Question no 1

Identify flaws in the planning and execution of the partition of India which affected the
nascent state of Pakistan.
Answer: August 14, 1947 reminds us of a historical event after which one of the greatest
nations in the world was born. The list of Pakistan's initial problems after independence is
huge. Most of the initial problems are deliberately created to confuse the newborn's
condition. Separation wasn't the only problem, but forming a new government with deeply
hostile borders was difficult. Pakistan's independence and consolidation is no picnic and has
been achieved through the sacrifices of hundreds of thousands of people.
Initial problems of Pakistan
 Division of assets
The British government has divided assets between Pakistan and India. Under the agreement,
Pakistan received a share of 75 kroner. Initially only 20 crores was transferred to Pakistan. In
addition, military equipment and records had to be transferred to Pakistan. The reluctance of
the Indian government to transfer shared assets has created many difficulties for Pakistan.
 Water crisis
Pakistan began to collide with water when India closed its factories in Pakistan's rivers on
the morning of April 1, 1948. This caused significant crop damage in Punjab. India has
started charging money for water used by Pakistan. To solve this problem permanently,
Pakistan benefited from UN assistance, and on 19 September 1960 an agreement called the
Indus Water Treaty was signed in Karachi.
 Choosing the capital of the country
One of the biggest problems of Pakistan and the post-independence list is that there are not
many developed cities like India. So there are several options for Pakistani leaders to choose
a city as their capital. Karachi was chosen as the capital, and officials and staff came to
Karachi from Delhi to establish the state capital. No records, no office, no furniture. During
this difficult time, several state services were also established in the military barracks. Later,
after 20 years of separation, on August 14, 1967, Islamabad became the second capital of
Pakistan under Ayub Khan.
 Unfair boundary by Cyril Radcliffe
A commission was formed to divide the provinces of Pakistan and India. Since most British
officers were against the secession, they tried in every way possible to harm Pakistan.
Viceroy Mountbatten is also leaning towards India. As a result, Pakistan lost many Muslim-
majority territories, including Ferozpor, Gordaspor, parts of Kashmir and Jalandhar.
 Killing of hundred thousand of Muslim Refugees in India
When the division of Punjab was dissolved, Muslims living in the Indian state of Punjab
began migrating to Punjab Pakistan. Hindus and Sikhs started killing Muslims. Men and
children were killed. The women were raped. Countless Muslim caravans and Muslim trains
going to Pakistan have been literally killed. This resulted in more than 5 nail polish deaths in
less than a month.
 The issue of refugees
According to sources, nearly 65 lac people migrated to Pakistan. Among them, 52 lac people
emigrated to Punjab. It is not an easy task for the Pakistani government to take permanent
action to relocate so many people. Despite limited resources, Pakistan has set up refugee
camps for migrants, providing them with food and health care.
 Forceful annexation of princely states by India
A coastal princely state 300 kilometers from Karachi decided to join Pakistan, but India did
not accept the country's decision and therefore took firm control of India. India's move
completely violates the principle that countries can decide whether to join Pakistan or India.
Similarly, India again violated the annexation principle when Nizam of Hyderabad decided
not to join Pakistan and India. India also forcibly took over Hyderabad.
 Language Problem
More than 70 languages have been spoken in Pakistan since independence. However, in the
1956 Constitution, only Urdu was granted the status of the national language. This aroused
hatred in the hearts of Bengalis living in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), which led to many
riots and eventually the formation of Bangladesh. The leaders handled the whole situation
wrong and the riots resulted in death.
 Death of Quaid E Azam and Liaqat Ali Khan
Quaid-e-Azam died almost a year after Pakistan's independence, and Nawab Zada Liaqat Ali
Khan was also killed at the Bagh Rawalpindi Company in 1951 when he spoke about more
than one lacquer in front of a crowd. Due to the deaths of these two leaders, Pakistan lacks a
leader who is honest with his country. The country has fallen into chaos from a bureaucracy
and an insincere leader.
 Constitution-making
One of the most serious problems facing native Pakistanis is the absence of a constitution.
Hence, some temporary changes were made in the Indian Act of 1935 and adopted as the
provisional constitution.
 Defense of boundaries
Once Pakistan became independent, he became concerned about protecting its borders due to
problems on the eastern and western borders. In the west, Afghanistan refuses to recognize
Pakistan and is the only country that opposes Pakistan's membership in the United Nations.
The situation with India in the east is also not good for several reasons. There is also a
shortage of modern military equipment. Protecting Pakistan's borders was a big problem at
that time.
