the evolutionary mechanism of natural selection are
as follows:
1. Variation- every species is made up of a variety
of individuals with some better adapted to their
environments compared to the others.
2. Inheritance- organisms produce offspring with
different sets of traits that can be inherited.
3. Survival of the Fittest-organisms that have
Figure.1. Charles Darwin
traits most suitable to their environment will
(Courtesy of
survive and these variations are passed on to Wikimedia.https://commons.
their offspring in subsequent generations. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Char
Cultural evolution, on the other hand, refers to les_Darwin_photograph_by_H
the changes or development in cultures from a erbert_Rose_Barraud,_1881.j
simple form to a more complex form of human pg), July 27, 2020)
culture. A significant aspect of cultural
evolution, by contrast, is that human populations may make large changes in
their physical environment and thus create elaborate social environments into
which the young are enculturated and within which most human activities
are carried on.

The parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger while
those that are not often used deteriorate. Another principle is inheritance of acquired
characteristics which means that individuals could pass acquired traits on to their
offspring, enabling the species to change over time.

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 MILLION YEARS AGO

Australopithecines Homo erectus Homo sapiens

- Bipedal Homo habilis  prominent  large brain size

brow ridges, (1400cc)
- Brain was 1/3  lived in shelters
retreating
size of modern  food gatherers
forehead
humans.  ate plants and
 angled rear
skull fruits
- Lucy is part of
 a larger brain  hunted animals
this group. 300
 made more
individual
sophisticated
fragments were and smoothened
found in tools.
Tanzania.  handy  first to develop
man and use oral
 first language
maker of
stone
tools
 increased  robust cranial
cranial vault with a
capacity massive arched
 smaller brow ridge
molar  limb bones were
and robustly built
premolar  front teeth were
teeth larger than those
 human- of modern
like foot humans
slightly  flattened cranial
larger base
brain  Mousterian
Industry

The Prehistoric Man

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The Means of Cultural Adaptations of Early Humans
With different hominin bones discovered, we have gained a broad
understanding of the different species. While there were considerable anatomical
differences between the early hominins, they also shared similar traits. In order to
adapt to the changing environment, the pre-historic humans, besides using and
making tools, also developed human adaptability in an environmentally dynamic
setting. As they faced many challenges, the ability of early humans to adjust to
wild climate fluctuations likely enabled them to diversify, differentiate, and spread
out of Africa 1.85 million years ago. It is important to know how they survive these
challenges through their anatomical features like brain, teeth, and foot.

Cranial
The brain was important for making tools. Homo erectus was believed to be
the first homo to use language for exchanging ideas, cooperative hunting, giving
names to objects, places, animals, and plants, and developing different rituals
particularly for burial purposes. Despite the argument that Homo erectus developed
oral languages, some anthropologists believed that Homo sapiens was the first to use
oral language because of their more developed brain and speech organs.

Teeth
The teeth were very essential during the early times not just for holding food.
Hunter- gatherer hominids also used their teeth for hunting animals. Hominids had
unique dental feature which was large in size and flat molar teeth that proved they
ate vegetables during their time. Human canines were used to fight male rivals for
mating rights, to fight off predators, and to protect them from external factors.
Australopithecines had large grinding teeth with thick enamel used in cracking nuts
and dry seeds which were important to their diet.

Bipedal

The most essential characteristic of hominids is walking upright on two legs.

Hominids needed to walk on two legs to be able to free their hands completely,
enabling them to make and use tools, to stretch in order to get fruits from trees
easily, and to vigilantly stand and see further over the tall grass. It helped them to
get around in different habitats and increase locomotor efficiency. Bipedalism evolved
as they had to use their hands as a tool defense for hunting, carrying objects, and
protection from shoreline predators.

Philippine Prehistoric Man

The Philippines is also home to prehistoric humans whose culture is at par
with counterparts from other parts of the world. Recent discoveries have led to
interesting accounts about the origin of our race and how humans lived during the
prehistoric times.

