Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

I1-TD1
Complex Numbers
Author: SUN BUNRA ID : e20201001

Date: August 17, 2021

Exercise 1. Let a, b ∈ R. Find the value of a and b satisfy the equation

(a + 1)(2 − i) = a + 2b + 3i

Solution :

Let a, b ∈ R nd the value of a b satisfy the equation

(a + i)(2 − i) = a + 2b = 3i
2a − ai + 2 − i = a + 2b + 3i
(2a + 2) − (a + 1)i = a + 2b + 3i

by the equation of complex we get :


2a + 2 = a + 2b (1)
−(a + 1) = 3 ⇒ a = −4

by (1) we get b = −1

Therefore, a = −4, b = −1
Exercise 2. Solve the equations for z ∈ C.

(a) (3 − i)z − 2 + 4i = 0 (c) z4 − (5 − 14i)z2 − 2(12 + 5i) = 0

2
(b) (1 + i)z + (3 − i)z = 1 + 2i (d) z2 − 2z − 1 + 9(z − 1)2 = 0

Solution :

Solve the equation for Z ∈ C

a. (3 − i)Z − 2 + 4i = 0
 = 2 − 4i
(3 − i)Z

⇒Z  = 2 − 4i = (2 − 4i)(3 − i) = 10i − 10 = 1 − i
3−i 32 + 1 10
Therefore, Z = 1 + i

b. (1 + i)Z + (3 − i)Z = 1 + i

Since Z = a + bi, Z = a − bi

By : Sun Bunra Page 1 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

we get
(1 + i)(a + bi) + (3 − i)(a − bi) = 1 + i
(a + bi + ai − b) + (3a − 3bi − ai − b) = 1 + i
4a − 2bi − 2b = 1
by using the equation of complex

4a − 2b = 1 (1)
−2b = 2 ⇒ b = −1

1
instead (1) by b = −1 so we get a = −
4
1 1
Therefore Z = a + bi = −1 − i, Hence: Z = −
4 4
c. Z4 − (5 − 14i)Z2 − 2(12 − 5i) = 0

Since Z2 = U ⇐⇒ U2 − (5 − 14i)U − 2(12 + 5i) = 0

by using ∆ = b2 − 4ac = −75 − 100i = 25(−3 − 4i)

√
⇒
p p
∆= 25 (4i2 − 4iz + 1) = 52 (2i − 1)2 = 5(2i − 1)
 √

 U = −b − ∆ −5 + 14i − 10i + 5
 1 ⇒ U1 = = 2i
2a√ 2


 U2 = −b + ∆ ⇒ U2 = −5 + 14i + 10i − 5 = −5 + 12
2a 2
• If U = 2i
√
Z2 = 2i ⇒ Z = ± 2i
 p p
Z = p1 − 2i + i2 = (1 − i)2 = 1 − i
p
Z = 1 + 2i + i2 = (1 + i)2 = 1 + i
• If U = −5 + 12i = 12i + 5
Z2 = (3i)2 + 12i + 22
p
Z = (3i − 2)2 = ±(3i − 2)
Therefore, Z = 1 − i, Z = 1 + i, Z = ±(3i + 2)

2
d. Z2 − 2Z − 1 + 9(Z − 1)2 = 0
2
Z2 − 2Z + 1 − 2 + 9(Z − 1)2 = 0


since t = (Z − 1)2
(t − 2)2 + 9t = 0
t2 − 2t + 4 + 9t = 0
t2 + 5t + 4 = 0

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021
c
we get t = 1, t = − = −4
a

• If t = −1
(Z − 1)2 = −1
(Z − 1)2 = i2

Z=1+i
Z − 1 = ∓i =⇒
Z=1−i

• If t = −4
(Z − 1)2 = −4
(Z − 1)2 = 2i2

Z = 1 + 2i
(Z − 1) = ±2i =⇒
Z = 1 − 2i

Therefore, Z = 1, Z = 1 ± 2i

Exercise 3. Determine the module and argument of the following complex numbers.
√
√ √
q q
1−i 3
(a) (b) 2 + 2 + i 2 − 2
1+i

Solution :
√
1−i 3
a.
1+i
√ 
√

1 i 3
1−i 3 2 2− 2
= √  √2 √2 
1+i 2 2 + 2
2 cos − π3 + sin − π3



= √
2 cos π4 + sin π4

2 h  π π  π π
= √ cos − − + i sin − −
2 3 4 3 4
√
   
−7π 7π
= 2 cos + i sin −
12 12

√ 7π
Therefore, r = 2, θ = − + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
2

