SCAFFOLDINGS

Scaffolds are used throughout construction, and have been in

use since the building of the pyramids. This is a Frame Scaffold.
1
 Introduction
 Temporary structure
 Can be made of timber (bakau), steel,
galvanised metal, metal alloys, bamboo
 Purpose is to provide working platform
 Means of material transport
 Safe place incorporating safety features
for workers and people passing
underneath
2
 Types of Scaffolds
 Putlogs Scaffolds
 Independent Tied scaffolds
 Mobiles
 Fixed Frame Scaffolds
 Suspended
 Cantileverd

3
 Putlog Scaffold
 Mainly used for constructing or repairing
brickwork structures
 Supported in brickworks by putlogs and
ties
 Single working platform allowed
 Max load on platform is 275 kg/m2 which
is roughly equal to 140 bricks, 25 kg
mortar and 2 men
 Maximum safe height of scaffold is 30 m
4
Putlog Scaffold

End View

5
Putlog inserted at least
80 mm into brickwork

A scaffold tied into a building. 6

 Independent Tied Scaffolds
 The whole load of scaffold are carried to the foundation
resting on the ground
 Tied to construction to ensure stability
 Can deal with 4 working platforms at one time therefore
greater consideration for design
 Classified as:
Light duty (only one working platform, max loading of 73
kg/m2)
General purpose (up to 4 working platform and max
loading of 180 kg/m2 on each platform) and
Heavy duty (2 working platforms of higher loading max
of 290 kg/m2)
7
Independent Tied Scaffolding

End View

8
Basic Scaffolding Fittings

9
 Box Ties

Assembly of tubes and couplers fixed

around convenient columns 10
Screw or Anchor Ties

Screws
and ties
set into
concrete
during
pouring

11
Scaffold Platform

12
Ladders

13
Rakers

14
Tubes and Couplers

15
 Connectors/Couplers Standards
Specification of BS 1139

For perpendicular members For perpendicular members:

Vertical and horizontal Horizontal and horizontal
members members.
16
RIGHT ANGLE
COUPLER

17
18
 Mobiles
 Self-contained units
 Only one working platform of limited size
 Used where work needs to be moved
more frequently
 For light loads
 Used for maintenance, painting, finishing
interior
 Height of towers must not exceed three
times the shortest base dimension
19
Mobiles Scaffolding

20
 Fixed Frame Scaffolds
 Easy to install and
mobilise; strong and safe.
 Main frame:
 high-carbon steel,
 762 - 1,219mm wide,
 1,524 - 1,930mm tall.
 Transverse frame:
 to support working
platform
 to hold the main
frames
 1,829mm long
 745 - 1,050mm wide. 21
22
Assembling Fixed Frames

23
Position of Wall Ties

24
Anchor Bolts

25
Suspended Scaffolds

26
Suspended Scaffolds

27
Suspended Multi Level

28
Cantilevered Scaffolds (Truss-out)

puncheon
Standards

29
Cantilevered Scaffolds (Truss-out)

 Restriction on the use of space at the

ground level
 Load are transferred totally to the building
 Ties are inside window openings
 Suitable for height up to 12m

30
Power Scaffolds

31
 Light Duty Scaffolds
 Horse scaffolds
 Ladders scaffolds
 Bracket scaffolds

32
Horse Scaffolds

33
Ladders Scaffolds

34
Bracket Scaffolds

35
 Materials for Scaffoldings
 The quality for steel tube and coupler must
conform to specification MS (BS 1139 Part 1)
 Black steel tube, galvanised steel tube (48.3mm
diam, 4mm thick, 4.37kg/m),
 Aluminum aloy tube (48.3mm diam, 4.47mm
thick, 1.67kg/m)
 Timber – keruing or wood of equal or higher
strength
 Mangrove or bamboo should have the required
strength
36
 Materials for Scaffoldings
(cont.)
 Platform 38, 50, 63mm thick, 225mm
wide, 3.9m long
 Mechanical properties – should conform to
the required strength for tensile, yield and
elongation
 Approved connectors or couplers

37
 Safety Features
(MS 426:1994) – Code of practice for safety and
health at work

 For a safe and secure structures Adequate

strength of material used
 Design load with a safety factor of at least 4
 During erections all parts must be securely fixed
 Standards are positioned vertically and ledgers
horizontally
 Base plates must be used to avoid settlements
of scaffolds 38
 Safety Features (cont.)
 Braced diagonally in both horizontal and vertical
planes to prevent swaying and displacements
 After erection of scaffolds the structure be
inspected and certified safe by a trained person
 A trained and experienced person must inspect
the scaffold once a week
 Inspection is also necessary after a rough or
cold weather

39
Bamboo Scaffolds

40
Scaffold Hazards

41
 Scaffolds Hazard

1. The planks are not cleated or secured against displacement

2. No guard rails and no toe boards
42
3. Gap between building and scaffolds exceed 300 mm
Scaffolds Hazard

43
Scaffolds Hazard

Is the scaffolds too

near to the
powerlines?

44
Scaffolds Hazard

Poor foundation: Scaffold end frames,

which have no base plates, erected
on top of scrap wood and unstable
cement blocks.

45
Scaffolds Hazard

Proper foundation on wood

sills:
Scaffold end frames equipped
with
adjustable screw legs and with
base plates set on mud (wood)
sills (soleplate)Never reuse
mudsill because it may have
been weakened by the point
loading of the scaffolds legs

46
 Scaffolds Hazard

Planking on this platform should be six planks wide, instead of only two.
Also, note that the planks are bowing because the bricks are loaded at
one point on the platform instead of being evenly distributed. 47
Scaffolds Hazard

Openings between
planks in platform
should not exceed
25 mm

48
Scaffolds Hazard

Two-point suspension
scaffold suspended
from parapet hooks.
Will this (damaged)
parapet wall support
the scaffold? A
"Qualified Person"
must make this
determination. Parapet
hooks need to be tied
back in case of wall
failure.

49
50