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History of Medical Technology in Global context and US

BS Medical Laboratory Science (Lyceum of the Philippines University)

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analysis of urine was actually the beginning

of laboratory medicine.
HISTORY OF MEDICAL Anne Fagelson
TECHNOLOGY ● prefers to date medical technology from the
14th Century
History ○ ALESSANDRA GILIANI perform
● Knowledge about the past tasks now under the domain of the
● Helps us understand the present medical technology; died from a
● Shapes the way we view the present laboratory acquired infection
Ancient times ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
● Medical diagnosis started from the days of ● Invented and Improved the compound
Imhotep microscope
Imhotep ● first to : describe red blood cells,
● modern figure in ancient Egyptian medicine see protozoa, and
460 B.C classify bacteria according to shape.
● Hippocrates formulated the Hippocratic oath ● Invention of the microscope led to the rapid
Hippocratic Oath progress of microbiology and pathology.
● Code of ethics for practicing physicians MARCELO MALPHIGI
Hippocrates ● the “GREATEST” of the early microscopist.
● Father of medicine ● worked on embryology and anatomy
● Greek physician ● “THE FOUNDER OF PATHOLOGY”
● described four humors / body fluid which are: ● Father of microscopical anatomy, histology
○ Blood and embryology
○ Phlegm RUDOLPH VIRCHOW
○ Yellow bile ● One of the youngest medical specialists
○ Black bile ● He founded the Archives of Pathology in
as the source of a person's disposition and BERLIN in 1847.
disease in ancient times ● Father of Modern Pathology
● Wrote a book called “uroscopy” during middle HERMANN FEHLING
ages ● Performed the FIRST QUANTITATIVE TEST
Vivian Herrick in URINE SUGAR in 1884.
● Traced the beginning of MT back to 1500 BC MIDDLE OF 15th CENTURY
when intestinal parasites such as Taenia & ● Aniline Dyes were used in staining
Ascaris were mentioned. microorganisms
○ Ascaris is intestinal parasite of human ● Bacterial staining and microscopic study on
Ebers Papyrus bacteria were made possible
● book for treatment of diseases
● contains descriptions of the three stages of JEAN BAPTISTE van HELMONT
hookworm infection. ● Introduce the gravimetric analysis of urine
Ruth Williams THOMAS WILLIS
● A medical technologist ● Pioneered the best qualitative analysis of
● author of “ An introduction to the profession urine
of medical technology”. ● Describe the sweet taste of the urine for the
● believes that MT began from the MEDIEVAL differential diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
PERIOD (1096- 1438) as supported by the and diabetes insipidus
fact that urinalysis was a fad. FREDERICK DEKKERS
● Early hindu doctors made the “SCIENTIFIC ● Discovered the presence of albuminuria (
OBSERVATION” that the urine of certain coagulation of albumin and heat and acetic
individuals attracts ants, and that such urine acid test)
has a sweetish taste. 20TH CENTURY
● QUACKS, calling themselves doctors reaped ● The practice of medical technology became
fortunes from diagnosing diseases by the known to Germany, Greece, Japan, Turkey,
appearance of the urine. England and the US
● Chemical testing progressed from “ ant
testing” and “ taste testing” for glucose. The
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● To date, there are many personalities, 1915

