: )

0
 6 !

H × /P /
P C H '
30S 3S 150 10 S100
24S 2S 250 12 S200
20S 1S 350 20 S300
? ? 450 28 S400
16 1 550 16 S500
16 2 650 8 S600
18 3 750 6 800S700
24S .
100 .

24S
426 = 24 – 450 = 100 × (((((( + 450 = /C
100

. :! 426 = /C

- 165 -
 ‫ ‪ :‬ا ‪h>+‬‬ ‫)(‪H‬‬
‫"'  ‪ *  6


B  ) 
 :! ) B‬‬
‫‪. K G!  K 
 K % &%‬‬
‫‪R‬ب ا ‪ ^3 h>+‬ا ‪(A‬ت ا ‪.7+A3 BC‬‬
‫) ادة (‬
‫"

  ‪H(

( )( % %
J &!% 6
B‬‬
‫ ‪: 
4 6 H! 3 &!%‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬إذا آن د ادات دى ) ن‬
‫د"‪( .‬‬
‫ 
‪:9+" 6
:%  B  07

 9‬‬
‫) ‪2 / (1+6‬‬
‫‪*3‬ل ‪:‬‬
‫   ‪ &!% 6
B‬‬
‫‪61 – 80 – 40 – 10 – 15 – 12 – 20‬‬
‫ا‪: b‬‬
‫! 
‪: K  5‬‬

‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫!   ‪B(   1 4 = 2 / ( 1 + 7 ) = B‬‬

‫‪. 8%  4‬‬
‫  ‪. 20 = B‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬إذا آن د ادات زو? ) ن‬
‫زو (‬

‫‪- 166 -‬‬

B( 
(* FB 6  B  6+7
 6
9
 
: 9+" 6
:%  
 )%
{1+2/612/6 }
: ‫*ل‬3
:  &!% 6
B  
40 S 33 – 20 – 18 – 14 – 15 – 12 – 15
: b‫ا‬
: K  5
 !

40 33 20 18 15 15 14 12

1 ( 5 1 4 ) = (1 + 2/8 1 2/8) = B(

(  (
( (
(!
6(
 B 
B  
9 C
, 8%  B  
. C
, 8%  
% 6

. 16.5 = 2 / ( 18 + 15 ) = B 

- 167 -
 .7+A‫(ت ا‬A ‫^ ا‬3 h>+ ‫ب ا‬R
: )4 % %
 &!% 6
B   FB C
,
 
‫ارى‬g ‫ول ا‬e‫ام ا‬O>7 h>+ ‫ ا‬-1
 ‫; ا‬Y‫ا‬
F%   H – B  
0 × (((((((((((((((((( + B  /? )!
A
 = B 
F%   H – F+   H
S: <
2 / H (
= B  
B  /? F%
 8

   = F%   H
B  /? F+
 8

   = F+   H
. /? 0 B = 0

: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

B(  ( 0
( &(!% 8(9 6
 B
 0
"
.
 8

   0
 
,%

70S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 0,
 &/3

10 30 100 40 20 0
"



: b‫ا‬
: ) 0
 6 !

- 168 -
 H &/? !


 H '
? 20 6
09 20 S20
20 30 6
09 40 S30
F%   H 60 40 6
09 100 S40 )!
A

F+   H 160 50 6
09 30 S50 )A

190 60 6
09 10 70S60
200 70 6
09 200 .

100 = 2/200 = B   ! 7

(! )( 6(
 6 (   H )

 0,
<%! 7
100 = B(  ( (
9 6
(!3 B   
!%
. ( 160 – 60 ) 6%  

400 60 – 100
44 = 4 + 40 = (((( + 40 = 10 × ((((((( + 40 = B 
100 60 – 160

- 169 -
 ‫ارى‬g ‫ول ا‬e‫ام ا‬O>7 h>+ ‫ ا‬-2
h76‫; ا‬Y‫ا‬
F+ (4  H – B  
0 × (((((((((((((((((( S B  /? )A
 = B 
F+ (4  H – F% (4  H
S: <
2 / H (
= B  
B  /? F% B%  8

   = F% (4  H
B  /? F+ B%  8

   = F+ (4  H
. /? 0 B = 0

: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

B(  ( 0
( &(!% 8(9 6
 B
 0
"
. B%  8

   0
 
,%

70S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 0,
 &/3

10 30 100 40 20 0
"



: b‫ا‬
: ) 0
 6 !

- 170 -
 "


H H '
&/?
200 7T3 20 20 S20
180 7T3 30 40 S30
F% (4  H 140 7T3 40 100 S40 )!
A

F+ (4  H 40 7T3 50 30 S50 )A

10 7T3 60 10 70S60
? 7T3 70 200 .