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Tabon Man
The Tabon Man used to be the oldest confirmed modern human in the
Philippines, dating back to 16,500 years ago (14,000 BC). It was discovered in the
Lipuun Point Reservation of the Tabon Caves Complex in the southern part of
Palawan Island by Dr. Robert Fox (1918-1985), an American anthropologist, and
leading historian of the National Museum of the Philippines. In 1958, he led a
National Museum team in conducting extensive excavations on two sites at
Calatagan, Batangas in what may be considered the first systematic excavation
involving the National Museum in the country. He also led a six-year archaeological
research project in Palawan, focusing mainly on the caves and rock shelters of
Lipuun Point. Fox found skull cap, jaw bones, teeth, and several other fragmented
bones. Although the finds represented more than just one individual, he called it as
the Tabon Man. The Tabon mandible is the earliest evidence of human remains
showing archaic characteristics of the mandible and teeth.

Homo Luzonensis
It was excavated in 2007 in Callao Cave, Peñablanca, Cagayan Valley,
Philippines by an international multidisciplinary team led by Dr. Armand Salvador
Mijares, an archaeologist from the University of the Philippines and a National
Geographic grantee. It was named Homo luzonensis after the country’s biggest island
of Luzon where it was recovered. It displays a combination of features that are
different from those found in other species in the genus Homo (including Homo
floresiensis and Homo sapiens) which proves their attribution to a new species
previously unknown to science. This new discovery about the evidence of evolution
of man is stored in the National Museum of the Philippines. The remains consist of
seven teeth, three foot bones, two finger bones, and a fragment of thigh that belong
to at least three adult and juvenile individuals. The ancient species was believed to
have lived in the island of Luzon around 50,000 to 67,000 years ago. Dr. Mijares and
his team decided to continue the excavation activity after the discovery of Homo
floresiensis on the island of Flores in eastern Indonesia. This serves as an indication
that there is a new hominin species in the islands in the region.

LESSON
THE PREHISTORIC HUMAN
2 ACHIEVEMENTS

The Prehistoric Period or the period when human life and human activity
evolved roughly dates from 2.5 million years ago to 1,200 B.C. with researchers
having found evidence of humans creating and using stone tools. Archaeological sites
revealed stone tools that have been found to be less susceptible to destruction than
bones. These stone artifacts typically offer the best evidence of where and when early
humans lived and survived. The Prehistoric human’s creation and use of stone tools
prove their creativity, their way of life and how they lived, adapted, and interacted
with their surroundings and evolved over time. The Prehistoric Period is categorized

15
into three archaeological periods: the Paleolithic Period or Old Stone Age, the Metal
Age, and the Neolithic Period or New Stone Age. The most important thing to
remember regarding this period is that stone tools provide evidence about the
technologies particularly the mental skills and innovations that were within the grasp
of early human toolmakers.

This lesson will delve on theories on cultural evolution, the economic

developments from prehistoric times up to the present, and the political changes
which made our society more stable and organized.

PERIOD/YEARS HUMAN ACHIEVEMENTS AND

CULTURAL SYMBOLISMS
Prehistoric  Humans used stones found in
Paleolithic-Old Stone Age (450,00 - nature.
6,000 B.C.)  They used tree branches,
leaves, and stones for shelter.
 They produced fire by rubbing
two stones together.
 They produced basic stone tools
and stone art.
 Humans began to create
durable products that did not
served any function for
survival but only as a means of
self-expression.
 The diagnostic art of this period
appeared in two main forms:
small sculptures and large
paintings and engravings on
FIGURE 2. STONE IMPLEMENTS USED DURING cave walls.
STONE AGES. Courtesy of  Paleolithic sculptures and
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_p figurines made of clay, bone,
ark_stone_tools.jpg, July 6, 2020.
ivory, or stone depicted
animals and humans.
 Portable figurines found
included those with finely carved
facial features, while others
accentuated sexual organs and
buttocks that suggested that
they were tied to an interest in
human fertility.
 Monumental cave paintings
and engravings were found.
 There was early use of language
from the fact that humans
traversed large swaths of land,
established settlements,
created tools, traded, and
instituted social hierarchies and
cultures.
 They used roughed stones for
tools and weapons.