 Economic problems
When Pakistan became independent, India refused to give Pakistan a fair share of its national
wealth. Moreover, the area covered by Pakistan is mostly agricultural area with very little
industry. As a result, Pakistan faces many economic problems.
Question no 2
Elaborate the guiding principles which Quaid-i-Azam laid down before the different
sections of society of Pakistan for example students, bureaucrats, military, politicians,
women etc.
Answer: Mohammad Ali Jinnah, eminent leader and statesman of dreams, created this nation-state of
Pakistan through legal and constitutional means with the power of pen, word and voice. Quaid-e-Azam
reached out to a group of students for advice on the following guidelines:
1. My young friends, as a true creator of Pakistan, I hope you are not exploited or cheated. Create complete
unity and solidarity with each other. Give an example of what young people can do. Your main job is to be
honest with yourself, with your parents, with justice for the country, to take care of your education. If you
waste your energy now, you will always regret it.
2. Develop a strong sense of discipline, character, initiative, and solid academic experience. You must
wholeheartedly devote yourself to learning because this is your first commitment to yourself, your parents
and the country.
3. Pakistan is proud of its youth, especially the students who will build tomorrow's nation. They must be
fully prepared for the difficult task ahead with discipline, education and training.
4. When you have received this light of knowledge through education and have strengthened yourself
economically and professionally, then you must prepare to protect yourself from external attacks and
maintain internal security.
5. Out of serenity and into practical life. Dedicate your skills to find improvements in each area to improve
the condition of the community. Only then can we be strong enough to face the threats to our nation and
defeat our enemies.
6. I encourage you to put in the effort. Work, work and work only to satisfy patience and humility and to
serve your nation.
7. You need to focus on acquiring knowledge and education. This is your primary responsibility. Political
awareness of timing is also part of your training. You need to be aware of international events and the
surrounding area. For our country, education is a matter of life and death.
8. Without education there is total darkness, and with education there is light. The world moves so fast that
if you are not literate, not only will you be completely left out, but you will also be complete. The Holy
Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) ordered his followers to even go to China to seek
knowledge. If this is the order in this difficult time of communication, then Muslims, as true followers of
Islam's noble heritage, must certainly take advantage of every opportunity. No loss of personal time or
comfort should be seen as too great to advance an educational issue.
The guiding principles that Quaid-i-Azam suggests to women are:
There are two forces in the world; one is the sword and the other is the pen. Between the two there is a lot of
competition and rivalry. There is a third power, the stronger of the two, namely women.. We are victims of
bad behavior. It is a crime against humanity that our women are confined as prisoners in the four walls of
the house. There is no sanction for the deplorable circumstances in which our women have to live.
The guiding principles that Quaid-i-Azam recommends to the military are:
Remember that the armed forces are the servants of the people. They do not do national politics; We, the
civilians, are dealing with this matter and it is your duty to carry out the task entrusted to you
Quaid-e-Azma said: The first thing I want to tell you is that you don't allow yourself to be influenced by
political pressure from political parties or individual politicians. If you want to elevate Pakistan's dignity,
don't be a victim of pressure, but bravely and honestly carry out your duties as a servant of the people and
the state. The office is the backbone of the country. Governments are formed, governments have been
defeated, prime ministers come and go. Ministers come and go, but you stay so a great responsibility is
placed on your shoulders.
You can't support a political party or political party, this political leader or political leader - that's none of
your business. Whatever government is formed under the constitution, and whatever prime minister or
minister reigns under the normal structure, it is your duty not only to serve that government faithfully and
faithfully, but at the same time to remain unafraid of its exalted position. , Prestige , your honor and the
integrity of your service. If you start with this determination, you will make a great contribution to building
Pakistan, your concept and our dream - a glorious country and one of the greatest countries in the world.
Quaid-e- Azam prevents the feudal lords and congressmen from helping them. He dismissed the high
ministers of Sindh and Punjabi and also dissolved Mian Wali Khan's government in the NWFP. He preferred
to choose ministers according to their abilities and skills.

Question no 3
Why democracy has failed to take roots in Pakistan? Give your opinion referring the
challenges and response of the people and the leadership.
Answer: Democracy gives everyone the right to be their own oppressor, James Russell Lowell. Although
this quote may not be relevant to the western world; however, it is above and can be applied to Pakistan's
democratic system. Even though it was 73 years ago, Pakistan is still looking for an authentic and genuine
democracy. From weak political parties to unstable institutions and a lack of political awareness, Pakistan
has it all. However, to analyze Pakistan's democratic prospects, we must look at Pakistan's political history.
