PHYSICS

Your Journey to the TRUE EXPLANATION of

EVERYTHING

OVERVIEW
“When you believe, incredible things happen. You set divine forces into motion.”
- Lailah Gifty Akita
It's hard to believe, but everything in the world is in motion, all the time. Even things
that look perfectly still are packed with atoms that are vibrating with energy. Understanding
how motion works was one of the great milestones of science and it's credited to the brilliant
English physicist Sir Isaac
At the outset, you will acquaint yourself with the concepts of motion and force Good day
through a background study of Sir Isaac Newton and his laws of motion. You will Sebastianian! I’m
Ma’am Christine.
experience and investigates activities that demonstrate each law. You will have the I will be your
opportunity to know how motion, work, and energy related, properties of sound and Science teacher.
light, important information about heat and temperature, and lastly how electricity May you learn a lot
works. from this module.
Goodluck!
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES
At the end of this module, the students are expected to:
 Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of the
object to the amount of change in the object’s motion.
 Infer that when a body exerts a force on another, an equal amount of force is exerted
back on it.
 Identify and explain the factors that affect potential and kinetic energy.
 Investigates the effect of temperature to the speed of sound
 Explain the hierarchy of colors in relation to the energy of visible light
 Differentiate between heat and temperature at the molecular level

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 LESSON 1: Newton’s Laws of Motion
INTRODUCTION
Galileo was unsuccessful in providing an experimental and
theoretical background on how to describe motion. However, it was
Newton who answered and explained why objects move and why
they accelerate. Newton was able to formulate and answers to the
aforementioned questions through three simple statements we now
know as Newton’s Laws of Motion.
Newton’s first law will tell you the natural state of objects as
far as motion is concerned. The first law of motion is refined version
of Galileo’s work on motion and momentum. Newton’s next charge
was to find the reason why objects move – force. Newton’s second
law of motion synthesized the basic quantities such as acceleration,
force and mass. Lastly, Newton’s third law gives a very brief but
profound statement of how forces interact, which is a factor that
brought the human race to the moon.
As you go through this lesson, remember to search for the answer to the following questions:
What does force have to do with motion? How motion can be controlled? How can we take
advantage of our knowledge on motion?

In your SMART CLASS book. Go to PAGE 3 and answer all the questions. If you
need an extra paper in answering number 1, just use a blank paper then attach it to
the same page. Then before proceeding, do the first activity in your printed module in
PAGES 3 AND 5.

FORCE CAN BE OF TWO TYPES: BALANCED FORCE OR

UNBALANCED FORCE

WHAT IS A BALANCED FORCE?

Z A force where two forces of equal size, act on a body, in opposing directions is known as a
Balanced Force. In Balanced Force, a body continues to be in its position example, it may be
continuously moving with the same speed and in the same direction or it may be still in its
position.
What are the examples of Balanced Force?
 Suppose you are pushing a wall and as expected, the wall does not move and neither do you.
It means that you and the wall are exerting a balanced force on each other.
 In a game of tug-of-war between two equally matched teams, neither of the teams is able to
pull the opposing team towards itself.

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 WHAT IS A UNBALANCED FORCE?

A force where two forces acting in opposing directions on a body, are not equal in
magnitude and in size, is known as an unbalanced force. In an unbalanced force, a body
changes its position i.e. we can observe a moving object changing its direction, either
increasing the speed or decreasing the speed and a body at rest starts to move and vice versa.
Practically anything that moves is a result of the exertion of unbalanced forces on it.
What are the examples of Unbalanced Force?
 If you kick a football and it moves from one place to another, it means that unbalanced
forces are acting upon it.
 One person significantly heavier than the other creates a condition of unbalanced force in a
seesaw. The person on the right is significantly heavier than the person on the left and the
seesaw is effectively tilted towards him.

FOR MOER INFORMATIONS ABOUT BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FORCE,

REFER TO YOUR SMART CLASS BOOK AND GO TO PAGE 4 THEN ANSWER THE
FOLLOWING GUIDE QUESTIONS AT THE BOTTOM OF DISCUSSION.

That’s great! We've already seen that forces can make things move, but how exactly are forces and
motion linked together? Isaac Newton's work helps us tie forces and motion together in an easy-to-
understand way. It also lets us calculate how things will move when we apply forces to them.

First Law of Motion

An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the
same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?

It means that an object in motion wants to stay in motion, and an object at rest wants to stay at rest.
This is also called Law of INERTIA
INERTIA – is a property of an object that describes how much it will resist change to the motion
of the object. MORE MASS MEANS MORE INERTIA.

