Chapter 1: Introduction to Globalization

Learning Outcomes:
o Construct a definition of globalization using a concept map
o Define economic globalization
o Identify and differentiate competing concept of globalization
o Explain the positive and negative aspects of globalization according to the various perspective
of experts and communities affected by it.
Activity:
Construct a definition of Globalization using a concept map. (Show different pictures according to page
#2 of the book example: kdrama, kimchi, kpop artist and Netflix films)
Introduction
On days that you do not have to wear your school uniform, you wake up and put on a set of clothing
that probably read 'made in China' on the inside tag. You then went to your bedside closet to get your
iPhone (or Samsung) cellphone and off to your garage to get in a car that had parts that were
manufactured in all parts of the world. You drove that car to a ‘membership only’ grocery store to buy
grapes that were grown in Chile, sugar from Jamaica, and curry from India. You did all of this because of
globalization. In this lesson, you will learn the various meanings of globalization, some of its positive and
negative effects, and some real examples of globalization in the 21st century.The discussion of this
lesson over the next few days will allow us to explore how we are connected to each other all over the
world. The ways that we are connected to the people who make our products (in China, Taiwan, U.S.,
etc.) is NOT NEW. The reality is that, the world has been connected for a long time.
What is Globalization?
A lot has taken place in the lives of human beings over the last century. Among these changes, and
perhaps the most important one, is the presence of ’globalization.’ The question of what it is, is probably
an easy one to answer but as it appeared, the term ’globalization’ has several competing meanings,
sometimes contradicting each other since it encompasses a multiple of processes involving one’s
cultural, economic and political systems, which directly affect the structures of the society. How is this
so? Let’s talk about real-life examples of globalization.
Some of you may not be a fan of Filipino teleseryes but did you know that Pinoy TV Series have become
popular not just in our country but among our ASEAN neighbors as well? The first release of the love
story entitled Pangako Sa’Yo was in 2000, which became a hit in countries like Malaysia and Singapore,
and made Jericho Rosales and Kristine Hermosa a household name. In fact, Pangako Sa’Yo was adapted
into a show called, ‘The Promise’ in Cambodia which aired from 2013 to 2014. Later on, this TV series
also became popular in Africa and Latin America. In 2015, this show was revived with Daniel Padilla and
Kathryn Bernardo playing the leads and it also became a hit in Indonesia and Vietnam.
If you have been to Malaysia, you certainly have found an assortment of cuisines such as Chinese,
Indian, and Malay. This was a result of how the British reorganized the Malaysian society during the
colonial period — not much has been changed to the Malays’ way of life but the Brits have brought in
laborers from China to work in the rubber plantations and tin mines, and Indians to serve as the
potential professionals who belong in the middle class.
Go to Singapore and you will discover that the food is no different from Malaysia because of the fact
that it was once part of the British colony of Malay and the post-war independent Federation of
Malaysia. It was only in August 1965 that it separated from the Federation and became a nation-state.
Who wouldn’t know Starbucks? Even kids these days are so into their Frappuccino beverages and drink
ware including mugs and tumblers. A working adult does not only go to this famous coffee shop but tries
out any nearby café that serves “flat whites” (or simply an espresso drink akin to a latte, usually served
in cafés in Australia and New Zealand). The use of Facebook and other social media are so famed that it
has become an essential
part of almost everybody’s life — you have certainly posted a selfie (or a photo of your OOTD or your
food at lunch), greeted a friend on a special occasion, liked other people’s photos, described the movie
you just watched, or stayed in touch with people whom you have not seen or talked to in years.
These and many other examples lead us to appreciate the meaning and impact of globalization: the
spread of Filipino TV in other countries suggests how quickly popular culture has boomed all over Asia;
the spread of different cuisines in a specific country as a result of history; the influx of a special
Frappuccino and latte as part of an individual’s daily life; and the use of Facebook as a global social
networking site that provides immediate communication across continents.

Globalization
Since the early 19th century globalization has been a buzzword throughout the world.
o The term itself has been popularized by Harvard Business School Professor Theodore Levitt in
his article entitled “The Globalization of Markets”
o Globalization refers to the existence of free exchange of goods and services, culture, and even
people between and among countries.
Globalization is a historical process. It started long before the recent years of information technology,
the end of the cold war, or even the end of the second world war. It has its bases earlier, in the
development of capitalism and industrialism, and in the institutions, technologies, and incentives these
systems brought along. (Martell 2010 p. 5)
Through globalization, people became more interested to travel, learn new languages and immerse
themselves into new cultures and lifestyles. Thus globalization is the reason why there are Mcdonalds
outlet in every Philippine City and the same time Jollibee branches too. Koreans in the Philippines order
Filipino dishes like adobo and sisig and also Philippines bananas and patis are imported from Thailand.
More extreme example of Globalization is the production of literally global products such as Tshirt
whose every component is made in different countries. Despite globalizations obvious benefit to a
number of people around the world its complexity and vastness lends itself to competing concepts and
philosophies and ideologies that view it with different lenses.