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Neolithic-New Stone Age (6,000 - 2,000
B.C.)
Metal Age (2,000 B.C. - 1000 A.D.)
` produce metals.
Copper Age (3500 to 2300 BCE)
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 There was absolute dependence
on nature (gathering food and
animal hunting).
 Fishing was the primary means of
obtaining food.
 Caves and rock shelters near
water source served as their
houses.
 They used polished and bladed
stones.
 They started agriculture and
established settlement in
permanent villages.
 There was more domestication
of animals.
 Early men moved out of caves
and went out to the coast.
 They led a more sedentary
lifestyle.
 There was the appearance of
crafts such as pottery and
weaving.
 They had permanent homes,
usually made of timber or mud
bricks.
 They began consciously to
 Changes in settlement
organization, ritual life, and
interaction between the
societies were evident.
 Forests were formed after
melting of ice caps.
 They showed signs of being
dependent on rivers as primary
source of food.
 They used copper for jewelry and
weapons.
 There was sporadic use of copper
for a limited number of small
tools and personal ornaments.
 Copper was used to adorn the
deceased. It was also fashioned
into implements.
 Copper pipes were used to
carry water, dating back to
around 2700 B.C as found in one
of the Egyptian pyramids.
 The art of smelting and molding
copper was developed.
 Figure 3. Ax made from copper during the
Middle Copper Age. (Courtesy of
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/a/a6/Copper_age_middle_3500-
2700BC_copper_ax_IMG_0932.jpg, July 6,
2020)

 Combining copper, tin, and

Bronze Age (2000–500 BC) bronze was done to make more
durable weapons.
 The wheel and the ox-drawn
plow were invented.

 Metals replaced bronze in making

Iron Age (1200–1000 BC) weapons.
 Iron was found to be the
strongest metal among the
three.
 The export of knowledge of
iron metallurgy and of iron
objects was rapid and
widespread.
 Iron was used for making
weapons, putting arms in the
hands of the masses

FIGURE 4. Silla Armor found in Korea. (Courtesy of

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3
2/Korea-Silla-Iron.armor-01.jpg, July 6, 2020).

Societies were named according to the kind of tools they used during their
time. Their tools, houses, and way of living are evidences of economic growth in the
society where they belong. Today there are many professionals excavating and
studying different fossils in order to prove that economic development really existed
during the early times. More than satisfying their curiosities, paleontologists and
archaeologists study fossils to better understand life on earth.

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 The development of early human society from the use of stone tools found in
the environment, to the use of metal, copper and iron shows the skills of human
adaptability when needed in a certain situation.

The discovery of making fire through rubbing stones together in order to cook
food is really an act of survival during the time. A diet of raw wild foods was not
enough so they learned to cook their food using fire. Firelights also allowed hominins
to sleep on the ground or in caves, instead of in trees because it served as their
protection from predators and provided warmth at night. Fire was also used for
performing rituals, as Christians view fire as a symbol of divinity. The worship of
fire has been a part of culture since then. Fire rituals were used to release unwanted
energies and attachments from the past and make space for new intentions, which
is still being practiced by many old folks in the provinces.
When the Earth became extremely cold and ocean levels were much lower
than they are now, the early humans learned how to make clothes by sewing animal
skin together using bone needles. Other readily available materials were animal
feather, fur, and woven grasses. They also made clothing from linens and wool in
later societies. Towards the end of the Ice Age, climate became warm.
People during the Stone Age first started using clay pots to cook food and
store things. They also used sharp-edged flakes to break apart nuts, seeds, and
bones and to grind clay into pigments.
Prehistoric cave art is important because it serves as the best means of
showing the interaction between our primitive ancestors and the world as they
perceived it. These people painted mostly animals that they most likely hunted as a
major source of food, and in doing so, left behind evidence of their activities. Cave
paintings were believed to be made from charcoal and other materials available.
Evidences proved that in most caves and shelters where engravings were discovered,
they were done using fingers on soft walls while flint tools were used on hard
surfaces. This generally was believed to have symbolic or religious function because
shamanic beliefs and practices were prevalent during that time. Going deep into a
cave for a religious ceremony, a shaman would be in a state of trance and sent his
or her soul into the otherworld to make contact with the spirits to obtain their
benevolence.
The Iron Age, which is generally characterized by the use of metal works,
made many countries more technologically advanced. Tasks like farming became
easier as farmers used an “ard” (an iron plough) to work in farm lands. With the
coming of iron – a cheaper, tougher metal than bronze – armour and weaponry
became much more widely available and was able to spread to a much wider section
of society.