TO UNDERSTAND MORE ABOUT LAW OF INERTIA, READ YOUR SMART CLASS

BOOK IN PAGE 6 AND DO THE ACTIVITY IN PAGE 7 (the activity in this page will be
OPTIONAL)
IN YOUR PRINTED MODULE, USING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED IN THIS TOPIC,
ANSWER PAGE 5 (ACTIVITY 2 AND 3)
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 Second Law of Motion

Newton's Second Law of Motion says that acceleration (gaining speed) happens when a force
act on a mass (object).
Riding your bicycle is a good example of this law of motion at work. Your bicycle is the mass.
Your leg muscles pushing on the pedals of your bicycle is the force. When you push on the pedals,
your bicycle accelerates. You are increasing the speed of the bicycle by applying force to the pedals.
Newton's Second Law also says that the greater the mass of the object being accelerated, the greater the amount
of force needed to accelerate the object.

Example:

Say you have two identical bicycles that each have a basket. One bicycle has an empty basket.
One bicycle has a basket full of bricks. If you try to ride each bicycle and you push on the pedals
with the exact same strength, you will be able to accelerate the bike with the empty basket MORE
than the bike with the basket full of bricks. It is because in the second law of motion, MASS IS
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO ITS ACCELERATION.

LAW OF ACCELERATION CAN BE EXPLAINED MATHEMATICALLY,

WHEREIN NET FORCE IS EQUAL TO MASS MULTIPLIED BY
ACCELERATION.
F=mxa
These are the important mathematical units in solving the acceleration of an object.

Net force (Fnet) = Newton or N

Mass (m) = Kilogram (kg) Acceleration (a) = m/s2
or Kg.m/s2

EXAMPLES:

1. What is the net force required to give an automobile of mass 1600 kg an acceleration of 4.5 m/s2?
Given:
Fnet = ?
First, you need to write what is given.
m = 1600 kg
a = 4.5 m/s2
Formula:
Second, you need to write the formula that you are going to use.
F=mxa
Solution:
Fnet = 1600 kg x 4.5 m/s2 = 7200 N or kg.m/s2 Lastly, you need to show your solution
and encircle your final answer.

2. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/sec2?
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 Given:
Fnet = ?
m = 1000 kg
a = 9.8 m/s2
Formula:
F=mxa
Solution:
Fnet = 1000 kg x 9.8 m/s2 = 9800 N or kg.m/s2

This time, you are going to calculate the acceleration for number 3 and mass
for number 4.

3. What is the acceleration of a 50 kg object pushed with a force of 500 newtons?

Given:
Fnet = 500 N
m = 50 kg
a=?
Formula:
a = F/m or a = F ÷ m
Solution:
a = 500 N / 50 kg = 10 m/s2
4. A force of 250 N is applied to an object that accelerates at a rate of 5 m/sec2. What is the mass of
the object?
Given:
Fnet = 250 N
m=?
a = 5 m/s2
Formula:
m = F/a or a = F ÷ a
Solution:
m = 250 N / 5 m/s2 = 50 kg

Did you get that? Remember, you need to analyze the question carefully to avoid the use
of incorrect formula. You can also use your Smart Class book to learn more about
this lesson.
NOW IN YOUR PRINTED MODULE, ANSWER PAGE 6 (ACTIVITY4)

Third Law of Motion

“To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction; or, the mutual actions of two bodies
upon each other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts.”
Newton's Third Law of Motion states that any time a force acts from one object to another, there is an
equal force acting back on the original object.
Examples:
1.) A swimmer pushes the water backward by his/her hands and in
return the water pushes the swimmer forwards, thus enabling him to
go forward during swimming.

2.) A man walking on the ground: While walking, a person

pushes the ground in the backward direction, and the ground in
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 return pushes the person in the forward direction, thus making
him/her walk.
3.) A bird while flying pushes the air downwards with the help
of its wings. Consistent with Newton’s third law of motion, the
air pushes the bird upwards.

FOR MOER INFORMATIONS ABOUT THE THIRD LAW OF MOTION, REFER TO

YOUR SMART CLASS BOOK ANaD GO TO PAGE 11 THEN ANSWER THE ACTIVITY
IN PAGE 12.
IN YOUR PRINTED MODULE, GO TO PAGES 7 – 9 AND ANSWER (ACTIVITY 5, 6, 7,
AND 8)

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