By : Sun Bunra Page 3 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

√ √
q q
b. 2 + 2 + i 2 − 2

√ ! √ !
v v
√ √
q q u u
u 2 u 2
2 + 2 + i 2 − 2 = t2 1 + + it2 1 −
2 2
r  r 
π π
= 2 1 + cos + i 2 1 − cos
4 4
r  r 
π  π 
= 2 2 cos2 + i 2 sin2
8 8
π π
= 2 cos + 2 sin
 8π 8 
π
= 2 cos + i sin
8 8
π
Therefore, r = 2, θ =
8
Exercise 4. Find the algebraic form of the following complex numbers.

√ (1 + i)2021
(a) (1 + i 3)2000 (b)
(1 − i)2020

Solution :

Find the algebraic from of the following complex number

√
a. (1 + i 3)2020
√ !2020
√ 1 i 3
(1 + i 3)2020 = 2 +
2 2
√ !
1 i 3
Since X = 2 +
2 2
 π π
X = 2 cos + i sin
3 3 
2020π 2020π
=⇒ X 2020
=2 2020
cos + sin
3 3
    
4π 4π
=2 2020
cos 672π + + i sin 672π +
3 3
 
4π 4π
= 22020 cos + i sin
3 3
√ !
1 i 3
=22020 − −
2 2
√
=22019 (−1 − i 3)
√ √
Therefore, (1 + i 3)2020 = 22019 (−1 − i 3)

By : Sun Bunra Page 4 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

(1 + i)2021
b.
(1 − i)2022
√ 2021
2
√ √
2
2021
2021
(1 + i) 2 2
+ 2
= √ 2022  √2 √ 2022
(1 − i)2022 2
2 2
− 2
√ 2020 √
2021
2 · 2 cos π4 + i sin π4
= √ 2020 
· 2 cos − π4 + i sin − π4


2022
2
√
2 cos 2021π sin 2021π


4

+ i 4
=
2 cos − 2022π sin 2022π


4
+ i 4
√
2 cos 5π + i sin 5π


4 4
=
2 cos − 6π sin 6π



4
+ i − 4
√     
2 5π 6π 5π 6π
= cos + + i sin +
2 4 4 4 4
√  
2 3π 3π 1 1
= cos + i sin =− + i
2 4 4 2 2
(1 + i)2021 1 1
Therefore, 2022
=− + i
(1 − i) 2 2
Exercise 5. Use mathematical induction to show that when n = 2, 3, . . .,

(a) Z1 + Z2 + · · · + Zn = Z1 + Z2 + · · · + Zn (b) Z1 Z2 . . . Zn = Z1 Z2 . . . Zn

Solution :

Use mathematical to show that when n = 2, 3 . . .

a. Z1 + Z2 + · · · + Zn = Z1 + Z2 + · · · + Zn

For n = 2 we have Z1 + Z2 = Z1 + Z2

Since Z1 = a1 + ib1 , Z2 = a2 − b2 i a1 , b1 , a2 , b2 ∈ R

Then Z1 + Z2 = (a1 + ib1 ) + (a2 + ib2 ) = (a1 + a2 ) + i (b1 + b2 )

and Z1 + Z2 = (a1 + a2 ) − i (b1 − b2 ) (1)

but Z1 + Z2 = (a1 − ib1 ) + (a2 + ib2 ) = (a1 + a2 ) − i (b1 + b2 ) (2)

we get that Z1 + Z2 = Z1 + Z2

when we prove that is the true is until n = k + 1

By : Sun Bunra Page 5 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

by the assumption we have

Z1 + Z2 + · · · + Zk+1 = Z1 + Z2 + · · · + Zk + Zk+1
= Z1 + Z2 + · · · + Zk + Zk+1 true
Hence : Z1 + Z2 + · · · . + Zn = Z1 + Z2 + · · · + Zn

