 People use the power of steam

Media & Information  Printing Press for mass production (19th

Literacy 
century)
Newspaper - London Gazette (1640)
 Telephone (1800/1875)
 Motion Picture Photography / Projection
LITERACY - ability to identify, interpret, (1980)
understand create and compute using printed and  Commercial Motion Pictures / Videos (1913)
written materials associated with varying contexts.  Motion Pictures with sound / Movies (1926)
 Telegraph
MEDIA - physical objects used to communicate  Punch Card
messages.

MEDIA LITERACY - ability to access, analyze, 3. ELECTRONIC AGE

evaluate, and create media in a variety of form;  Invention of the transistors ushered in this
provides citizens with competencies (knowledge age.
& skills).  Transistor radio
 Television (1941)
INFORMATION - broad term that covers  Large Electric Computers; i.e EDSAC (1999)
processed data, knowledge derived from studies, UNIVAC
experiences, etc.  Main frame computers i.e IBM (1968)
 Personal computer i.e Hewlett-Packard 9100
INFORMATION LITERACY - ability to RA(1968) Apple 1 (1976)
recognize when information is needed and to  OHP, LCD Projector
locate, evaluate and effectively communicate
information to various formats.
4. INFORMATION AGE
TECHNOLOGY LITERACY - ability to  1908’s - 2000’s
responsibly, appropriately, and effectively use  WEB BROWSERS (Mosaic 1993, Internet
technological tools. explorer 1993)
 BLOGSPOT (1999)
MEDIA & INFORMATION LITERACY -  WordPress(2003)
essential sills & competencies that allow  Live Journal (1999)
individuals to engage with media and other  BLOGS
information providers effectively.  MICROBLOGS (Twitter 2006, Tumblr
2007)
EVOLUTION OF MEDIA  VIDEO (youtube 2005, facebook 2004)
1. PRE - INDUSTRIAL AGE
 (before 1700’s); people discovered fire, 5. AUGMENTED & VIRTUAL REALITY
developed paper from plants, forged weapons  Augmented - half human, half AI
& tools with stone, bronze, copper, and iron.  Virtual Reality - generated by pure
 Cave Paintings (35000 BC) computer.
 Clay Tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC)  VIDEOCHAT ( skype 2003, google
 Papyrus in Egypt (2500BC) hangouts 2013)
 Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)  SEARCH ENGINES ( google 1996, yahoo!
 Dibao in China (2nd century) 1995)
 Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD)  PORTABLE COMPUTERS ( laptops,
 Codex in the Mayan Region (5th century) netbooks 2008)
 SMART PHONES ( wearable technologies,
2. INDUSTRIAL AGE cloud and big data)
 phone and allowing media content to flow across
INFORMATION LITERACY various platforms.

INFORMATION - data collected, processed, and Media Convergence Platform

interpreted in order to be presented in a usable in
form. Communication Social Network
Education Learning Management
STAGES/ELEMENTS OFF INFORMATION System
LITERACY News News Agency
Advertisements/ Product
 Creating & communicating new knowledge Commercial Advertisement
 Identifying / recognizing information needs Entertainment Multimedia
 Determining sources of information Personality
 Citing or searching for information.
 Using information in an ethical, efficient and HOW MEDIA IS MADE?
effective way
 Organizing, storing and archiving info Media - constructed (someone assembled it) and
 Analyzing and evaluating the quality of info is governed and established by codes and
conventions.
TYPES OF MEDIA
- different channels through which info and Media Languages - codes, conventions, formats,
entertainment reach on audience (includes content symbols, and narrative structure that indicate the
& device needed to transmit it). meaning of media messages and audience.
4 CATEGORIES Technical Codes Camera
Editing
1. PRINT MEDIA - printed materials; books & Lighting
magazines; contains words and images. Layout
 Newspapers, Magazines, and Direct Mail Visual Codes Setting
Iconography
2. BROADCAST MEDIA - involves Expressions
dissemination of news, entertainment, Gestures
educational programs and various forms of Colour
communication to the public over the Costumes
airwaves or through cable satellites. Compositions
 Television, Radio Hair and makeup
Images
3. MOVIES - provides opportunities fro Audio Codes Diegetic
advertisers to incorporate their products Non-diegetic
outside of traditional advertisement. Mood
Linguistics Language Techniques,
4. INTERNET/NEW MEDIA - audio and Codes Mode of address
visual content is transmitted online, content
Genre Codes Narrative
and info that is created is distributed and
Characters
consumed over the internet.
Technical codes
 Social Media, Email
Visual codes
Audio codes
Narrative Codes Print
MEDIA CONVERGENCE
Time
- co-existence of traditional and new media, of
Positioning
print media, broadcast media, internet mobile
CODES - systems of signs put together to create TYPES
meaning semiotics study of signs.
1. Eye Level Shot
SYMBOLIC CODES - show what’s beneath the 2. High Angle Shot
surface of what we see or ironic symbols that are 3. Low Angle Shot
easily understood. 4. Hip Level Shot
5. Knee Level Shot
REGULATORY SIGNS - signs that inform road 6. Ground Level Shot
users of tragic laws. 7. Shoulder Level Shot
8. Dutch Angle or Dutch Tilt Shot
WRITTEN CODES - use of language style and 9. Bird’s Eye View/ Overhead Shot
textual layouts. 10. Aerial Shot