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 What’s More

Data Retrieval Chart

You are now knowledgeable on the different changes that took place during
the biocultural evolution. You may now begin to distinguish these developments
through this activity.

You may do the following:

1. Identify the major developments as regards the biological and cultural
aspects of early humans by completing the data retrieval chart below with
relevant information.
2. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Species Biological Developments Cultural Developments

1.Hominids
2.Homo habilis
3.Homo erectus
4.Homo sapiens

Think about this!

1.What did you discover while answering the data retrieval chart?
2. How does studying biocultural evolution affect your life?
3. How can you apply your knowledge and understanding of the biological and
cultural developments in (living) your daily life?

What I Have Learned

Cause and Effect

You are now knowledgeable on the different changes that took place during the
biocultural evolution. You may now begin to identify the cause and effect of these
changes through this activity.

You may do the following and answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Identify the cause and effects of the developments in biological and

cultural aspects of early human by completing the graphic organizer
below with information from the lesson we have just taken up.

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 Cause

Effects

Think about this!

1. What does the graphic organizer imply?

2. How essential are prehistoric human achievements then and now?
3. As a student, can you resist change? Why or why not?

What I Can Do

Shoebox Diorama
After studying the different prehistoric ages, you are now ready to create a
diorama depicting the lives of humans during the geological period of your choice.
Try this!
You may do the following.

1. Get a shoe box and art materials.

2. Identify the geological period you want to recreate using your
artistic skills and knowledge of the period.
3. Create a diorama complete with backdrop and scenario using
miniature human forms.

Your output will be evaluated using the following criteria:

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1
STYLE AND Diorama is Diorama is Some parts of the Diorama is
ORGANIZATION interesting and interesting and diorama is uninteresting, not
attractive. attractive. interesting but tidy. Materials
Materials are Materials are lacks uniformity. are incomplete
complete, well complete and Some materials and unorganized.
organized, and organized. are organized. Presentation has
uniform. The Presentation has Presentation has no sequence or

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 display presents sequence and some sequence no planning is
the ideas well. planning is and some evident.
evident. planning is
evident
TOPIC Topic chosen is in Topic concerns Topic concerns Topic does not
accordance with an element of a history not apply.
directions. human miniature studied.
lightly touched
upon.
CREATIVITY AND Project is Good creative Some attempt Little attempt to
APPEARANCE excellently effort. Project is made to add color add color or
presented neat and shows and originality. originality.
reflecting evidence of time Project is neat. Project has
creativity and a spent on it. sloppy
lot of thought. appearance.
Content The project The project The project The project
content is content is good content is fair content is poor
exemplary and and suggests that and and
suggests that student has suggests that suggests that
student has discovered most student has not student has not
discovered the of the important discovered most done research.
important idea of idea of his/her of the important
his/her topic. topic. ideas of his/her
topic.

Think about this!

1. What did you discover while making a shoebox diorama?
2 How beneficial are these discoveries in modern society?
3. What traits did the early humans have that you can adapt today?

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. It refers to the small-bodied hominin who lived on the island of Luzon at least
50,000 to 70,000 years ago.
a. Homo erectus c. Homo sapiens
b. Homo habilis d. Homo luzonensis

2. Which of the following choices represent the best example of biocultural evolution
or the integration of both biological anthropology and social/cultural
anthropology?
a. modification in genetics
b. changes in the physical body of human size and shape
c. change in posture and movement of prehistoric human
d. lactose tolerance which developed from cultures that consumed the
milk of mammals belonging to another species, mostly cows/goats

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3. Aside from having the most developed brains and speech organs, Homo sapiens
has the following characteristics EXCEPT________________?
a. molar teeth had large roots but were decreasing toward a more modern
size.
b. skulls had a distinctive shape that differentiated them from earlier human
species.
c. the body (known only from the Chinese specimens) tended to be shorter
and stockier than those of modern humans.
d. limbs were like those of modern humans although the bones were
thicker, suggesting a physically demanding lifestyle.