b. Z1 Z2 . . . Zn = Z1 Z2 . . . Zn

For n = 2 we have Z1 Z2 = Z1 · Z2

Since Z1 = a1 + ib1 , Z2 = a2 + ib2 by a1 , b1 , a2 , b2 ∈ R

Then
Z1 · Z2 = (a1 + ib1 ) (a2 + ib2 )
= (a1 a2 + ia1 b2 + ia2 b1 − b1 b2 )
= (a1 a2 − b1 b2 ) + i (a1 b1 + a2 b2 )
Z1 Z2 = (a1 a2 − b1 b2 ) − i (a1 b1 + a2 b2 ) (1)
Z1 · Z2 = (a1 − ib1 ) (a2 − ib2 )
= a1 a2 − ia1 b2 − ia2 b1 − b1 b2
= (a1 a2 − b1 b2 ) − i (a1 b2 + a2 b1 ) (2)
Depend on (1) and (2)we get Z1 Z2 = Z1 · Z2

we will prove that it is true until n = k + 1

by the assumption we have :

Z1 Z2 . . . Zk+1 = Z1 Z2 . . . Zk Zk+1
1 Z2 . . . Zk Zk+1 true


= Z

Therefore, Z1 Z2 . . . Zn = Z1 Z2 . . . Zn

Exercise 6. Recall that z0 is a root of a polynomial p(z) if p (z0 ) = 0. Show that if z0 is

a root of a polynomial with real coecients, then z0 is also a root.

Solution :

Show that Z0 is the root of a polynomail with real coecient then Z0 is also the root

Let P (Z0 ) = an Zn0 + an−1 Z0n−1 + · · · + a1 Z0 + a0 = 0

that an ̸= 0 is a polynomail of degree (n)

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

Since Z0 is a root of P (Z0 )

⇒ P (Z0 ) = 0 ⇔ an Zno + an−1 Zn−1
0 + · · · + a1 Z0 + a0 + 0

now we want to show Z0 is also the root of p (Z0 ) , ⇒ P (Z0 ) = 0

we get an Zno + an−1 Zn−1

0 + · · · + a1 Z0 + a0 = 0
an Zn0 + an−1 Zn−1
0 + · · · + a1 Z0 + a0 = 0
an Zn0 + an−1 Zn−1
0 + · · · + a1 Zo + a0 = 0

⇒ p (z0 ) = 0 mean that Z0 is also the root of P(Z)

Therefore, Z0 is also the root of P(Z)

Exercise 7. Find all the roots of the following equations given that z0 , z1 or z2 are their
respective roots.

(a) z3 + z2 + z + 1 = 0, z0 = i

(b) z4 + 4 = 0, z0 = 1 + i

(c) z4 − 6z3 + 15z2 − 18z + 10 = 0, z1 = 1 + i, z2 = 2 + i

Solution :

Find the root of the following equation given that Z0 , Z1 or Z2 are there respective root

a. Z3 + Z2 + Z + 1 = 0 Z0 = i

Let K(Z) = Z3 + Z2 + Z + 1

Since Z0 = 2 is the root of K(Z)

⇒ Z0 = −1 is also the root of k(z)

⇒ (Z − i)(Z + i) = Z2 + 1 is a factor of k(z)

⇒ K(Z) = Z3 + Z2 + Z + 1 = Z2 + 1 (aZ + b)

⇒ aZ + b = Z + 1

• If Z + 1 = 0 ⇒ Z = −1

Therefore Z0 = i, Z1 = −i, Z2 = −1

By : Sun Bunra Page 7 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

b. Z4 + 4 = 0, Z0 = 1 = i

We have Z4 = 4 =⇒ Z4 = 4(1 + 0i) = 4(cos π + i sin π)

√ √ !
√ √
    
π + 2kπ π + 2kπ 2 i 2
we get Z = 4 cos
4
+ i sin = 2 + =1+i
4 4 2 2
√ √ !
√  π π √ 2 2
• If k = 0, Z0 = 2 cos + i sin = 2 +i =1+i
4 4 2 2
√ √ !
√ √
 
3π 3π 2 i 2
• If K = 1, Z1 = 2 Cos + i sin = 2 − + = −1 + i
4 4 2 2
√ √ !
√ √
 
5π 5π 2 i 2
• If K = 2, Z2 = 2 cos + i sin = 2 − − = −1 − i
2 2 2 2
Therefore, Z0 = 1 + i, Z1 = −1 + i, Z2 = −1 − i

c. Z4 + 6Z3 + 15Z2 − 18Z + 10 = 0, Z1 = 1 + i, Z2 = 2 + i

Let P(z) = Z4 + 6Z3 + 15Z2 − 18Z + 10 = 0

• If Z1 = 1 + i is the root of P(z) ⇒ Z1 = 1 − i is also the root of P(z)

Therfore, Z = 1 ± i, Z = 2 ± i

√ z1
Exercise 8. Given z1 = 1 + i 3, z2 = 1 + i and z3 =
z2
(a) Write z3 in to an algebraic form.