HEADLINES - title indicating nature of article
below it.
PHOTO CAPTION - few lines of text used to
explain image and understand it and its relevance
to the news.
CAMERA FRAMING - art and science of
placing subject in your shots. All about
composition (composing subject within the
frame), pointing camera at subject.
TYPES

a. Single shot
TECHNICAL CODES - sound, camera angels, b. Two shot
type of shots and lighting, camera techniques, c. Three shot
framing, depth of field, exposure and d. Over-the-shoulder shot
juxtaposition. e. Over the hip shot
f. POV (Point of View) Shot

CAMERA SHOTS - series of frames that are

shot uninterrupted; subject is measured into frame
(how close or how far). PHILOSOPHY
Shot Type - how close camera is to subject being - the love for wisdom
filmed.
I. Doing Philosophy
TYPES 4 Considerations
1. Science
a) Extreme Long Shot 2. Natural light of reason
b) Long Shot / Wide Shot 3. Study of all things
c) Full Shot 4. First cause or highest principle
d) Medium Wide Shot a. Principle of identity
e) Cowboy Shot b. Principle of no-contradiction
f) Medium Shot c. Principle of excluded middle
g) Medium Close Up Shot d. Principle of sufficient reason
h) Close Up Shot
i) Extreme Close Up Shot Branches
j) Establishing Shot 1. Metaphysics
2. Ethics
CAMERA ANGLES - used to specify the 3. Epistemology
location where camera is placed to take a shot 4. Logic
(position of camera). 5. Aesthetics
 6. Philosophy of religion
7. Philosophy of man
The Reasons
(The Great Ancient Philosophy)
a) Pythagoras
b) Heraclitus
c) Democritus
d) Diogenes of Sinope
e) Epicurus
f) Socrates
g) Plato
h) Aristotle
Concrete - specific, real, tangible,
particular concrete proposal
Experiences - act of directly perceiving
events or reality, direct observation of a
participation in events as a basis of
knowledge
Ways of doing philosophy
- you evaluate opinion
- you distinguish opinion from truths
- a view of judgement or appraisal formed in
the mind about a particular matter.
- body or real things, events, and facts:
ACTUALITY
- state of being the case : FACT
II. Methods of Philosophizing
Wisdom is the application of knowledge.
Knowledge - knowing WHAT to say
Wisdom - knowing WHEN to say it
PHILOSOPHIZING = TRUTH
4 POV’s of TRUTH
1. PHENOMENOLOGY - truth based on one’s
consciousness (Edmund Husserl)
2. EXISTENTIALISM - truth based on one’s
behavior, importance of free individual choice
(Soren Kierkegaard)
3. POSTMODERNISM - humanity should come
at truth beyond the rational and non-rational
elements (Jean Francois)
4. ANALYTIC (TRADITIONAL)
PHILOSOPHY - apples logical techniques to
attain conceptual clarity (Gottlob Frege)
5. LOGIC - analysis of arguments and appraisal
of their correctness or incorrectness
CRITICAL THINKING - logically true
and logically false statements (Aristotle)
2 Types of Reasoning/Syllogism
I. Inductive Reasoning
- method of drawing conclusions by
going from specific to the general
II. Deductive Reasoning
- logical approach where you progress
from general ideas to specific
conclusions.
FALLACIES - common errors in
reasoning
KINDS:
a) Appeal to Pity
b) Appeal to Ignorance
c) Fallacy of Equivocation
d) Fallacy of Composition
e) Against the Person
f) Appeal to Force
g) Appeal to People
h) Fallacy of Begging the Question
Logic and Fallacies come together to
arrive at and determine truth and have a
better opinion.
III. Human Persons as an Embodied Spirit
Human person is the point of
convergence between the material and
spiritual entities.
Limitations of the Human Person
- biologically deficient beings, we are
equipped with the best physical attributes
among all the beings in the world.
Possibility - chance that something
might exist, happen, or be true.
Transcendence
Trans (beyond) + Scandare (to climb)
- a state of existence beyond the limits
of material existence.
 In the observatory.
Human soul to be the driving force I thought we would talk
governing the physical body and About the stars
defining the human person. That do not collide
In the sky:
Limitation - limiting condition, Instead, he asked me about purgatory
restrictive weakness, handicap. (His cheeks still ruddy
From the sudden sun
Unlimited - boundless, lacking any After the bitter winter
control In Europe)
And on this day
With the years beginning to turn,
Salt things my eyes.
I see Pepe,
1. Facticity - things already given to you A blur
2. Spatial - we are limited by our body to be at Between the soldiers
the same With their Mausers raised
And the early morning’s
Bi-location - being in the same place at Star:
the same time. Still shimmering
Even if millons of miles away,
Body as Intermediate - acting as a The star itself
mediator, imposes limitations Is already dead.
concerning communication and
expression.  Who is Pepe?
 How did Padre Faura witnessed the
‘ execution?
 Why did he asked about Purgatory?
IV. Human Person as their environment  What is the definition of star in Science?
How did the star relates to Pepe?
 What imagery will you describe Jose
Rizal?