industries and corporate bodies that ● State legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a
continually develop techniques, machines law requiring all hospitals and institutions to
and procedures have adequate laboratory and to employ full
ALEXANDER FLEMING (1982) time laboratory technician
● accidentally discovered penicillin from DR. JAMES TODD
penicillium molds ● wrote the “A MANUAL OF CLINICAL
KARL LANDSTEINER (1900) (SA BOOK 1902) DIAGNOSIS” which was then retitled
● Discovered the human blood type ( ABO “CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS BY LABORATORY
group) METHODS”, in its 6th Edition by Dr. Todd
● Studied bleeding in newborns and and Dr. Arthur Sanford.
contributed to the discovery of Rh factor ○ The book became the standard
DR. CHARLES RICHARD DREW reference for laboratories
● Researched in the field of : ○ Previous versions: “Clinical
○ blood transfusion, Diagnosis and Management by
○ developing improved techniques for Laboratory Methods” 19th ed., 20th
blood storage, and ed, by John Bernard Henry et.al.
○ developed a large scale blood banks ○ At present it is : “Henry’s Clinical
early in world war II Diagnosis and Management by
Laboratory Methods” 22nd edition
by Richard A. McPherson & Matthew
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
R. Pincus (2012)
IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Dr. William Welch WORLD WAR I
● Graduate of the college of physicians and
● Marks the growth of clinical laboratory and
surgeons in New York
produced great demand for technicians
● Studied pathology and bacteriology in
● Practicing physicians with the knowledge of
Germany
lab work teach their assistants to do some
● Gave the first laboratory course in the
tests
American Medical school
● established a laboratory at Bellevue Hospital
University of Minnesota
Medical College ● One of the first schools for training workers
● first professor of pathology at John ● Offered “ Courses in Medical Technology for
Hopkins University Clinical and Laboratory Technicians”
● First to offer a degree level program
DR. WILLIAM OSLER
● opened the first clinical laboratory in 1896
at JOHN HOPKINS HOSPITAL with Dr. QUALITY MOVEMENT
Simon Flexner as resident pathologist of the ● 1920
laboratory. ○ clinical lab became distinct
● routine examinations were carried out, administrative units of service directed
special attention being given to the search for by a chief physician
malarial parasites in the blood. ■ consisted of four or five
William Pepper Laboratory sections: Biochemistry,
● Opened at University of Pennsylvania in the Clinical Pathology,
same year (1896) Bacteriology, Serology/
1896 Immunology & Radiology
● Clinical laboratories were also found in ● 1921
Baltimore, New York and many cities in US ( ○ Denver Society of Clinical
based on “comac article”) Pathologists was organized
● One of the evidences that clinical laboratories ● 1922
were established in 1896 was the 1900 ○ courses for Medical Technology & lab
census which listed: 100 technicians ( all Technicians were offered and the
males), 3,500 technicians in 1920, 1922, American Society of Clinical
many technicians were employed in hospital Pathology (ASCP) was founded.
clinical laboratories
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● 1923 ● 1977
○ the University of Minnesota offered ○ it was accredited by the American
training to laboratory workers National Standards Institute &
● 1928 subsequently became the home of
○ ASCP established its Board of National Reference System for the
Registry which developed the Code of Clinical Laboratory.
ethics for technicians and ● 1975
technologists: ○ MTs were required to have a
● 1932 bachelor’s degree or the equivalent, &
○ American Society of Clinical if not, take a proficiency exam
laboratory Technicians, precursor of administered by Department of
the American Society of Medical Health, Education & Welfare (HEW)
Technology, is founded. ○ Requirements for HEW exam: high
● 1935 school diploma & 4 years of
○ ASCP Board of Registry required a laboratory experience.
college degree for a medical ○ Tests included: Hematology, Blood
technology certification. Banking, Clinical Chemistry and
Microbiology.
WORLD WAR II ● 1992
○ Clinical Laboratory Improvement
● marked effects in laboratory medicine Amendments of 1988 were
● The use of blood increased and the “closed implemented which states that. All
system” of blood collection was widely used. labs are required to have a certificate
● Instrumentation advanced and these issued by the Department of Health
instruments paved the measurement of the and Human Services (HHS) in which
intensity of color produced. laboratories must have adequate QC
● Automated equipment appeared and quality programs and pass proficiency tests.
control programs became common.
1940
● United States required a 2- year collegiate
education and 12 month actual training in
laboratory for actual practice

QUALITY MOVEMENT
● 1950
○ Medical Technologists sought
governmental recognition of their
educational qualifications through
licensure laws & position
reclassification in the Civil Service.
○ same year, a standard curriculum was
formalized in preparation for a
bachelor's degree.
● 1967
○ the Clinical Laboratory Improvement
Act of 1967 was enacted which
governed the minimum quality
requirements for clinical laboratories
engaged in interstate commerce.
● 1967
○ National Committee for Clinical
Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) was
formed

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