(b) Write z3 in to trigonometric form

π π
(c) Deduce the values of cos and sin
12 12
Solution :
√ Z1
Given Z1 = 1 + i 3, Z2 = 1 + i, Z3 =
Z2
a. Write Z3 into algebranic form
√ √ √ √
Z1 1+i 3 (1 + i 3)(1 − i) 1 + 3 1 − 3i
Z3 = = = = −
Z2 1+i 1 2 − i2 2 2
√ √
1 + 3 1 − 3i
Therefore, Z3 = −
2 2
(b) Write z3 in to trigonometric form

By : Sun Bunra Page 8 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

√ 
√

1 i 3
1+i 3 2 2
+ 2
=⇒ Z3 = = √ √ √ 
1+i 2 22 + i 2 2
2 cos π3 + i sin π3


=√
2 cos π4 + i sin π4


 π π
= 2 cos + i sin
12 12
π  π
Therefore, Z3 = 2 cos + i sin
12 12
π π
c. Deduce the values of Cos and Sin
12 12
√ √
(1 + 3) (1 − 3)  π π
we have : Z3 = − i =⇒ Z3 = 2 cos + i sin
2 2 12 12
by the equaltion of complex we get :
 √
 π (1 + 3) π √
 2 Cos = ⇒ Cos = (1 + 3)
12 2 √ 12

 2 Sin π = − (1 − 3) ⇒ Sin π = −(1 − √3)
12 2 12
π √ π √
Therefore, Cos = (1 + 3), Sin = −(1 − 3)
12 12

Exercise 9. Solve the equations for Z ∈ C.

√
(a) z2 + i = 0 (c) z3 = 4 2(1 + i)
√
(b) z5 = 1 − i 3 (d) z2 = 8 − 6i

Solution :

Solve the equation for Z ∈ C

a. Z2 + i = 0
    
3π 3π
Z = 0 − i = Cos
2
+ 2kπ + i Sin + 2kπ
2 2
√ √
3π 3π 2 i 2
• If k0 = 0 ⇒ Z0 = Cos + i Sin =− +
4 4 2 2
√ √
7π 7π 2 i 2
• If k1 = 1 ⇒ Z1 = Cos + i Sin = −
4 4 2 2
√ √
19π 19π 2 2
• If k2 = 2 ⇒ Z2 = Cos + i Sin =− +
4 4 2 2

By : Sun Bunra Page 9 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021
√ √ √ √ √ √
2 2 2 2 2 2
Therefore, Z0 = − +i , Z1 = −i , Z2 = − +
2 2 2 2 2 2
√
b. Z3 = 1 − i 3
√ !
1 3  π π
⇒ Z5 = 2 −i Z5 = 2 Cos + i Sin
2 2 5 5
√ h π  π i
⇒ Z = 2 Cos + 2kπ + i Sin
5
+ 2kπ
9 9
√  π π
• If k0 = 0 ⇒ Z0 = 2 Cos + i Sin
4

15 15
√  π π
• If k1 = 1 ⇒ Z1 = 2 Cos + i Sin
4

3 3
√
 
11π 11π
• If k2 = 2 ⇒ Z2 = 2 cos + i sin
4

15 15
√
c. Z3 = 4 2(1 + i)
" √ √ !
√ √ √ 2 2  π π
⇒ Z3 = 4 2(1 + i) = 4 2 2 +i = 8 Cos + i Sin
2 2 4 4
√ h  π   π i
⇒ Z = 8 Cos + 2kπ + i Sin
3
+ 2kπ
12 12
 π π
• If k = 0 ⇒ Z0 = 2 cos + i sin
12 12
 
9π 9π
• If k = 1 ⇒ Z1 = 2 cos + i sin
12 12
 
17π 17π
• If k = 2 ⇒ Z2 = 2 cos + i sin
12 12
d. Z2 = 8 − 6i

⇒ Z2 = 8 − 6i = 32 − 2 × 3 × i + i2 = (3 − i)2

we get Z = ±(3 − i)

Therefore, Z = ±(3 − i)

Exercise 10. Let ω is an n-th root of unity, ωn = 1 and ω ̸= 1. Show that

1 + ω + ω2 + · · · + ωn−1 = 0.

