‫ات‬u‫ ا‬.

",7
7Rb‫ ا‬h>+ ‫ ا‬-3

‫ة‬O‫ا‬

( H × /P ) (

0 × (((((((((((((( +  = /C
H (

-: E
)% B  = /C


= (

0 / (  – C ) = ,
 ' ! = /P
  = H
  %  % ) /? G
= 
/? 0 B = 0
: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

)% B   0
 &!% 89 6
 B
 0
"
. ,
 &3 ! B%

800S700 S600 S500 S400 S300 S200 S100 0,
 &/3

6 8 16 28 20 12 10 0
"



: b‫ا‬

- 164 -
 : ) 0
 6 !

H × /P /
P C H '
30S 3S 150 10 S100
24S 2S 250 12 S200
20S 1S 350 20 S300
? ? 450 28 S400
16 1 550 16 S500
16 2 650 8 S600
18 3 750 6 800S700
24S .
100 .

24S
426 = 24 – 450 = 100 × (((((( + 450 = /C
100

. :! 426 = /C

- 165 -
 ‫ ‪ :‬ا ‪h>+‬‬ ‫)(‪H‬‬
‫"'  ‪ *  6


B  ) 
 :! ) B‬‬
‫‪. K G!  K 
 K % &%‬‬
‫‪R‬ب ا ‪ ^3 h>+‬ا ‪(A‬ت ا ‪.7+A3 BC‬‬
‫) ادة (‬
‫"

  ‪H(

( )( % %
J &!% 6
B‬‬
‫ ‪: 
4 6 H! 3 &!%‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬إذا آن د ادات دى ) ن‬
‫د"‪( .‬‬
‫ 
‪:9+" 6
:%  B  07

 9‬‬
‫) ‪2 / (1+6‬‬
‫‪*3‬ل ‪:‬‬
‫   ‪ &!% 6
B‬‬
‫‪61 – 80 – 40 – 10 – 15 – 12 – 20‬‬
‫ا‪: b‬‬
‫! 
‪: K  5‬‬

‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫!   ‪B(   1 4 = 2 / ( 1 + 7 ) = B‬‬

‫‪. 8%  4‬‬
‫  ‪. 20 = B‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬إذا آن د ادات زو? ) ن‬
‫زو (‬

‫‪- 166 -‬‬

B( 
(* FB 6  B  6+7
 6
9
 
: 9+" 6
:%  
 )%
{1+2/612/6 }
: ‫*ل‬3
:  &!% 6
B  
40 S 33 – 20 – 18 – 14 – 15 – 12 – 15
: b‫ا‬
: K  5
 !

40 33 20 18 15 15 14 12

1 ( 5 1 4 ) = (1 + 2/8 1 2/8) = B(

(  (
( (
(!
6(
 B 
B  
9 C
, 8%  B  
. C
, 8%  
% 6

. 16.5 = 2 / ( 18 + 15 ) = B 

- 167 -
 .7+A‫(ت ا‬A ‫^ ا‬3 h>+ ‫ب ا‬R
: )4 % %
 &!% 6
B   FB C
,
 
‫ارى‬g ‫ول ا‬e‫ام ا‬O>7 h>+ ‫ ا‬-1
 ‫; ا‬Y‫ا‬
F%   H – B  
0 × (((((((((((((((((( + B  /? )!
A
 = B 
F%   H – F+   H
S: <
2 / H (
= B  
B  /? F%
 8

   = F%   H
B  /? F+
 8

   = F+   H
. /? 0 B = 0

: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

B(  ( 0
( &(!% 8(9 6
 B
 0
"
.
 8

   0
 
,%

70S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 0,
 &/3

10 30 100 40 20 0
"



: b‫ا‬
: ) 0
 6 !

- 168 -
 H &/? !


 H '
? 20 6
09 20 S20
20 30 6
09 40 S30
F%   H 60 40 6
09 100 S40 )!
A

F+   H 160 50 6
09 30 S50 )A

190 60 6
09 10 70S60
200 70 6
09 200 .