Why Globalization became popular?

o Free Trade- exchange of goods or products between nation without tariff or tax
 o Migration
o Internet (ICT)
o Cultural homogenization
o Capitalism- an economic and political system in which property, business, and industry are
controlled by private owners rather than by the state, with the purpose of making a profit
o Consciousness of global problems

Ang paglipat sa ibang lugar ang nagbunsod upang lalo pang mapalawak ang sakop ng isang
makapangyarihang bansa sa isang bansa sa pamamagitan ng pagdepende ng mga nasasakupan nito sa
trabahong kanilang makukuha na ang kapalit ay pera. Halimbawa nalang ang mga OFW’s.
Naging popular ang globallisasyon sa pamamagitan ng internet nakatulong ang internet sa atin para
mapagkonek tayo gaano man tayo kalayo sa isat-isa at ibahagi ang kulturang meron man tayo dagdag
mo pa ang pag-usbong ng kapitalismo na siyang nagbunsod sa mga negosyante upang umisip kung
paano nila payayabungin angkanilang Negosyo sa pamamagitan ng import at export na nagbigay daan sa
ating upang tayo ay mamulat sa mga problema o maling nangyayare sa ating bansa.

Terms associated but not synonymous to Globalization:

o Internationalization- involves the growth of transactions and interdependencies between
countries
o Free Trade- exchange of goods or products between nation without tariff or tax
o Liberalization- refers to the removal of constraint and movements of resources on the free
trade between nations
o Deregulation-loosening or lifting government regulations, usually to favor private corporations
flexibility of operations and profitability
o Privatization- process or policy of subjecting an industry or service to private control and
ownership.

Competing Conceptions of Globalization

On globalizations as a contested concept Manfred Steger remarks that since its earliest appearance in
1960s the term “globalization” has been use in both popular and academic literature to describe a
o Process
o Condition
o System
o Force
o age

The best scholarly definition of globalization is provided by Manfred Steger (2009) who describes
globalization as
o “a variety of accelerating economic, political, cultural, ideological and environmental
processes that are rapidly altering our experience of the world.”
o He described the process as “the expansion and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across worldtime and world-space.”
“Expansion” means both the creation of new social networks and the multiplication of existing
connections that cut across traditional political, economic, cultural and geographic boundaries. Note
that these connections occur at different levels — while social media creates new connections.
between people all over the world, international organizations such as NGOs (non-governmental
organizations) are networks that connect a more specific group of people (like social workers and
activists) from all corners of the world.
“Intensification” refers to the expansion, stretching, and acceleration of these networks. Hence, global
connections are not only growing but are also becoming more closely-knit where financial integration
and trading are made possible.
When Steger (2009) pointed out that globalization relates to the way people perceive time and space,
he meant that people begin to develop the feeling that the world is now becoming smaller and that
distance has shrunken from a million miles to a just “a click away.” One can simply send an e-mail or text
message to a friend who lives in another country and get a response instantaneously, which makes
distance and time less of a problem. With the kind of technology that exists at this time and age, people
from all over the world have a greater sense of what is happening in other places as Cable TV and
internet have made possible the exposure of news from different places.
In truth, globalization is a complex concept that cannot be defined within a set time frame. It is also not
a process that can be defined clearly without any biases or ambiguity. It cannot even be explained with
certainty and be applicable to all people and in all situations. Indeed, globalization may be difficult to
assess since it is a global process that embodies everything.
Given that there is no generally accepted definition for globalization, Steger (2013) describes it as a
process, a condition or an ideology.