Solution :

Let ω is an n-th root of unity, ωn = 1 and ω ̸= 1. Show that

We have 1 + ω + ω2 + ω3 + · · · + ωn−1 = 0

By : Sun Bunra Page 10 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

we have ω is the nth root if ωn = 1 and ω ̸= 1

ωn − 1
by using geometery progression 1 + ω + ω + · · · + ω =
2 n−1
ω−1
n
ω −1 0
since ωn − 1 = 0 then 1 + ω + ω2 + · · · + ωn−1 = = =0
ω−1 ω−1
Therefore, 1 + ω + ω2 + · · · + ωn−1 = 0

Exercise 11. Let ω = ei 7 . Calculate

2π

A = ω + ω2 + ω 4 and B = ω3 + ω5 + ω6

Solution :

Let ω = e 7 i caculate A = ω + ω2 + ω4 and B = ω3 + ω5 + ω6

2π

• Find A + B

ω6 − 1 ω7 − 1
we have A + B = ω + ω2 + ω3 + ω4 + ω5 + ω6 = ω × =
ω−1 ω−1
1−ω
since ω 7 i ⇒ ω7 = e2πi = 1 A + B =
2π
= −1 (∗)
ω−1

A × B = ω + ω2 + ω4 ω3 + ω5 + ω6

= ω4 + ω6 + ω7 + ω5 + ω7 + ω8 + ω7 + ω9 + ω10
= 3 + ω + ω2 + ω3 + ω4 + ω5 + ω6
=3−1=2 (∗∗)
(∗) × (∗∗) then x2 + x + 2 = 0
√ √
∆ = b2 − 4ac = −7 ⇒ ∆ = i 7
√ √
−1 − i 7 −1 + i 7
⇒ x1 = , x2 =
2 2
we have
A = ω + ω2 + ω4
2π
 2π 2  2π 4
=e7i+ e7i + e7
2π 4π 8π
= Sin
+ Sin + Sin >0
7 7 7
√ √
−1 − i 7 −1 + i 7
Hence A = ,B =
2 2

By : Sun Bunra Page 11 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

Exercise 12. Let n ∈ N, n ≥ 2 and ω = exp(2iπ/n)

(a) Show that for all z ∈ C, z ̸= 1

Y
n−1 X
n−1
k
zℓ


z−ω =
k=1 ℓ=0

(b) Show that the above equality also satises for z = 1.

(c) Deduce the equality

Y
n−1 
kπ

n
sin =
k=1
n 2n−1
Solution :
 
2π
Let n ∈ N, n ≥ 2ω = etp i
n

a. Show that for all Z ∈ C, Z ̸= 1

Y
n−2

Xn−1
⇒ Z − ωk = Zl
k=1 l=1
Y
n−1
⇒ Z − ωk = (Z − ω) + Z − ω2 + · · · + Z − ωn−1




k=1

⇒ ω = e n i is the root of Zn
2π

⇒ Zn − 1 = (Z − 1)(Z − ω) Z − ω2 + · · · + Z − ωn−1

Y
n−1
Z − ωk = (Z − 1)(Z − ω) . . . Z − ωk−1 = Zn−1



(1) (Z − 1)
k=1
X
n−1
since Zl = 1 + Z + Z2 + · · · + Zn−1
l=0
Y
n−1 X
n−1
⇒ (Z − 1) k
Zl


Z−ω = (Z − 1)
k=1 l=1
Yn−1 X
n−1
Therefore, Z − ωk = Zl proved


k=1 l=0

b. Show that above equlity satify for Z = 1

X
n=1
we have for Z = 1 Z1 = n(∗)
I=0

Y
n−1
Z − ωk = (Z − ω) Z − ω2 . . . Z − ωn−1




k=1

By : Sun Bunra Page 12 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

Y
n−1
Z − ωk = (Z − ω) Z − ω2 . . . Z − ωn+1




(z − 1)
k=1
Y
n−1
Z − ωk = Zn − 1


(Z − 1)
k=1
Y
n−1

Zn − 1
⇒ Z − ωk =
k=1
Z−1

Y
n−1
For Z = 1, lim Z − ωk = lim Zn−1 + Zn−2 + · · · + Z + 1 = n(∗∗)



