@KianShaen

Media and Information Literacy

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
 the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express
your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else (merriam-webster)
 the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding (oxford)

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION VERBAL COMMUNICATION

 Signs  Gestures  Oral
 Symbols  body language  Written
 Colors  facial expressions

Elements of Communication
1. Identify 2. Find 3. Evaluate 4. Apply 5. Knowledge

Media Literacy - ability to read, analyze, evaluate and produce communication in a variety of media forms.

Information Literacy - ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively use and
communicate information in its various formats.

Technology (Digital) Literacy - ability to use digital technology, communication tools or networks to locate, evaluate,
use, and create information.

Media and Information Literacy (MIL)

refers to the essential competencies (knowledge, skills and attitude) that allow citizens to engage with media and other
information providers effectively and develop critical thinking and life-long learning skills for socializing and becoming
active citizens

THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL TO NEW MEDIA

Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s)

People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and
iron.
 Cave paintings (35,000 BC)  Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC)
 Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC)  Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)

Industrial Age (1700s-1930s)

People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production, and the manufacturing of
various products (including books through the printing press).
 Printing press for mass production (19th century)  Motion picture photography/projection (1890)
 Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640)  Commercial motion pictures (1913)
 Typewriter (1800)Telephone (1876)  Motion picture with sound (1926)

Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)

The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the
transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long distance communication became more
efficient.
 Transistor Radio  Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM 704 (1960)
 Television (1941)  Personal computers - i.e. HewlettPackard 9100A
 Large electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC (1949) (1968), Apple 1 (1976)
and UNIVAC 1 (1951)
 @KianShaen

Information Age (1900s-2000s)

The Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social network. People advanced the use
of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover,
voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We are now living in the information age.
 Social networks: Friendster (2002), Multiply (2003), Facebook (2004)
 Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007)

Media convergence
the merging of previously distinct media technologies and media forms resulting from digitization and computer
networking; or an economic strategy in which the media properties owned by communications companies employ
digitization and computer networking to work together.

Types of Media Convergence

 Print media transmit information via physical objects, such as books, comics, magazines, newspapers,
or pamphlets. Media consisting of paper and ink, reproduced in a printing process that is traditionally
mechanical.

 Broadcast media most expedient means to transmit information immediately to the widest possible audience.
Media such as radio and television that reach target audiences using airwaves as the transmission medium.

 FILM/ Cinema produced by recording people and objects with cameras, or by creating them
using animation techniques and/or special effects. Films comprise a series of individual frames, but when these
images are shown in rapid succession, an illusion of motion is created.

 Video Games (Digital Games)

 New media digital media that are interactive, incorporate two-way communication and involve some form of
computing
 @KianShaen

Midterms
Media and Information Languages Genre, Codes and Conventions

What is genre?
 comes from the French word meaning 'type' or 'class‘
 can be recognized by its common set of distinguishing features (codes and conventions)

CODES are systems of signs, which create meaning

Types of codes
Technical Codes ways in which equipment is used to tell the story (camera techniques, framing, depth of fields, lighting
and exposure, etc.)

Basic Camera Shots Advance Camera Shots Camera Angles

Extreme Wide Shot Two Shot Eye-Level
Wide Shot Cut Away High Angle
Medium Shot Over the Shoulder Low Angle
Medium Close- up Point of View Bird's Eye View
Close- up Selective Focus Worm’s Eye View
Extreme Close- up Arc Shot Slanted (canted)

Symbolic Codes show what is beneath the surface of what we see (objects, setting, body language, clothing, color,
etc.)

Written Codes use of language style and textual layout (headlines, captions, speech bubbles, language style, etc. )

CONVENTIONS are the generally accepted ways of doing something

Media and Information Sources

Indigenous knowledge (IK) knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society. IK contrasts with the international
knowledge system generated by universities, research institutions and private firms. (Warren 1991)

Characteristics
 oral tradition of communication
 store information in memories
 information exchange is face-to-face
 information are contain within the border of the community

Intellectual property Fair use and creative commons

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP)

refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images
used in commerce

Copyright a legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works

Patent an exclusive right granted for an invention. Provides the patent owner with the right to decide how - or whether -
the invention can be used by others

Trademarks a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises.

Industrial design constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article may consist of three-dimensional features,
such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color
 @KianShaen

Geographical Indications and Appellations of Origin signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin
and possess qualities, a reputation or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that place of origin
most commonly includes the name of the place of origin of the goods.

Fair use means you can use copyrighted material without a license only for certain purposes.