Pre-Spanish Literature
ST
21 CENTURY ABUGIDAS
LITERATURE FROM -Syllabic alphabets
-ancient segmental writing
THE PHILIPPINES >symbols for consonants and vowels

AND THE WORLD BRĀHMĪ

 Buhid
 Hanunó′o
 Tagbanwa
Padre Faura Witnesses the Execution
 Butuan
of Rizal  Kapampangan
I stand on the roof
Of the Ateneo municipal, BUHID
Shivering Mangyans in Mindoro
On this December morning.  From Kawi script
Months ago,  Written with the Latin Alphabet
Pepe came to me  Left to right in horizontal line
 ●Basis of religious practices
HANUNÓ’O ●European legends and traditions
Occidental and Oriental Mindoro ●Songs, corridos, moro-moros
- Written using a knife’s point on bamboo in vertical
columns - Ambahan (love songs) Folk Songs
●Artistic feelings of Filipinos
BAYBAYIN ●Innate appreciation and love of beauty
16th – 18th century - “to spell” ●Leron-leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy,
- Doctrina Cristiana (1593) Sarong Banggi, Atin Cu Pung Sing-sing
- Left to right in horizontal lines
Recreational Plays
ESKAYAN SCRIPT ● Cenaculo
- Bohol ● Panunuluyan
- Prayers, songs, formal speeches ●Salubong and Zarzuela
- Over 1,000 symbols in its script - 1908, earliest
written document Reading and Revolution
- Invented by Pinay
- Method of writing is also used in schools
LITERATURE AND THE NATION
● Noli Me Tangere, though old, is not obsolete.
ABECEDARIO
✔ important in the nation's political imagination
- Latin script
✔ tells a lot about Filipino temper
- Catholicized Filipinos - 28, 29, 31, or 32 letters
✔ culture and history rich
✔ inspired the bloom of the Philippines as a nation
Pilipino-Filipino
- 1959
LITERATURE AND SOCIETY
- Abakada
• Reading literature develops students’ analytical
-Revised, expanded (1971) -Accommodate Spanish
and linguistic skills, as well as interpersonal skills
& English additions
and EQ.
-transformed to Filipino (1987)
• We connect to the deep issues in our society by
experiencing poetry, fiction, and nonfiction (Low,
Chavacano
2014).
- Spanish-based creole - Zamboanga
• Strengthens 21st century skills, especially when it
come to critical thinking.
Folk Tales
 Stories about life, adventure, love, horror,
LITERATURE AND SCIENCE
and humour where one can derive lessons.
•Science and literature are co-dependent to each
other.
Epic Age
•The rise of Artificial Intelligence.
●Long, narrative poems
• Replica
●Heroic achievements/events
• OpenAI
• AI Robots •VR
Folk Songs
• Meta
●Many have 12 syllables.
•The rise of Dan Brown.
●Oldest forms of Philippine
•CERN Hadron Collider x end of
literature
the world
●Early forms of culture
•Star Wars
●Kundiman, Kumintang o Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o
•Breaking Bad
Imno, Ang Oyayi o Hele, Diana, Soliraning and
• DARK
Talindaw
METAFICTION
Spanish Influences on Philippine Literature:
◼ Reader is conscious of the craft of literature.
●Alibata was replaced by the Roman Alphabet
◼ Fiction about the constructed nature of fiction.
●Christian Doctrine
◼ Makes you question the link between fiction and ◼ TAGALOG WRITERS
reality. ◼ Lamentations on the country’s condition
◼ Love for the native tongue
HISTORIOGRAPHICAL METAFICTION ◼ ENGLISH WRITERS
• Reader is aware of the constructed nature of fiction ◼ Imitated the themes and methods of the
as well as the constructed nature of history. Americans
• Because history is a written narrative (therefore,
constructed), it can cover up certain facts, silence THE JAPANESE PERIOD
certain perspectives, and give biased appreciations ◼ 1941-1945
of the said event. ◼ Philippine literature in English was halted.
◼ TRIBUNE and PHILIPPINE REVIEW ◼ Only
FOOTNOTE newspapers circulated.
• A note (or a reference to a ◼ Poetry
source of information) which appears at the foot ◼ Nationalism, country, love, life in the barrios,
(bottom) of a page. faith, religion, the arts
• Putting a small number above the line of type ◼ 3 types of Poems
directly following the source material. ◼ HAIKU – free verse, 17 syllables divided into 3
lines ◼ TANAGA – short, had measure and rhyme
◼ KARANIWANG ANYO – usual form
POSTMODERN STRATEGIES
• Blurs the line between high and low art and genre, PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