Z→1 Z→1
k=1

By (∗)&(∗∗) we proved it

Y
n−1 X
n−1
Therefore, k
Zl , for Z = 1


Z−ω =
k=1 l=1

c. Show that
Y
n−1 
kπ

n
Sin we have ω = e n i
2π
=
k=1
n 2n−1
Y
n−1 Y
n−1 
2kπ

k
=n⇒ i


1−ω 1−e n =n
k=1 k=1
Y
n−1 h
kπ
 kπ kπ
i
e n i e n i − e− n i =n
k=1
Y
n−1 kπ kπ
!
kπ
i e n i − e− n i
e × (−2i)
n =n
k=1
2i
Y
n−1 Y
n−1  
kπ

(2i) Sin
kπ
i
en × =n (∗)
k=1 k=1
n
Y
n−1
Pn=1
by
kπ π
e n i = e n i× k=1 k

k=1
π (n−1)(1+n−1)
= e n i× 2

iπ(n−1)n
=e 2n

π π
n−1
= e(n−1) 2 i = e 2 i
 π π n−1
= cos + i sin = in−1
2 2
Y
n−1 Y
n−1  
kπ

(∗) i n−1
(−2i) × sin =n
k=1 k=1
n
Y
n−1 
kπ

⇒i n−1
× (−2i) n−1
× sin =n
k=1
n
Y
n−1  
kπ

2 n−1
⇒2 n−1
sin
 
(−i) × =n
k=1
n

By : Sun Bunra Page 13 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

Y
n−1  
kπ
 Y
n−1   
kπ n
⇒2 n−1
sin =n⇒ sin = n−1
k=1
n k=1
n 2
Y
n−1  
kπ

n
Therefore, sin = n−1
k=1
n 2

Exercise 13. Solve the equation in C.

(z + 1)n = (z − 1)n

Solution :

solve the eqaultion in C

(Z + 1)n = (Z − 1)n
 n
Z+1
= 1 (∗), ∀Z ̸= 1
Z−1

Z+1
Let ω =
Z−1
⇒ ωn = 1
ωn = cos 0 + i sin 0
ωn = cos(0 + 2kπ) + i sin(0 + 2kπ)
   
2kπ 2kπ
ωk = cos + i sin
n n
2kπ
⇒ ωk = e n
i
, k = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1
• If k = 0 ⇒ ω0 = 1
Z+1
If k = 1, . . . , n − 1 ⇒
2kπ
• =e n i
Z−1
 2kπ

⇒ (Z + 1) = (Z − 1) e n
i

2kπ 2kπ
i i
(Z + 1) = Ze n −e n

2kπ 2kπ
i i
1+e n = Ze n −Z
2kπ
i
1+e n
⇒Z= 2kπ
i
e − 1kπ
n

kπ kπ
i
−ni i
e e
n +e n
2 cos kπ
n
= kπ =
2i sin n
 kπ kπ
 kπ
e n i e n i − e− n i
−i cos kπ kπ
= n
= −i cot
sin kπ
n
n

kπ
Therefore, Z = −i cot k = 1, 2, . . . , n − 1
n

By : Sun Bunra Page 14 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021
π
Exercise 14. Writem sin(5θ) in terms of sin θ, then deduce the value of sin .
5
Solution :
π
Write sin(5θ) in terms of sin(θ), then deduce the value of sin
5
we have (cos θ + i sin θ)5 = cos θ + i sin θ (1)

and (cos θ + i sin θ)5 = cos5 θ + 5 cos4 θi sin θ + 10 cos3 θ(i sin θ)2 − i10 cos2 θ sin3 θ+
5 cos θ sin4 θ + i sin5 θ (2)

by the equation of complex we get (1) = (2)


cos(5θ) = cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ + 5 cos θ sin4 θ
sin(5θ) = sin5 θ − 10 cos2 θ sin3 θ + 5 cos4 θ sin θ

sin 5θ = sin5 θ − 10 cos2 θ sin3 θ + 5 cos4 θ sin θ

2
= sin5 θ − 10 1 − sin2 θ × sin3 θ + 5 1 − sin2 θ × sin θ

= sin5 θ − 10 sin3 θ + 10 sin5 θ + 5 sin θ − 10 sin3 θ + 5 sin5 θ

= 16 sin5 θ − 20 sin3 θ + 5 sin θ
Therefore, sin 5θ = 16 sin5 θ − 20 sin3 θ + 5 sin θ
π
• Deduce the value of sin
5
π
Let θ= ⇒ 5θ = π =⇒ 3θ + 2θ = θ ⇒ 3θ = π − 2θ
5
sin 3θ = sin(π − 2θ) ⇐⇒ sin 3θ = 2 sin θ cos θ