Globalization as a “long-term process’

o started on October 30, 1947 by 20 nations that signed the General Agreement on Tariff and
Trade which primarily aims to regulate international trade.
o In 1995, it was formally supplanted by the World Trade Organization through the Marrakesh
Agreement signed by 124 nations.
o WTO describes itself as the only global international organization dealing with the rules of
trade between nations
WTO began trading in 1948 under GATT and liberalized trade by lowering and remove g trade
barriers such as tariff quotas and subsidies.
WTO promotes global trade by:
1. Administering trade agreements
2. Settling disputes
3. Reviewing national trade policies
4. Providing developing countries with technical assistance and training programs
5. Cooperating with the IMF and World Bank
Kaya kapag sinabing organization that deals with the rules of trade dapat WTO agad ang isagot niyo.
Distinction between Internationalization and Globalization
Internationalization- - involves the growth of transactions and interdependencies between countries.
Refers to processes and systems that pertain to relationships between nation-states.
Globalization- encompasses systems and processes related to “global social relations” or interaction
between international and or transnational entities.
Beyond the definition of globalization, distinctions between internationalization and globalization are
also contested. A clear distinction must be drawn between inter-national and global.
Ibig sabihin ang karakter o relasyon na meron ang isang bansa ay hindi mo masasabing karakter o
relasyon din ng buong mundo. Mas malawak ang sakop ng globalisasyon sapagkat nakapokus ito sa
relasyon ng buo at nagkakaisang bansa sa ibang buo rin at nagkakaisang bansa. Halimbawa kapag sinabi
nating ASEAN they are international in nature pero kapag sinabi nating relationship of ASEAN between
European Union ibig sabihin noon ay global.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) defines economic globalization as
closer integration of national economies through trade and financial flows as well as cross border
migration of people.
European Union also believes that as national economies open up and lower their external barrier they
become more exposed and vulnerable to global forces and influences. Such definition covers what the
European Union call as the “Four Freedoms”
o Free movement of goods or products
o Services
o Capital or investment
o Person

The free movements of products is facilitated by liberalization or abolition of tax on imported goods
(tariff) while the free movement of capital and investment is implemented through deregulation or the
lifting of strict banking and financial regulations aimed t encouraging investors to invest more and retain
their ability to pull out their investment at any time with ease. Meanwhile, the free movement of person
is achieved through the loosening or abolition of visa restrictions and barriers to migration.
Thomas Friedman’s best-selling book “The Lexus and The Olive Tree” gives a relatively balanced and off
cited definition of globalization which he considers both an era and a system that “ not static, but a
dynamic on going process”
Meanwhile some entities like the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) emphasize that globalization
is ”the process by which world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively
increased trade and cultural exchange which has increased the production of goods and services and
has been taking place for hundreds of years , but has speeded up enormously over the last half-
century”
Arjun Appadurai’s view on Globalization (FITME)
For anthropologist Arjun Appadurai different kinds globalization occur on multiple and intersecting
dimensions of integration. It is for this reason that some scholars do away with talking about
globalization as one whole process. Instead, they prefer to discuss the diverse and overlapping
dimensions of globalization, which will be discussed in great detail in the next lessons. This “multiple
globalizations” was termed by anthropologist, Arjun Appadurai (in Heyman & Campbell, 2009) as the 5
‘scapes”
o Financescape- denotes the global circulation of money
o Ideoscape- is the realm where political ideas move around.
o Technoscape- refers to the circulation of mechanical goods and software
o Mediascape- is about the flow of culture
o Ethnoscape- refers to global movement of people

Philosophies and Ideologies of/on against Globalization

o Keynesianism- Keynesianism- When economies slows down, government have to reinvigorate
the market with infusions of capital. As price increased, companies would earn more, and
would have more money to hire more workers.
o Neoliberalism- states that government intervention in economies distort the proper
functioning of the market.
o Radicalism- the belief that there should be a great or extreme social or political change.

Keynesianism- with government intervention

Neoliberalism- without government intervention (laissez- faire)
Radicalism- markets are not good, local not global, small not big.
As an ideology, Globalization has six core claims (Steger, 2005):
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global is integration of markets
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
3. Nobody is in-charge of globalization
4. Globalization benefits everyone
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in this world
6. Globalization requires a global war on terror.
Discussion:
1. The driving idea behind globalization is free-market capitalism the more you let the market
forces rule and the more you open your economy to free trade and competition, the more
efficient your economy will be.
2. Globalization is happening its going to happen. It does not matter whether you like it or not. It's
happening, and its going to happen. If globalization is inevitable we have to embrace it. Its not a
matter or embracing or not embracing its a matter of embracing it now or later.
3. The great beauty of globalization is that no one is in control. The great beauty of globalization is
that it is not controlled by an individual, government, or any institution. That no one is incharge
of globalization means that no particular group of any country has special interest on it.
4. Free trades and free market have proven their ability to lift whole societies out of poverty. Since
globalization benefits everyone all countries should embrace it.
5. Indeed a careful discourse analysis of relevant texts reveals that globalist tend to treat freedom,
free market, free trade, and democracy as synonymous terms.
 6. Globalization requires a global war on terror.