100 = 2/200 = B   ! 7

(! )( 6(
 6 ( (4  H )

 0,
<%! 7
(140 – 40) 6%  
100 6
!3 B   
!%

600 40 – 100
44 = 6 S 50 = (((( S 50 = 10 × ((((((( S 50 = B 
100 40 – 140

‫اري‬g ‫ول ا‬e‫^ ا‬3 > 7 h>+ ‫ ا‬-3

 ‫; ا‬Y‫ا‬
: ‫*ل‬3

- 171 -


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

(% B   0
 &!% 89 6
 B
 0
"
.
 8

   0
 6

70S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 0,
 &/3

10 30 100 40 20 0
"


: b‫ا‬
: ) 0
 6 !

H &/? !




? 20 6
09
20 30 6
09
60 40 6
09
160 50 6
09
190 60 6
09
200 70 6
09
8(

  ( &!(  
) &/?

 ! 7
0( ! B! 8
 89 %  ! &
  
)

. 0@% 

% )!!
B,%  !%

- 172 -
 250 ‫ك‬

200

150

100

50
‫ا!*ت‬
0
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
20 30 40 50 60 70

100 = 2/200 = 2 / H ((

= B(  ( ! 7
(
B,  !
! &
  
) B! E4 89 !
8B( (B! 6


 BU%  ! B! 23 )!!
 8B
. 4
! B  
9 ) 0! &!  
)* 0
. 44 = B 

- 173 -
 ‫اري‬g ‫ول ا‬e‫^ ا‬3 > 7 h>+ ‫ ا‬-4
h76‫; ا‬Y‫ا‬
: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

(% B   0
 &!% 89 6
 B
 0
"
. B%  8

   0
 6

70S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 0,
 &/3

10 30 100 40 20 0
"


: b‫ا‬
: ) 0
 6 !

(4  H &/? "


200 7T3 20
180 7T3 30
140 7T3 40
40 7T3 50
10 7T3 60
? 7T3 70

- 174 -
250 ‫ك‬

200

150

100

50

0
7 6 20 5 30 440 350 260 70
1 0
‫ا!*ت‬

100 = 2/200 = 2 / H ((

= B(  ( ! 7
(
B,  !
! &
  
) B! E4 89 !
8B( (B! 6


 BU%  ! B! 23 )!!
 8B
. 4
! B  
9 ) 0! &!  
)* 0
. 44 = B 

- 175 -
‫ـاري‬g ‫ول ا‬e‫^ ا‬3 > 7 h>+ ‫ ا‬-5

H#3 h76‫; ا  وا‬Y‫ا‬
: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

(% B   0
 &!% 89 6
 B
 0
"
. K "
B% 
 8

   0
 6

70S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 0,
 &/3

10 30 100 40 20 0
"


: b‫ا‬
: K "
B% 
 6
 6 !

(4  H &/? "

   H &/? !




200 7T3 20 ? 20 6

09
180 7T3 30 20 30 6
09
140 7T3 40 60 40 6
09
40 7T3 50 160 50 6
09
10 7T3 60 190 60 6
09
? 7T3 70 200 70 6
09

250 ‫ك‬

200 - 176 -

150

100

50

‫ف‬
 20 30 40 50 60 70

B! E4 B! )3 "B B% 
 6!!

 
"%
) 0! &!  
) K   !


 BU% !
9 
. 44 = B  
9
 (
8B 8B B! 6
23 
B, % !
9 
. 100 = B   
9 ) 0! &


- 177 -
 : ‫ال‬+F‫ ا‬:  H* )
. K   K  @ 7A 
 4 0 !

.7+A3 BC ‫(ت ا‬A ‫^ ا‬3 ‫ال‬+F‫ب ا‬R
 (  )3 
 0 !
 E, 
 9    23
* 
 0 !
 K "

4,    & 


 C?!% 6
9

  )3 %A    ,  , 6 
4

G
. 0 !

    $2@ :
9 0 !
 6  9 5  
‫ت‬b‫^ ا‬3 ‫ آ‬w ‫ال‬+F‫[ ا‬R‫ ا‬: ‫*ل‬3
-: .  ‫ا‬

8 = 0 !
 12 S 8 – 10 – 8 – 9 – 8 – 7
10 = 0 !
 10 – 12 – 15 – 10 – 12 S10
16 1 15 = 0 !
 30 – 16 S 20 – 15 – 16 – 15

   = 0 !
 60S 50 – 140 – 40 – 30 – 20
.7+A‫(ت ا‬A ‫^ ا‬3 ‫ال‬+F‫ب ا‬R
6(B % %
 &!% 6
0 !
  FB "%
 
. ) 
3 P@% 
 !! 6!% 6B 6%
. ‫ن‬+>BA ‫ ا وق‬.",7 ‫ال‬+F‫ ا‬- 
G‫أو‬

1'
0 × (((((((( +  = 0 !