3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ = 2 sin θ cos θ ⇐⇒ sin θ 3 − 4 sin2 θ = 2 sin θ cos θ

3 − 4 sin2 θ = 2 cos θ, sin θ ̸= 0

3 − 4 1 − cos2 θ = 2 cos θ =⇒ −1 + 4 cos2 θ + 2 cos θ = 0

√ √
∆ = b2 − 4ac = (−2)2 − 4(4)(−1) = 20 ⇒ ∆=2 5
√ √
2±2 5 1± 5
we have cos θ = =
2×4 4
√ √
1− 5 1+ 5
but < 0, therefor we don't take it ⇒ cos θ =
4 4
Since cos2 θ + i sin2 θ = 1

By : Sun Bunra Page 15 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

√ !2 p √
v
u
u 1+ 5 10 − 2 5
⇒ sin θ = 1 − cos2 θ = t1 −
p
=
4 4
p √
π 10 − 2 5
Therefore, sin θ = sin =
5 4
Exercise 15. Let θ ∈]0; 2π[ and n ∈ N. Compute

X
n X
n
Cn = cos(kθ) and Sn = sin(kθ)
k=0 k=0

Solution :

Let θ ∈]0; 2π[ and n ∈ N. Compute

X
n X
n
Cn = cos(kθ) and Sn = sin(kθ)
k=0 ! k=0

n n!
Ckn = C(n, k) = =
k k!(n − k)!
X
n X n
n
(a + b) = Ckn ak bn−k = ckn an−k bk
k=0 k=0
X
n X
n X
n
Let Cn + iSn = Ckn cos(kθ) + i Ckn sin(kθ) = Ckn [cos(kθ) + i sin(kθ)]
k=0 k=0 k=0

X
n

k
n
= Ckn eθi × 1n−k = 1 + eθi
k=0
  n
h  in θ θ θ θ
cos − i sin + cos + i sin
θ
i − θ2 i θ
i θ
i
= e e +e
2 = e 2 2
2 2 2 2
  
θ θ nθ
= e 2 2 cos = 2n cosn e 2 i
θ
i
2 2
 
n θ nθ nθ
= 2 cos
n
cos + i sin
2 2 2
θ nθ θ nθ
⇒ Cn + iSn = 2n cosn cos + i2n cosn sin b
2 2 2 2


 Cn = 2n cosn nθ cos nθ
2 2

 Sn = 2n cosn sin
θ nθ
2 2
nθ nθ θ nθ
Therefore, Cn = 2n cosn cos , Sn = 2n cosn sin
2 2 2 2

By : Sun Bunra Page 16 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

Exercise 16. Let θ ∈ R and n ∈ N. Compute

X
n X
n
Cn = Ckn cos(kθ) and Sn = Ckn sin(kθ)
k=0 k=0

Solution :

Let θ ∈ R and n ∈ N compute

X
n X
n
Cn = Ckn cos(kθ) and Sn = Ckn sin(kθ)
k=0 k=0

X
n
we get Cn + iSn = Ckn [cos(kθ) + i sin(kθ)]
k=0

X
n

n
Ckn ekθi = 1 + eθi


k=0
h θ  θ θ
in
= e 2 i e 2 i + e− 2 i
 n
θ
= 2e 2 cos
θ
i
2
θ
= 2e 2 i cosn
nθ

 2   
nθ nθ θ
= 2 cos + i sin cosn
2 2 2
   
nθ θ nθ θ
Therefore, Cn = 2 cos cosn
, Sn = 2 sin cosn
2 2 2 2

Exercise 17. Let θ ∈ R and n ∈ N∗ . Compute

X
n
S= cos(kθ) cosk (θ)
k=0

Solution :

Let θ ∈ R and n ∈ N compute

X
n
S= cos(kθ) cosk (θ)
k=0

Let θ ∈ R and n ∈ N∗ . Compute

By : Sun Bunra Page 17 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

Then Z = S + iC
X
n X
n
Z= cos(kθ) + i sin(kθ) cosk (θ)
k=0 k=0
X
n
cos(kθ) cosk (θ) + i sin(kθ) cosk (θ)
 