These include: Guidelines for Fair Use

 Commentary  A majority of the content you create must be
 Criticism your own.
 Reporting  Give credit to the copyright holder.
 Research  Don't make money off of the copyrighted work.
 Teaching

Creative Commons is an American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works
available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has released several copyright-licenses known
as Creative Commons licenses free of charge to the public.
 @KianShaen

Semis
Opportunities, Challenges, and Power of Media and Information

A. Opportunities and Challenges in Media and Information

1. Economic 2. Educational 3. Social 4. Political
B. Issues in Media and Information
1. Cybercrimes

Overview of the Philippines cybercrime Laws

 There was a cyber-disaster as the LOVE bug struck the world in the early part of the year 2000.
 LOVE-BUG email virus has caused $10 billion in losses in as many as 20 countries.
 It was a Filipino student who was the main suspect as the author of the “ILOVEYOU” virus.
 The Virus started to spread on May 5,2000.
 The virus originated from Pandacan, Manila in the Philippines.
 The creators of ILOVEYOU virus were two young programmers from AMA Computer College, namely:
 - Reonel Ramones
 - Onel De Guzman
 Since there were no laws in the philippines against writing malware at the time, both Ramones and De Guzman
were released.
 The Philippine congress enacted Republic act no. 8792, otherwise known as the E-commerce Law, in july 2000.
The electronic commerce act of 2000 or republic act 8792 was signed into law on hune 14,2000
 The Philippine enacted R.A 8792 in order to provide legal framework for internet based services such as
electronic
 commerce.
 Katrina sued hayden for the violation of R.A. 9262 otherwise known as Anti-Violence Against. Women and their
children act of 2004 because of humiliation, embarrassment and dishonor.
 R.A. 9995 Anti- Photo or video voyeurism act of 2009 did not distinguish the gender of the potential violators.
 The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 officially recorded as Republic act 10175, is a law in the PH approved on
September 12, 2012.

Illegal Access computer system, any device or a group of interconnected or related devices, one or more of which,
pursuant to a program, performs automatic processing of data.

Illegal Interception made by technical means and without right, of any non-public transmission of computer
data to,from,or within a computer system.

Data Interference the intentional or reckless alteration, damaging, deletion or deterioration of computer data,
electronic document or electronic data message, without right.

System Interference The intentional alternation, or neckless hindering or inference with the functioning of a computer
or computer network by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting,deteriorating, altering or suppressing computer
data or program, electroning document.

MISUSE OF DEVICE The use, production,sale, procurement. Importation, distribution or otherwise making available,
intentionally and without right, of any of the following:
I. A device, including a computer program, designed or adapted primarily for the purpose of committing any of the
offenses under this rule; or
II. A computer password, access code, or similar data by which the whole of any part of a computer system is capable
of being accessed with the intent that it be used for the purpose of committing any of the offenses under this rule

What is media?
- communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are
disseminated

What is cybercrime?
- the use of a computer as an instrument to further illegal ends
- criminal activity or a crime that involves the Internet, a computer system, or computer technology
 @KianShaen

Current and Future Trends in Media and Information

What is ubiquitous learning?
- everyday learning environment that is supported by mobile and embedded computers and wireless networks in our
everyday life

 Permanency Learning materials are always available unless purposely deleted.

 Accessibility Access from everywhere as personally required
 Immediacy Wherever a student is, he/she can immediately access learning materials.
 Interactivity Online collaboration with teachers and/or peers (chat/blogs/forums)
 Situated instructional Activities Learning in context (on-site).
 Adaptability Getting the right information at the right place for the right student.

What is MOOC?
Massive Open Online Course

People Media
- persons that are involved in the use, analysis, evaluation and production of media and information

People as Media
People who are well-oriented to media sources and messages and able to provide information as accurate and
reliable as possible.

1. Opinion Leaders
 highly exposed to and actively using media
 source of viable interpretation of messages for lower- end media users
 opinions are accepted by a group

The Two-step Flow Communication Model (1944) Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet

2. Citizen Journalism People without professional journalism training can use the tools of modern technology and
internet to create, augment or fact-check media on their own or in collaboration with others.

3. Social Journalism Journalists are using social media to make their content available to more people.

4. Crowd sourcing the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large
group of people and especially from the online community

People in Media
 Media practitioners who provide information coming from their expert knowledge or first- hand experience of
event.
 media practitioners
 provide information coming from their expert knowledge or first- hand experience of events

TYPES OF JOURNALIST BY MEDIUM

1. Print Journalists
2. Photojournalists
3. Broadcast Journalists
4. Multimedia Journalist

Lower-end Media Users people with limited access to media and information