2' + 1'

:<

- 178 -
 .  
%

  !
 /? !

 = 
1H – H = 1'
2H – H = 2'
 !
 /?   = H
 !
 /? F% ) /?   = 1H
 !
 /? ) ) /?   = 2H
/? 0 B = 0
: ‫*ل‬3
: ) 0
 6
6 % B% 0 !

 
80S70 S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 S10 0,
 &/3
5 12 22 38 22 12 5 0
"


: b‫ا‬
H '
5 S10
12 S20
1H 22 S30
H 38 S40 
2H 22 S50
12 S60
5 80S70
(7  (

 )3 9 % 0+, 6
 !
 /?

! 7
(7 1 40 =  (4  
(% (4 /? E  )!
A


!
.(2H 1 1H 1 H )

((!

- 179 -
 16 = 22 – 38 = 1H – H = 1' !
16 = 22 – 38 = 2H – H = 2' !
10 = 0 !
: ‫ن‬+( ‫ ا‬T ‫ض‬+#( x
16
10 × (((((((( + 40 = 0 !

16 + 16

45 = 5 + 40 = 0 !

‫ام‬O>7 (7 ‫ال‬+F‫ ا‬-  H()
. ‫ن‬+>BA ‫ ا وق‬."S
: ‫*ل‬3
0
 6
6 % F ? B 
,% K !% 0 !

 
: )
80S70 S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 S10 0,
 &/3
5 12 22 38 22 12 5 0
"


: b‫ا‬

(
 0 (B 6 <%! 7 ) 0@% F% 0
 !
8B ) 0!3 2 F%

" 23% :3 0 !
. 0 !
 4
45 = 0 !


- 180 -
40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

."S ‫ام‬O>7 ‫ال‬+F‫ ا‬: 

H* )
. yF‫ آ‬.#‫ا ا‬

1H
0 × (((((((( +  = 0 !

2H + 1H
:<
.  
%

  !
 /? !

 = 
 !
 /? F% ) /?   = 1H
 !
 /? ) ) /?   = 2H
/? 0 B = 0
: ‫*ل‬3

- 181 -
 : ) 0
 6
.! "3  B% 0 !

 
80S70 S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 S10 0,
 &/3
5 12 22 38 22 12 5 0
"


: b‫ا‬
H '
5 S10
12 S20
1H 22 S30
38 S40 
2H 22 S50
12 S60
5 80S70

(7  (

 )3 9 % 0+, 6
 !
 /?

! 7
(7 1 40 =  (4  
(% (4 /? E  )!
A


!
. (2H 1 1H)

((!
22 = 1H
22 = 2H
10 = 0 !

: ‫ن‬+( ‫ ا‬T ‫ض‬+#( x

22
10 × (((((((( + 40 = 0 !


- 182 -
 22 + 22

45 = 5 + 40 = 0 !


‫ام‬O>7 (7 ‫ال‬+F‫ ا‬-  H#7‫را‬

. yF‫ آ‬.#‫ ا ا‬."S
: ‫*ل‬3
0
( 6(
.! "3  B 
,% K !% 0 !

 
:)
80S70 S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 S10 0,
 &/3
5 12 22 38 22 12 5 0
"



: b‫ا‬

(
 0 (B 6 <%! 7 ) 0@% F% 0
 !
8B( ) 0!3 2 F%

" 23% :3 0!
. 0 !
 4

45 = 0 !


- 183 -
‫‪40‬‬

‫‪35‬‬

‫‪30‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪20‬‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬

‫ا ‪ z7 .95#‬ا ‪ h>+‬وا ‪ h>+‬وا‪+F‬ال‬

‫ 
! ‪B  × 2 – B  × 3 = 0‬‬
‫‪*3‬ل ‪:‬‬
‫* 
& ‪
9  10 = B  
9 5 = B  
9 6‬‬
‫ 
! ‪. 0‬‬
‫ ‪: 0‬‬
‫ 
! ‪B  × 2 – B  × 3 = 0‬‬
‫ 
! ‪5 × 2 – 10 × 3 = 0‬‬
‫ 
! ‪20 = 10 – 30 = 0‬‬
‫‪ "Z‬ا ‪+‬اء ا ‪+‬ز"; ‪LA3‬ة ‪^3‬‬
‫‪ D"3‬ا ‪ .WF‬اآ‪: ."W‬‬

‫‪- 184 -‬‬

 : 8G  0
"
)!!
 S1
: 6  

!
0 !
 = B  = B 
: 
$   
)!!
 S2
: 6  

!
0 !
 < B  < B 
:  $   
)!!
 S3
: 6  

!
0 !
 > B  > B 
‫*ل‬3

9  10 = B  
9 5 = B  
9 6 &
 *
. 8G  $   !

