Mary Catherine May D.C.

Beltran BS Information technology 1st year July 6 July 7 3:00-4:30

Ano ang Konteksto? Ang konteksto ay buod or nilalaman ng isang pangungusap o ideya na nais ibahagi sa ibat ibang paraan ng pangungusap o akda o ideya upang ipabatid ang tunay na nilalaman nito sa isang malawak na pamamaraan. Ang konteksto ay ang sitwasyon o kalagayan kung saan nagaganap ang komunikasyon. 2. Bigyang kahulugan ang 5 dimensyon ng Konteksto: (a) Pisikal, (b) Sosyal, (c) Kultural, (d) Historikal, at (e) Sikolohikal Konteksto - Ito ay tumutukoy sa mga kalagayan kung saan nagaganap ang komunikasyon. Ang konteksto ay may limang dimensyon: - Kontekstong Pisikal - Tumutukoy ito sa kondisyong pangkaligiran na gaya ng temperatura, liwanag, level ng ingay gayundin ang oras, ang layo o pagitan ng mga nag-uusap, at ang posisyon ng kanilang pagkakatayo o pagkakaupo. - Kontekstong Sosyal - Tumutukoy ito sa uri ng relasyong namamagitan sa mga kalahok sa komunikasyon. - Kontekstong Historikal - Nagpapakita ito ng ugnayan ng magkakasunod na episodo ng komunikasyon sa usapan ng mga kalahok. Maaaring magkaroon ng tuwiran o di-tuwirang impluwensya ang naunang usapan sa mga susunod na usapan. - Kontekstong Sikolohikal - Tumutukoy ito sa kalagayang emosyonal at damdaming nasasaloob ng mga taong kalahok sa komunikasyon. - Kontekstong Kultural - Tumutukoy ito sa paniniwala, buhay na kinalakhan, kagawian, pagpapahalaga at mga huwarang pinanaligan ng isang pangkat ng tao. Sa dimensyong Pisikal, bigyan ng kahulugan ang mga sumusunod: (a) temperatura, (b) liwanag, (c) pook, (d) lebel ng ingay, (e) agwat sa pagitan ng 2 nag-uusap, at (f) oras Temperatura:Ang temperatura ay ang sukat ng kasidhian ng kainitan o kalamigan ng isang bagay, katulad ng mula sa katawan ng isang tao at sa lagay ng panahon. Sa kahulugang makaagham, ang temperatura ay ang pisikal na dami o kantidad na naglalarawan kung gaano kabilis gumagalaw ang mga molekula sa loob ng isang materyal o bagay. Liwanag, o nakikitang liwanag: ay may haba ng daluyong na nakikita ng mata ng tao. Sa malawak ng larangan ng pisika, kadalasang tumutukoy ang liwanag sa lahat ng elektromagnetikong radyasyon ng lahat ng haba ng daluyong, kahit na ito'y nakikita o hindi. Lebel ng ingay: Hindi tayo maaaring umiwas sa komunikasyon. Kahit pa tayo y hindi magsalita, nakikipagtalastasan tayo sa ating kapwa. Pansinin ang dalawang taong nasa loob ng eleveytor, halimbawa. Hindi sila nag-uusap. Nag-iiwasan pa nga sila ng mata. Malinaw nilang naipadadala ang mensahe ng kawalan ng interes sa isa t isa. Sa hindi pag-imik at pag-iwas ng tingin, kapwa nila natanggap ang mensaheng Huwag mo akong kausapin! Nagkaroon sila ng komunikasyon, hindi ba? At hindi nila iyon naiwasan! Kung tutuusin, kahit tayo y nag-iisa, hindi natin maiiwasan ang mag-isip. Anong uri ito ng komunikasyon? Intrapersonal, hindi ba? Lalo na kapag may mga tao sa ating paligid. Hindi man tayo magsalita, sa ating mga kilos, galaw, kumpas at anyo, hindi man sinasadya ay nakapagpapadala tayo ng mensahe sa iba.