=
k=0
Xn
cosk (θ)(cos(kθ) + i sin(kθ)]

=
k=0
Xn X
n

k
= cosk (θ)ekθi = cos θeθi
k=0 k=0

2
n
= 1 + cos θe + cos θeθi + · · · + cos θeθi
θi
h i
eθi cos θ

n+1
eθi cos θ

n+1
−1 −1
= =
e cos −1
θi e θi cos θ −1
e (n+1)iθ
(cos θ) n+1
−1
=
e cos θ − 1
θi

(cos θ + i sin θ)n+1 (cos θ)n+1 − 1

=
(cos θ + i sin θ) cos θ − 1
(cos θ)n+1 [cos(n + 1) + i sin θ(n + 1)] − 1
=
(cos2 θ + i sin θ cos θ − 1)
(cos θ)n+1 [cos(n + 1)θ + i sin θ(n + 1)]
=
− sin θ + i sin θ cos θ
(cos θ) [cos(n + 1)θ − 1] + (cos θ)n+1 i sin θ(n + 1)
n+1

=
i sin θ(i sin θ + cos θ)
h i
(cos (n + 1) θ)n+1 cos (n + 1) − 1 eiθ
Therefore, S =
isin (θ)

Exercise 18. Compute the sume

X
1000
S C2k
2000 (−1)
k

k=0

Solution :

X
1000 X
2000
Let A= C2k
2000 (−1)
k
= C2k
2000
k=0 k=0
X
2000
(1 + i)2000 = C2k k 0 2 2
2000 i = C2000 + iC2000 + i C2000 + · · · + i
2000 2k
C2000
k=0
X
1000 X
999
(1 + i)2000 = C2k k
1000 (−1) + i C2k+1
2000 (−1)
k

k=0 k=0
h π π  √ i2000
A + Bi =(1 + i)2000 = cos + i sin 2 = 21000 (cos 500π + i sin 500π) = 21000
4 4

By : Sun Bunra Page 18 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

X
1000
Therefore, C2k k
2000 (−1) = 2
1000

k=0

Exercise 19. Determine and construct the set of points z in complex plane such that

(a) |z − 1 + i| = 1 (d) |z − 4i| + |z + 4i| = 10

(b) |z + i| ≤ 3 (e) |z − 1| = |z + i|

(c) |z − 4i| ≥ 4 (f) (1 + i)z + 1 − i = Im((1 + i)z + 1 − i)

Solution :

Determine and construct the set of point Z in complex plan such that

(a). |Z − 1 − i| = 1

Let Z = x + iy

Then |x + iy − 1 − i| = 1 =⇒
p
(x − 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 1

Thus the set of points Z in complex place is a circle centered at (1, −1) and root r = 1

(b). |Z + i| ≤ 3
=⇒ |Z + i| ≤ 3
=⇒ |x + iy + i| ≤ 3
p
=⇒ x2 + (y + 1)2 ≤ 3
=⇒ x2 + (y + 1)2 ≤ 9
Thus the points Zin the place disk centered (1, −1) and the radius r = 3

(c). |Z − 4i| ≥ 4

Let Z = x + iy

we get |x + iy − 4i| ≥ 4 =⇒
p
x2 + (y + 4)2 ≥ 4

Thus points Z is all points that lie on the circle and the centered of the circle is (0, 4)
and radius r = 4

(d).|Z − 4i| + |Z + 4i| = 10

=⇒ MF1 + MF2 = 2a

By : Sun Bunra Page 19 of 20 ID e20201001

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I of 2020-2021

Thus the set of the points Z is the ellipse with foci F1 (4i), F2 (−4i) and the major axis
is 10

(e). |Z − 1| = |Z + i|

Let Z = x + iy
p p
(x − 1)2 + y2 = x2 + (y − 1)2
⇒ x2 + y2 − 2x + 1 = x2 + y2 + 2y + 1
⇒ y = −x

Thus we get (0, 0)&(1, −1)

(f). (1 + i)Z + 1 − i = Im[(1 + i)Z + 1 − i]

Z + Zi + 1 − i = Z − 1
(Z − 1)i + 2 = 0
Let Z = x + yi
2 + (x + iy − 1)i = 0
2 + ix − y − i = 0

y = −2
(2 − y) + xi − i = 0 =⇒
x=1

Thus x = 1, y = −2

By : Sun Bunra Page 20 of 20 ID e20201001