as literary works frequently use intertextuality ◼ 1941-1945
(referencing other literature, real or imagined, within ◼ New Filipino Literature
the work), metafiction (making readers aware of the ◼ Philippine literature in Tagalog was revived
fact that they are reading fiction) and magical ◼ Themes: Japanese brutalities, poverty of life under
realism (a realistic narrative with an implausible the Japanese Government, brave guerrilla exploits.
supernatural or magical element thrown in).
PERIOD OF ACTIVISM
Periods of Philippine Literature ◼ 1970-1972
◼ Due to domestic and worldwide causes
(Pociano Pineda).
PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT
◼ Ills of society x reforms
◼ 1972-1898
◼ Literary Revolution
◼ Write about the hitch of colonization
◼ Youth was vocal with their sentiments.
◼ Propaganda Movement (1872-1896)
◼ Bloody demonstrations, sidewalk expressions, and
◼ Spearheaded by Jose Rizal: Noli Me Tangere, Mi
literature
Ultimo Adios, Sobre La Indolencia Delos Filipinos,
Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos
PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY
◼ Marcelo del Pilar – Pagibig sa Tinubuang Lupa,
◼ 1972-1980
Kaingat Kayo, Dasalan at Tocsohan
◼ Carlos Palanca Awards
◼ Graciano Lopez Jaena – Ang Fray Botod, La Hija
◼ Philippine literature in Tagalog was revived
Del Fraile, Everything is Hambug, Sa Mga Pilipino,
◼ POEMS: patience, regard for native culture,
Talumpating Pagunita kay Kolumbus
customs, beauties of nature
◼ Antonio Luna
and surroundings
◼ Mariano Ponce
◼ Newspapers donned new forms.
◼ Jose Ma. Panganiban
◼ Economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism
◼ Pedro Paterno
(much favoured)
◼ Killings, rape, robberies (not so much given
THE AMERICAN REGIME (1898-1944)
attention to)
◼ Filipinos were influenced to write using the
◼ Magazines and comics
English language.
◼ Languages used in writing: SPANISH,
PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC
TAGALOG, DIALECTS OF DIFFERENT
◼ 1981 – 1985
REGIONS, ENGLISH
◼ Martial Rule
◼ January 2, 1981
◼ “The New Republic of the Philippines”
◼ POEMS: romantic and revolutionary
◼ FILIPINO SONGS: true to life themes such as
grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God,
of country and fellowmen
POST-EDSA 1 REVOLUTION
◼ 1986-1995
◼ Newspaper era
◼ The Inquirer, Malaya, People’s Journal
21ST CENTURY PERIOD
◼ New trends.
◼ ICT inclined learners to compete with the style
and format of writing
◼ New codes or lingos
◼ Adds flavour in the literary pieces produced
nowadays.
21ST CENTURY LITERARY
GENRES
THE MAJOR LITERARY GENRES
• POETRY – imaginative awareness of experience
expressed through meaning, sound, and rhythmic
language choices to evoke an emotional response.
Employs meter and rhyme.
• DRAMA – composition in prose or verse
presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story
involving conflict more contrast of character,
intended to be acted on a stage.
• FICTION - created from the imagination, may be
based on a true story or situation. Novel, short story,
novella
• NON-FICTION – facts and author’s opinion about
a subject. Purpose is to inform and persuade.
Biographies, articles from textbooks and magazines
and newspapers.
21st Century Literature Genre
ILLUSTRATED NOVEL
• Story through text and illustrated images.
• 50% of the narrative is presented without words.
• Images must be interpreted to fully comprehend
the story. • Textual portions are presented in
traditional form.
• Some illustrated novels may contain no text at all.
• All genres.
DIGI-FICTION
• Triple media literature
• Book, movie/video, internet website
GRAPHIC NOVEL
• Narrative in comic book formats.
• Non-fiction works and fictional stories across a
number of genres.
MANGA
• Japanese word for comics. man 漫 meaning
“whimsical” and ga 画 meaning “pictures.” •
Artistic style of storytelling.
• Ameri-manga = American comics in manga style
• Shonen – Boy’s manga (Naruto, Tokyo Revengers,
One Piece)
• Shoujo – Girl’s manga (Maid Sama)
• Seinen - Men’s manga (Tokyo Ghoul, Elfen Lied)
• Josei – Women’s manga (Paradise Kiss, Loveless)