4. Why is language important in our culture?

a. Language is a medium of instructions; it can be expressed verbally or non-
verbally.
b. Language is an essential instrument for communication; it can be used to
express our emotions.
c. Language is an essential part of our culture because it is a tool that we can
use to preserve and transfer our culture.
d. Language is a fundamental element of a social being; therefore, it is a tool
that we can use to communicate with other people.

5. The central unifying theory of biology that explains how all living organisms are
related and how existing species adapt to their environments and new species
arise.
a. evolution c. artificial election
b. natural selection d. both A and C

6. Differences in skin color and the ability to metabolize alcohol and cholesterol levels
are just a few examples of:
a. variation c. gene therapy
b. mutation d. inheritance

7. If our culture is not dynamic and adaptive, __________________.

a. our society will be more fruitful and more colorful.
b. the society will continue to prosper because it will not be affected by our
culture.
c. our culture will not fit the current trends in the society and might even
contradict it.
d. our country will be recognized as the top country because we have a unique
culture.

8. How did the Iron Age help many countries become more technologically advanced?
a. The use of clay pots enabled them to cook food and store things.
b. The invention of metal made tasks like farming easier.
c. The practice of shamans going deep into a cave to
contact the spirits showed their belief in the afterlife.
d. The discovery of fire provided them warmth, protection from predators
and a means to cook their food.

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9. If people are aware of the different social, political, and cultural events within the
society, ______________________________.
a. they become ignorant of different local and national issues.
b. they are given the chance to serve the community with their skills and
hard work.
c. they acquire knowledge and experiences necessary to survive the daily
challenges in life.
d. they are totally free to indulge in all the activities they want to do because
they live in a free country.

10. Evolution of culture made the following developments possible

EXCEPT _____________.
a. stagnant livelihood of early humans
b. dispersal of human beings across the earth’s surface
c. adaptation to nearly all of biotic and physical situations by human
d. growth in population that reached 5 million about 10,0000 years
ago

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References

Books
Contreras, Antonio, Dela Cruz Arleigh Rose, Erasga, Dennis, Fadrigon, Cecil.Mactal
Ronaldo (2018). Understanding Culture Society and Politics. Phoenix
Publishing House Inc.
Christman, John (2018). Social and Political Philosophy: A Contemporary
Introduction. Routledge, London

Online Sources

Becker, Braden (2020). The 8 Most Common Leadership Styles & How to Find Your
Own. Retrieved from https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/leadership-styles
5/14 2020.

Barnett, B. (2004). Introduction: The Life, Career, and Social Thought of Gerhard
Lenski: Scholar, Teacher, Mentor, Leader. Sociological Theory, Retrieved from
www.jstor.org/stable/3648940.

Stephen, Benz. (2020). What is a Federal Government? - Definition, Powers &

Benefits. Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-
federal-government-definition-powers-benefits.html.

Weinstein, David, "Herbert Spencer”, Edward N. Zalta (2019). The Stanford

Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved
from<https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/spencer/>.

Stephen T. Hasiotis, Michael J. Everhart. (2007). The Trace-Fossil Record of

Vertebrates Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-
and-planetary-sciences/hominid.

Smithsonian Museum of National History. (2020). Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Retrieved from http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-
fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis,

National Museum Collections. (2014). Retrieved from

https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Ar
chaeo/Skull.html.

Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Cultural Evolution. Retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/topic/cultural-evolution

Retrieved from https://www.macmillanihe.com/resources/sample-

chapters/9780230363373_sample.pdf

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 Photo/Figure/Illustration

Charles Darwin
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_photograph_by_Herbert
_Rose_Barraud,_1881.jpg), Accessed July 27, 2020)

Stone implements used during stone ages, Courtesy of

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_park_stone_tools.jpg, Accessed
July 6, 2020.

Ax made from copper during the Middle Copper Age. (Courtesy of

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Copper_age_middle_350
0-2700BC_copper_ax_IMG_0932.jpg, July 6, 2020)

Silla Armor found in Korea. (Courtesy of

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Korea-Silla-Iron.armor-
01.jpg, July 6, 2020

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