Mary Catherine May D.C. Beltran BS Information technology 1st year July 6 July 7 3:00-4:30

Agwat sa pagitan ng 2 nag-uusap: Komunikasyong Interpersonal. Ito naman ay tumutukoy sa komunikasyong nagaganap sa pagitan ng dalawang tao o sa pagitan ng isang tao at maliit na pangkat. Malaking bahagdan ng komunikasyong nagaganap sa ating lipunan ang nasa uring ito. Ang uri ng komunikasyong ito ang humuhubog ng ating ugnayan o relasyon sa ating kapwa. Sa ganitong sitwasyon, nagbibigay ng mensahe ang mga kasangkot sa komunikasyon, kasama na ang kanilang mga pandama: paningin, pandinig, pang-amoy, panlasa at panalat o pandamdam. Oras: ay isang bahagi ng sistemang pansukat para malaman ang pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga pangyayari at mga patlang sa gitna nila at kung gaano katagal ang isang pangyayari. Ang panahon ay mahalaga sa pag-aaral ng relihiyon, pilosopiya at agham. Sa kasalukuyan hindi pa rin mabigyan ng kahulugang ang panahon na magagamit sa lahat ng mga sangay ng agham at sipnayan (matematika) kahit ang mga dalubhasa ay nahihirapan.

Mary Catherine May Beltran BS-IT 1st year REQUIREMENT #1 Critical Issues in Forensics Psychology By: David A webb May 7 2006 The topic of false confessions is another very important issue within a legal context where psychological knowledge and expertise can be brought be bear. Psychological vulnerabilities and interrogative circumstances are two of the key areas that have been examined by psychologists in relation to false confessions. The reason that the study of false confessions is such an important topic within forensic psychology is that research into the reliability of testimony and suggestibility is as old as the discipline itself.

Hugo Munsterberg In 1908 Hugo Munsterberg published 'On The Witness Stand: Essays on Psychology And Crime'. One of these essays was entitled 'Untrue Confessions'. The writing of Hugo Munsterberg was not only groundbreaking but also very perceptive. In the first sentence of his essay on false confessions he stated that: I am most seriously convinced that it is a tragedy not only of crime but also of human error and miscarried justice, and my scientific conscience as a psychologist compels me to speak of it because the tragedy of yesterday may come up again, in some other form, tomorrow Munsterberg's contention that false confessions were a normal phenomena triggered by unusual circumstances was most recently brought to light in the circumstances surrounding the John Mark Karr case. In relation to the unsolved murder of six-year-old JonBent Ramsey, John Mark Karr claimed that he was present when Ramsey died and that her death was an accident. Authorities were made aware of Karr via the e-mail correspondence he had with Michael Tracey, a journalism professor at the University of Colorado. Karr was arrested in Bangkok returned to the USA for questioning. Shortly after, prosecutors announced they would not be pursuing charges in connection with the murder after DNA tests failed to place Karr at the scene.

The work of Kassin and Wrightsman in the USA and Gudjonsson in the UK has done a great deal to further our understanding of the psychology of false confessions. To find out more about this work, along with links to a number of excellent resources on the subject of false confessions visit my main forensic psychology website.

Mary Catherine May Beltran BS-IT 1st year REQUIREMENT #2 Chromosomal Abnormalities

TURNER SYNDROME
Turner syndrome (TS) is a medical disorder that affects about 1 in every 2,500 girls. Although researchers don't know exactly what causes Turner syndrome, they do know that it's the result of a problem with a girl's chromosomes. Most girls are born with two X chromosomes, but girls with Turner syndrome are born with only one X chromosome or they are missing part of one X chromosome. The effects of the condition vary widely among girls with Turner syndrome. It all depends on how many of the body's cells are affected by the changes to the X chromosome. Girls with Turner syndrome are usually short in height. Girls with Turner syndrome who aren't treated for short stature reach an average height of about 4 feet 7 inches (1.4 meters). The good news is that when Turner syndrome is diagnosed while a girl is still growing, she can be treated with growth hormones to help her grow taller. In addition to growth problems, Turner syndrome prevents the ovaries from developing properly, which affects a girl's sexual development and the ability to have children. Because the ovaries are responsible for making the hormones that control breast growth and menstruation, most girls with Turner syndrome will not go through all of the changes associated with puberty unless they get treatment for the condition. Nearly all girls with Turner syndrome will be infertile, or unable to become pregnant on their own. Other Effects Turner Syndrome Can Have A number of other health problems occur more often in girls with Turner syndrome, including kidney problems, high blood pressure, heart problems, overweight, hearing difficulties, diabetes, andthyroid problems. Some girls with the condition may experience learning difficulties, particularly in math. Many have a difficult time with tasks that require skills such as map reading or visual organization. In addition to short stature and lack of sexual development, some of the other physical features commonly seen in girls with Turner syndrome are:
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a "webbed" neck (extra folds of skin extending from the tops of the shoulders to the sides of the neck) a low hairline at the back of the neck drooping of the eyelids differently shaped ears that are set lower on the sides of the head than usual abnormal bone development (especially the bones of the hands and elbows) a larger than usual number of moles on the skin edema or extra fluid in the hands and feet