100 = 2/200 = B   ! 7

(! )( 6(
 6 (   H )

 0,
<%! 7
100 = B(  ( (
9 6
(!3 B   
!%
. ( 160 – 60 ) 6%  

400 60 – 100
44 = 4 + 40 = (((( + 40 = 10 × ((((((( + 40 = B 
100 60 – 160

- 169 -
 ‫ارى‬g ‫ول ا‬e‫ام ا‬O>7 h>+ ‫ ا‬-2
h76‫; ا‬Y‫ا‬
F+ (4  H – B  
0 × (((((((((((((((((( S B  /? )A
 = B 
F+ (4  H – F% (4  H
S: <
2 / H (
= B  
B  /? F% B%  8

   = F% (4  H
B  /? F+ B%  8

   = F+ (4  H
. /? 0 B = 0

: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

B(  ( 0
( &(!% 8(9 6
 B
 0
"
. B%  8

   0
 
,%

70S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 0,
 &/3

10 30 100 40 20 0
"



: b‫ا‬
: ) 0
 6 !

- 170 -
 "


H H '
&/?
200 7T3 20 20 S20
180 7T3 30 40 S30
F% (4  H 140 7T3 40 100 S40 )!
A

F+ (4  H 40 7T3 50 30 S50 )A

10 7T3 60 10 70S60
? 7T3 70 200 .

100 = 2/200 = B   ! 7

(! )( 6(
 6 ( (4  H )

 0,
<%! 7
(140 – 40) 6%  
100 6
!3 B   
!%

600 40 – 100
44 = 6 S 50 = (((( S 50 = 10 × ((((((( S 50 = B 
100 40 – 140

‫اري‬g ‫ول ا‬e‫^ ا‬3 > 7 h>+ ‫ ا‬-3

 ‫; ا‬Y‫ا‬
: ‫*ل‬3

- 171 -


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

(% B   0
 &!% 89 6
 B
 0
"
.
 8

   0
 6

70S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 0,
 &/3

10 30 100 40 20 0
"


: b‫ا‬
: ) 0
 6 !

H &/? !




? 20 6
09
20 30 6
09
60 40 6
09
160 50 6
09
190 60 6
09
200 70 6
09
8(

  ( &!(  
) &/?

 ! 7
0( ! B! 8
 89 %  ! &
  
)

. 0@% 

% )!!
B,%  !%

- 172 -
 250 ‫ك‬

200

150

100

50
‫ا!*ت‬
0
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
20 30 40 50 60 70

100 = 2/200 = 2 / H ((

= B(  ( ! 7
(
B,  !
! &
  
) B! E4 89 !
8B( (B! 6


 BU%  ! B! 23 )!!
 8B
. 4
! B  
9 ) 0! &!  
)* 0
. 44 = B 

- 173 -
 ‫اري‬g ‫ول ا‬e‫^ ا‬3 > 7 h>+ ‫ ا‬-4
h76‫; ا‬Y‫ا‬
: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

(% B   0
 &!% 89 6
 B
 0
"
. B%  8

   0
 6

70S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 0,
 &/3

10 30 100 40 20 0
"


: b‫ا‬
: ) 0
 6 !

(4  H &/? "


200 7T3 20
180 7T3 30
140 7T3 40
40 7T3 50
10 7T3 60
? 7T3 70

- 174 -
250 ‫ك‬

200

150

100

50

0
7 6 20 5 30 440 350 260 70
1 0
‫ا!*ت‬

100 = 2/200 = 2 / H ((

= B(  ( ! 7
(
B,  !
! &
  
) B! E4 89 !
8B( (B! 6


 BU%  ! B! 23 )!!
 8B
. 4
! B  
9 ) 0! &!  
)* 0
. 44 = B 

- 175 -
‫ـاري‬g ‫ول ا‬e‫^ ا‬3 > 7 h>+ ‫ ا‬-5

H#3 h76‫; ا  وا‬Y‫ا‬
: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

(% B   0
 &!% 89 6
 B
 0
"
. K "
B% 
 8

   0
 6

70S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 0,
 &/3

10 30 100 40 20 0
"


: b‫ا‬
: K "
B% 
 6
 6 !

(4  H &/? "

   H &/? !




200 7T3 20 ? 20 6

09
180 7T3 30 20 30 6
09
140 7T3 40 60 40 6
09
40 7T3 50 160 50 6
09
10 7T3 60 190 60 6
09
? 7T3 70 200 70 6
09

250 ‫ك‬

200 - 176 -

150

100

50

‫ف‬
 20 30 40 50 60 70

B! E4 B! )3 "B B% 
 6!!

 
"%
) 0! &!  
) K   !


 BU% !
9 
. 44 = B  
9
 (
8B 8B B! 6
23 
B, % !
9 
. 100 = B   
9 ) 0! &


- 177 -