Critics of Globalization
Meanwhile, critics of globalization are divided into two main camps:
Anti-Globalization- wants an end to what it considers as a highly- imbalanced system of globalization
that favors the First World over the Third World, corporations over citizens and communities, and
profit-seeking over environmental sustainability.
Alter- Globalization- altering or changing the current system of globalization to make it more humane,
pro-environment, and more grass roots driven rather than staying as a top- down imposition.
Positive and Negative Aspects of Globalization
Positive Aspects
1. Multiculturalism and multilingualism
2. Free trade
3. Cultural and educational exchanges
4. Migration
5. Global cooperation
Discussion
1. Free exchange of goods and services needs swift communication hence, the need to learn as
many language as possible
2. Reduce cost on selling products almost worldwide provided huge profits for a big number of big
transnational corporation and resulted in cheaper prices of consumer goods such as cellphones
and computers
3. The rise of multilingualism inevitably leads to the study of diverse culture and eventually more
educational exchanges.
4. Citizens can freely visit and work in any country (OFW's)
5. Globalization rules and mechanisms are created and governed by global entities such as WTO.
Negative Aspects
1. Linguistic Hegemony of English
2. Cultural Homogenization
3. Third world dependence on the First World
4. Global Income and Wealth Inequality
5. Tax injustice
6. Racism and anti-migrant sentiment
Discussion:
1. Globalization compels other countries to use English even prioritizing it over their own language.
2. Big companies such as Mcdonald’s, Nestle and Hollywood films dominate markets in every
country because of their enormous financial power and presence in almost every country.
3. Despite globalization obvious contribution to the successful leap of some countries from Third
World to First World status, more Third World countries still complain that the current setup
 favors developed countries more, especially with regards to the rule that prohibit developing
countries from massive state subsidies or aid to their farmers and the way global financial
institutions fail to help many developing countries in jumpstarting their industrialization.
4. As the only biggest corporation seems to benefit from stiff competition and unbridled free
trade.
5. Under globalization, countries compete for foreign investments and are force to lower
corporate income tax rates thereby reducing the expected government income which can be
used for social services that can shield the most vulnerable sectors from the negative effects of
globalization.
6. As corporations in many First World countries hire more migrants to save on wages, First World
working class complains about being left behind in their own countries, hence partly fueling the
rise of racism and anti-migrant sentiment. Halimbawa: Sa Amerika marami silang hinahire na
African or Asian para makatipid sa pasahod nagiging dahilan yun para madiscriminate tayo kasi
ang mga American usually puti sila tapos kayumanggi tayo at black naman ang mga African
nagkakaroon ng racism at ayaw tayong manatili sa kanilang bansa kasi ga nasasapawan natin sila
kaya pinapaalis tayong mga nagmigrate doon.

Many critics of globalization assert that, over all globalization is more favorable to develop countries
because:
1. Developed countries investment in developing countries earn profit which the former typically
repatriate , rather than reinvest in the latter
2. Developed countries control multilateral financial institutions such as the IMF, World Bank, and
even the biggest private bank that is capable on bankrolling or frustrating any effort toward
industrialization contemplated by progressive developing countries government.
3. Technology transfers on a massive scale seldom happens, hence developed countries tend to
retain a monopoly on innovations vital to the growth of the manufacturing sectors.
4. The bulk price of the developing countries main exports (raw materials and semi- manufactured
goods) is lower than the bulk of the price of their typical imports from developed countries
5. Migration of workers and professionals from developing countries to developed countries
depletes the former human resources which they need to free themselves from poverty and
dependency.
6. The education system of developing countries is aligned with the needs of developed countries
which are also typical destinations of migrant workers from the developing nations.

“The other side of globalization is the rise of new invisible walls”

We have unemployed, we have precarious workers. You have failed countries, you have those who live
in slums, who are excluded. The quote above talks about those who live in gap between those who are
enjoying the security, the full civil rights and so on and those who are out. Kaya mapalad kayo sapagkat
nakakatamasa kayo ng marangyang buhay matuto kayong makuntento sapagkat maraming tao ang
naghahangad ng buhay na tinatamasa niyo.

LEGENDS:
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SIMPLE TEXT: SCRIPT