 7 1 0 !

: 0
B  × 2 – B  × 3 = 0 !

5 × 2 – 10 × 3 = 0 !

20 = 10 – 30 = 0 !

6 -+!
0 !
 > B  > B 
.  $  5 
8G 

- 185 -
 ^"‫ر‬c

:  , &
 B  )% B   S1

10 ( 4 ( 17 ( 8 ( 2 ( 3 ( 5
$ (

( (7 0 !
 
9  B  B  
9 6

. 8G 

&( 6(
 0 )3 B  )% B 
  S2
. 8G  $ 

 7 0 !
 
9
   !


8 S 11 S 9 S 12 S 7 •
111 S 102 – 103 S 104 S 107 S 105 •
24 - 20 - 9 - 18 - 35 - 3 - 39 - 3623 S 22 •

: & 6
 0 0 !
 B   S3
6 ( 10 ( 9 ( 4 ( 2 ( 8 ( 5 •
8 ( 5 ( 4 ( 10 ( 7 ( 9 ( 6 •
20 – 15 – 15 – 12 – 15 – 10 – 12 – 10 •
70 – 60 – 40 – 20 – 30 – 25 – 20 •
18 – 15 – 18 – 10 – 12 – 18 – 15 – 13 •

- 186 -
 . 8!
0
" ) %A A &/3 07
 ) 0
 S4

S10
S8 S6 S4 S2 ) %A A
12
30 50 70 40 10 0
"



:  B

&/? G 
B% 2% B   S
&3 ! B% 2% B   S
,
 &3 ! B% 2% B   S

 8

   0
 
,% B   S
B%  8

   0
 
,% B   S

 8

   )!!

,% K!% B   S
B%  8

   )!!

,% K!% B   S
B% 
 8

   )!!

,% K!% B   S
6 % B% 0 !
 S
6 % B% K!% 0 !
 S
.! "3  B% 0 !
 S
.! "3  B% K!% 0 !
 S

- 187 -
 S: 2 0
 &!% 89 6
S5

S60
S50 S40 S30 S20 '
70
10 30 100 40 20 H

&/? G 
B% 2% B   •
&3 ! B% 2% B   •
,
 &3 ! B% 2% B   •

 8

   0
 
,% B   •
B%  8

   0
 
,% B   •

 8

   )!!

,% K!% B   •
B%  8

   )!!

,% K!% B   •
6 % B% 0 !
 •
6 % B% K!% 0 !
 •
. .! B% 0 !
 •

- 188 -
 S: 2 0
 &!% 89 6
S6

S700 S600 S500 S400 S300 S200 S100 '

6 8 16 28 20 12 10 H

&/? G 
B% 2% B   •
&3 ! B% 2% B   •
,
 &3 ! B% 2% B   •

 8

   0
 
,% B   •
B%  8

   0
 
,% B   •

 8

   )!!

,% K!% B   •
B%  8

   )!!

,% K!% B   •

 8

   )!!

,% K!% B   •
K"
B% 
6 % B% 0 !
 •
6 % B% K!% 0 !
 •
.! "3  B 
,% 0 !
 •
. .! "3  B 
,% K!% 0 !
 •

- 189 -
 S: 2 0
 &!% 89 6
S7

H '
5 S10
12 S20
22 S30
38 S40
22 S50
12 S60
5 80S70
116 


&/? G 
B% 2% B   •
&3 ! B% 2% B   •
,
 &3 ! B% 2% B   •

 8

   0
 
,% B   •
B%  8

   0
 
,% B   •

 8

   )!!

,% K!% B   •
B%  8

   )!!

,% K!% B   •

 8

   )!!

,% K!% B   •
K"
B% 
6 % B% 0 !
 •
6 % B% K!% 0 !
 •

- 190 -
 S: 2 0
 &!% 89 6
S8

H '
2 S5
4 S10
6 S15
8 S20
10 S25
16 S30
40 S35
24 S40
14 S45
11 S50
5 60S55
&/? G 
B% 2% B   •
&3 ! B% 2% B   •
,
 &3 ! B% 2% B   •

 8

   0
 
,% B   •

 8

   )!!

,% K!% B   •
6 % B% 0 !
 •

- 191 -