First, a constituent assembly was formed after the founding of Pakistan. Its functions are: to make a
constitution and be a legislator in a parliamentary system. Despite these critical commitments, the meeting
failed miserably. First, there has been a tremendous delay in the adoption of the Constitution; that is, the
legal standards for the functioning of the state and the separation of powers were not clearly defined, leading
to political unrest. Furthermore, avoiding elections to elect members of the constituent assembly means not
representing the Pakistani population; shows the lack of a democratic process. In addition, the assembly did
not show sufficient interest in legislative work; when they take part in enjoying the benefits of power.
Indeed, 16 of the 28 ministers became ambassadors, governors or governor generals. Pakistan's democracy
was shattered from the start and laid the foundation for a weak democratic system.
In addition, the Pakistani government does not have a democratic tradition, which results in a weak
democratic framework. Quaid and Azam set a democratic precedent by stepping down as President of the
Muslim League after being appointed Governor-General of Pakistan. He does not want to be part of any
party because his job is to represent the interests of all the people. In this way, the Muslim League could
carry out political activities and control the activities of its factions and ministers without official
intervention. However, Liaquat Ali Khan opposed this practice, which weakened the Muslim League and its
integration into the government. The league's weakness prompted the then governor-general to bring in
leaders from abroad who were then forced into the party. For example, Pakistan's ambassador to the United
States, Mohammed Ali Bogra, was appointed Prime Minister by Ghulam Mohammed and later elected
leader of the Muslim League. This is very much against the spirit of democracy; because in a democracy the
leader of the majority party runs for election and not the other way around. In addition, another important
point to note is that bureaucrats – who do not have the value of democratic principles – become politicians.
A clear example is Ghulam Mohammed, who abused his power to free Hawaja Nazimudin and dissolved the
constituent assembly in 1954; such activities further undermine Pakistan's democratic framework.
In addition, military interference in Pakistani politics further destroys the democratic system. In 1958, 1977
and 1999 Pakistan experienced military coups which weakened its democratic institutions and affected the
constitutional and legal development of the country. that there is no freedom of expression, formation of
political parties, fair competition and freedom of the press under the military regime; they are all important
factors in democracy. As a result, democratic values in Pakistani society have been lost and the current
system of government lacks political awareness. In this way, one cannot distinguish between corrupt
political leaders and loyal leaders. In this way, military intervention negatively affects Pakistan's democratic
dynamism.
However, Pakistan's democratic system follows, in many ways, a monarchy outside of democracy. In
Pakistan there is a dynastic rule of two families that form and lead the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) and
the Pakistan People's Party. The fact that these political parties have dominated Pakistan's political system
and prevented other political parties from joining is at the core of democracy. Because in a true democratic
system, new political parties and members are accepted, recognized and promoted. In this way, dynastic
family rule has influenced Pakistan's democratic system.
Another important factor in the failure of democracy in these countries is the role of politicians. With
mediocrity, corruption and lack of vision, they have plunged the country into chaos and chaos. Based on this
situation, liberal Western intellectuals often claim that some countries have gained independence while their
leadership is immature and politically unqualified. They claim that during the colonial era there was peace,
prosperity, law and order in these countries. When these countries became independent and their socio-
political situation deteriorated rapidly, these intellectuals urged the old colonial powers to re-occupy these
countries or take steps to restore the democratic system.
In the case of military rule, they support every coup to preserve and protect their privileges and property.
Military officers, who received possessions upon retirement, also became masters, and when their interests
became equal, the two sought to strengthen feudalism.
Another reason for the failure of democracy in our country is the bureaucratic institution, which we also
inherited from the colonial government. Bureaucratic institutions such as the police, secret services,
judiciary, and government officials were trained to control people in coercive ways during the colonial era.
They are not pro-people, they are against them. In the case of strikes and demonstrations, for example, the
colonial police would brutally suppress them, a practice that continues to this day.
In short, Pakistan's democratic system cannot be compared with the Western system as it lacks some
democratic foundations. However, it is possible to learn from history's growls and find ways to create an
effective democratic system. This can be achieved by: raising political awareness, creating student unions in
colleges and universities, and incorporating politics into the curriculum; so that people can know about the
true values and norms of democracy. In addition, civil society institutions can be strengthened; because
civilian military cooperation and consensus on important issues such as terrorism can improve the
democratic system. Pakistan still has a long way to go when it comes to democracy, but a few steps in the
right direction can bring about positive changes in Pakistan's political system. After decolonization, most of
the newly dependent Asian and African countries failed to stabilize democratic institutions and traditions.
The systems in these countries will be further weakened and vulnerable when the armed forces intervene and
overthrow democratic governments to establish military dictatorships.