• Kodomo – Children’s manga (Pokemon,
Doraemon)
DOODLE FICTION
• Doodle writing, drawings, handwritten graphics in
place of traditional font. • Drawings enhances the
story, adds humorous elements.
TEXT-TALK NOVELS
• Blogs, emails, and IM format narratives
• Stories told almost entirely in dialogue, simulating
social network exchanges.
CHICK LITERATURE (CHICK LIT)
• Addresses issues of modern womanhood
humorously and lightheartedly.
• Features female protagonist with extreme
femininity.
FLASH FICTION
• Written in extreme brevity.
• Could range from a word to a thousand.
SIX-WORDS FLASH FICTION
• Entire story told in six words.
• Can have all the emotional themes of longer stories
—funny to dramatic, sad to scary.
CREATIVE NON-FICTION
• Literary non-fiction or narrative non-fiction.
• Uses literary styles and techniques to create and hear what is happening.
factually accurate o Allows the reader to empathize with the poet or
narratives. their subject.
• Newly sprouted genre o Poets create imagery by using
o Simile (direct comparison between two things)
SCIENCE FICTION o Metaphor (comparison between two unrelated
• Genre of speculative fiction. things that share common characteristics)
• Futuristic science and technology, space travel, o Personification (giving human attributes to
time travel, faster than light travel, a parallel nonhuman things)
universe and extra-terrestrial life. o Onomatopoeia (word that mimics the natural
• Literature of ideas sound of a thing)
• explores the potential consequences of scientific
and other innovations THREE TYPES OF IMAGERY
oVISUAL IMAGERY
HYPER POETRY oReader’s sense of sight
• Digital poetry that uses links and hypertext mark- oMay include colours, brightness, shapes, sizes, and
up patterns
• It involves lines of verse that appear with links to oMetaphor, simile, personification
footnotes, poetry generators, sub-poems, or poetry oI WANDERED LONELY AS A CLOUD (William
with images or movement. Wordsworth, 1804)
• Highly includes visuals.
oAUDITORY IMAGERY
CONTEXT AND TEXT MEANING oReader’s sense of hearing oMusic, harsh noises,
silence oSound device like onomatopoeia oTO
AUTUMN (John Keats, 1820)
CONTEXT originates from the notion of weaving
together.
oKINESTHETIC IMAGERY
oReader’s sense of motion
•Circumstances that form the setting of events,
o Sensation of the speaker/narrator or objects around
statements, or ideas in a comprehensible way.
them.
Reading Lit = PA + RR Writer’s Context
oLEDA AND THE SWAN (W.B. Yeats, 1923)
• Life, values, assumptions, gender, race, sexual
orientation, political and economic issues related to
A LITERARY DEVICE IS A TOOL USED BY
the author.
WRITERS TO HINT AT LARGER THEMES,
Reader’s Context
IDEAS, AND MEANING IN A STORY OR
• Previous reading experience, values,
PIECE OF WRITING.
assumptions, political and economic issues
Text’s Context
LITERARY DEVICES
• Publishing history
 METAPHOR, SIMILE, IMAGERY
Socio-cultural Context
 ANALOGY
• Society where the characters live.
 SYMBOLISM
• Society where the author’s text was produced.
 FLASHBACKS
IMAGERY
MEANING MAKING
CREATING A PICTURE IN THE READER’S
1. Identify the words that suggest the meaning of the
MIND BY USING WORDS THAT APPEAL TO
word multitude.
THE SENSES
2. Write the words that suggest: Visual Imagery,
Auditory Imagery, Kinesthetic Imagery
IMAGERY IN POETRY
3. Discuss how the author presented the ideas of the
o Vivid and vibrant form of description that
poem up to the point where the message was
appeals to readers’ senses and imagination.
presented.
o Includes internal emotions and physical sensations.
o Allows the reader to clearly see, touch, taste,
KNOWING THE AUTHOR’S CONTEXT
smell,
1. Discuss the environment that surrounds the author
while writing the poem. Prove your answer.
2. Discuss the occurring event in the society during
that time that influences the author in writing the
poem.
3. Discuss the message of the author in the poem.
• Falling Action – problems in the story start to
work themselves out. The excitement is lessened
once the conflict/s get resolved.
• Resolution – solution to the problem. So long
as it fits the story in tone and theme, the conflict has
been resolved.

ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY CONFLICT

• The problem.
• Essential to keep the readers reading.
CHARACTER
• Main Character or MC can be faced with these 4
• A person, animal, or entity who takes part in the
types of conflict:
action of the story or other literary work.
1. man vs man
• Character sketch is very important in making the
2. man vs nature
story appeal to the readers.
3. man vs self
• Heart of the story.
4. man vs society
• Protagonist – main character who learns something
or undergoes some changes throughout the course of
THEME
the story. Can be a hero or not. The story revolves
• Central idea and general truth.
around them.
• Author’s message to the readers.
• Antagonist – challenges the main character and has
no concern for the well-being of the main character.
POINT OF VIEW
Can be a person, the nature, society, or any
THE WAY THE STORY IS NARRATED. ALSO
intangible matter that contends with or creates a
KNOWN AS VANTAGE POINT.
problem for the
protagonist.
 FIRST PERSON
Narrator participates. “I”
SETTING
• Place (locale) and time (period) when the story
 LIMITED THIRD PERSON
happens.
Narrator is not in the story. Narrates using the
• May be real or not.
pronouns “she” or “he” or “they”. Knows only
• Analyzing the story’s setting:
thoughts and feelings of one character.
• Where is the action taking place
• Descriptive paragraphs to aid visualization
 OMNISCIENT THIRD PERSON
PLOT
Narrator is not in the story. Uses the pronouns “she”
• Actual story.
or “he” or “they”. Knows the thoughts and feelings
• Series of events and character’s actions that lead to
of all characters.
the highest point of interest.
• Different parts of a story’s structure:
• Exposition/Background – beginning.
Introduction of characters, world identification, main
conflict establishment.
• Rising Action – conflicts start to build. Occurs as
CREATIVE WRITING
you move throughout the story. - art of makings things up
• Climax – most exciting part of a short
story. Important decisions are made or VARIATION
important things are discovered - characteristics of language

PLOT IMAGINATIVE WRITING

• Actual story. - to entertain and educate
• Series of events and character’s actions that lead to - content: imaginative, metaphoric, symbolic
the highest point of interest. - language: informal, artistic figurative

• Different parts of a story’s structure:

TECHNICAL WRITING
- to inform and persuade
-content: factual and straightforward
- language: formal, standard, academic language
8. OXYMORON - combines 2 opposing words
into a single phrase or sentence (bittersweet)
POEM - piece of writing which words are chosen
for their beauty and sound.