Because Turner syndrome can affect how a girl looks and develops, some girls may have problems with body image or selfesteem. People with TS are all different. Some may have many physical differences and symptoms, whereas others experience only a few medical problems. With early and appropriate medical care and ongoing support, most people with TS can lead normal, healthy, and productive lives. Reviewed by: Judith Ross, MD Date reviewed: August 2008

DOWN SYNDROME

What is Down Syndrome? Down syndrome (DS), also called Trisomy 21, is a condition in which extra genetic material causes delays in the way a child develops, both mentally and physically. It affects about 1 in every 800 babies. The physical features and medical problems associated with Down syndrome can vary widely from child to child. While some kids with DS need a lot of medical attention, others lead healthy lives. Though Down syndrome can't be prevented, it can be detected before a child is born. The health problems that can go along with DS can be treated, and there are many resources within communities to help kids and their families who are living with the condition. What Causes It? Normally, at the time of conception a baby inherits genetic information from its parents in the form of 46 chromosomes: 23 from the mother and 23 from the father. In most cases of Down syndrome, a child gets an extra chromosome 21 delays associated with DS. Although no one knows for sure why DS occurs and there's no way to prevent the chromosomal error that causes it, scientists do know that women age 35 and older have a significantly higher risk of having a child with the condition. At age 30, for example, a woman has about a 1 in 900 chance of conceiving a child with DS. Those odds increase to about 1 in 350 by age 35. By 40 the risk rises to about 1 in 100. for a total of 47 chromosomes instead of 46. It's this extra genetic material that causes the physical features and developmental

Klinefelter Syndrome
What is Klinefelter syndrome? Klinefelter syndrome, also known as the XXY condition, is a term used to describe males who have an extra X chromosome in most of their cells. Instead of having the usual XY chromosome pattern that most males have, these men have an XXY pattern. Klinefelter syndrome is named after Dr. Henry Klinefelter, who first described a group of symptoms found in some men with the extra X chromosome. Even though all men with Klinefelter syndrome have the extra X chromosome, not every XXY male has all of those symptoms. Because not every male with an XXY pattern has all the symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome, it is common to use the term XXY male to describe these men, or XXY condition to describe the symptoms. Scientists believe the XXY condition is one of the most common chromosome abnormalities in humans. About one of every 500 males has an extra X chromosome, but many don t have any symptoms. What are the symptoms of the XXY condition? Not all males with the condition have the same symptoms or to the same degree. Symptoms depend on how many XXY cells a man has, how much testosterone is in his body, and his age when the condition is diagnosed. The XXY condition can affect three main areas of development:
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Physical development: As babies, many XXY males have weak muscles and reduced strength. They may sit up, crawl, and walk later than other infants. After about age four, XXY males tend to be taller and may have less muscle control and coordination than other boys their age. As XXY males enter puberty, they often don t make as much testosterone as other boys. This can lead to a taller, less muscular body, less facial and body hair, and broader hips than other boys. As teens, XXY males may have larger breasts, weaker bones, and a lower energy level than other boys. By adulthood, XXY males look similar to males without the condition, although they are often taller. They are also more likely than other men to have certain health problems, such as autoimmune disorders, breast cancer, vein diseases, osteoporosis, and tooth decay. XXY males can have normal sex lives, but they usually make little or no sperm. Between 95 percent and 99 percent of XXY males are infertile because their bodies don t make a lot of sperm.

Language development: As boys, between 25 percent and 85 percent of XXY males have some kind of language problem, such as learning to talk late, trouble using language to express thoughts and needs, problems reading, and trouble processing what they hear. As adults, XXY males may have a harder time doing work that involves reading and writing, but most hold jobs and have successful careers.

Social development: As babies, XXY males tend to be quiet and undemanding. As they get older, they are usually quieter, less self-confident, less active, and more helpful and obedient than other boys. As teens, XXY males tend to be quiet and shy. They may struggle in school and sports, meaning they may have more trouble fitting in with other kids. However, as adults, XXY males live lives similar to men without the condition; they have friends, families, and normal social relationships.