DICTION - careful selection of words to 1. LINE

communicate a message - unit of language which poem is
- colorful prose = flowy, figurative divided
- drive home a point = formal vocabulary, direct 2. STANZA
language - used to describe main building
block of a poem
2 TYPES: 3. RHYTHM
I. FORMAL - professional tone - beat & pace
II. INFORMAL - conversational or friendly 4. RHYME
writing style - repetition of similar
concluding syllables in different
IMAGERY - creation of images in reader’s mind words (free verse - no rhyme)
using words that appear to senses. 5. RHYME SCHEME
- pattern, AABB
Types: 6. THEME
A. VISUAL - sight - main topic or issue in the
B. AUDITORY - hearing poem
C. OLFACTORY - smell 7. MOOD
D. GUSTATORY - taste - atmosphere prevalent in the
E. TACTILE - touch poem
8. TONE
FIGURES OF SPEECH - poet’s attitude towards poem’s
- expressive, non-literal use of language, speaker, reader and subject matter
“special effects”
STEPS IN WRITING A POEM
1. SIMILE a. Starting the poem
- comparison using “as” and “like” b. Writing the poem
2. METAPHOR c. Polishing the poem
- comparison of 2 unrelated things by
stating one is other
3. PERSONIFICATION POETRY
- human actions/feelings are ascribed to - form of literature which allows “poet’s” to
an inanimate object express their thoughts
4. APOSTROPHE - Greek word “making” seen as a way of
- direct address to an inanimate object, communicating with gods.
dead or absent person or idea
5. HYPERBOLE ELEMENTS OF GENRE
- exaggerated statement
6. ONOMATOPOEIA 1) Narrative poem - tells stories through verse,
- words that sound like the thing they features a single speaker, contain all elements of
describe fully developed story.
7. ALLITERATION 2) Dramatic poem - dramatic/ verse drama ,
- repetition of the initial consonant sound expresses deep emotion
of consecutive or near consecutive words A. Dramatic Monologue - drama+poetry
for effects
B. Soliloquy - poetic drama to enrich the vivify
characterization
C. Character Sketch - element of suspense,
conflict
3) Lyric poem - song-like qualities/ short (lyric of
vision, thought,& emotion)
A. Elegy - sad poems (sorrow for death)
B. Ode - complicated structure that praises person
or marks an important event (love)
C. Sonnet - Shakespeare, old for of poetry (14
lines, each have 5 iambic or 10 syllables)
THEME VS. SUBJECT
NON-CONVENTIAL FORMS OF POETRY
1) PROSE POETRY
- free verse, embodies the contemporary
poets yearning for more flexible
medium of expressions
2) CONCRETE POETRY
- visual and typographic effects, letter and
symbols appear on page as image
3) PERFORMANCE POETRY
- post-modern art form, combines
literary and dramatic elements (spoken
word poetry)

Theme - idea expresses about subject FICTION - not real, make believe
Subject - topic
ELEMENTS:
 CHARACTERS
a) Protagonist
STRUCTURE: b) Antagonist
A) Form c) Dynamic
- appearance of words d) Static
B) Poetic line/ Line e) round
- group of words that form a  SETTING
single line - time and place where story takes
C) Stanza places
- section of poem  PLOT
D) Enjambment i. Exposition
- no written/natural pause at the ii. Rising Action
end iii. Climax
E) Verse iv. Falling Action
- line written in meters v. Resolution/ Denouement
F) Typography
- art of arranging letters/ texts in a  POINT OF VIEW (POV)
way that makes copy legible, clear and a. First Person
visually appealing b. Second Person
c. Third Person
d. Omniscient POV
FORMS OF CONVENTIAL POETRY
 CONFLICT
A. HAIKU a. Internal (Man v Himself)
- Japanese poems, free verse b. External ( Man vs. Man vs. Environment
575 syllables vs. Society vs. God)
B. LIMERICK  THEME
- humorous poem - idea / concept of author
C. TANAGA
- 4 lines, 7 syllables each, some
rhyme AABB
D. DIONA
- ancient form of poetry