UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS

ASSIGNMENT 1
(Group)
SMS3033
STATISTICAL METHODS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
SEM. 2 SESSION 2021/2022

LECTURER: ASSOC. PROF. DR. NOR AZAH SAMAT

Group Members Matric No.

SITI AISHAH BT MUSZARIS D20212099248

AMIRA NATASHA BINTI ZABIDIN D20212099241
Table of Contents
1. TITLE ............................................................................................................................................. 2
2. POPULATION AND SAMPLE OF THE STUDY..................................................................... 2
3. OBJECTIVES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY................................................................... 2
3.1 OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................. 2
3.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY .................................................................................................... 2
4. INSTRUMENT .............................................................................................................................. 2
5.1 The estimation of mean, proportions, variance, and standard deviation of
respondents. ................................................................................................................................... 3
5.1.1 Estimation of mean of answered questionnaire about awareness of mental
health by students ..................................................................................................................... 4
5.1.2 Estimation of Variance and Standard Deviation of answered questionnaire
about awareness of mental health by students ................................................................. 4
5.2 Estimation of proportions of answered questionnaire by male students. ............... 5
5.3 The test of independence of gender and knowledge about mental health. ............. 6
5.4 The analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using two ways way ANOVA ......................... 8
6. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 14
 1. TITLE
AWARENESS OF MENTAL HEALTH

2. POPULATION AND SAMPLE OF THE STUDY

A population of study is all students of Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI). The sample
of 50 respondents represents the population of students of UPSI from different faculty.

3. OBJECTIVES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

3.1 OBJECTIVES
i. To identify the estimation of mean, variance, and standard deviation of respondents
from students of Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) about awareness of mental
health.
ii. To identify the estimation of proportions for one population of male students.
iii. To identify the test of independence of gender and knowledge about mental health.
iv. To identify the analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using two ways ANOVA

3.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The significance for this study can be conclude as the understanding of awareness toward
mental health. The study also can be served as an early intervention, which can result in a
fast recovery. This awareness can help people to understand what is mental health, how to
overcome it and so on. Thus, it can reduce negative adjectives that have been set to describe
our people with a mental health problem.

4. INSTRUMENT
The sample is gathered by constructing an online survey using Google form. It contained
several questions related awareness of mental health. After that, the Google form was sent
using a link to all respondents through media social such as WhatsApp, Telegram, Facebook,
and Instagram. Besides, we also use Microsoft Excel to collect and analyse all the data.
 5. FINDING AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

5.1 The estimation of mean, proportions, variance, and standard deviation of

respondents.

Gender Respondents
Male 18
Female 32

Gender Respondents, X X2
Male 18 324
Female 32 1024
ΣX= 50 ΣX2= 1348

Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation

(50)2 (50)2
18+32 1348−  1348− 
x̄ = S2 = 2
S = √  2
2 2−1 2−1

= 25 = 98 = 9.8995
5.1.1 Estimation of mean of answered questionnaire about awareness of mental health
by students

n=50 Confidence level= 95% zα/2 = 1.96

n>30, Normal distribution table
𝑠 𝑠
= x̄- zα/2 ( )< µ < x̄ + zα/2 ( )
√𝑛 √𝑛

9.8995 9.8995
= 25 − 1.96 ( ) < µ < 25 + 1.96 ( )
√(50) √(50)

= 25 – 2.744 < µ < 25 + 2.744

=22.256 < µ <27.744

Or 25 ± 2.744. Hence, with 95% confidence, the average of students answered questionnaire
awareness about mental health is between 22.256 and 27.744 students, based on 50
students.

5.1.2 Estimation of Variance and Standard Deviation of answered questionnaire about

awareness of mental health by students

n=50 α=0.05 s2= 98 s= 9.8995

𝛼 0.05
df= 50 —1 = , 1— 0.025
2 2
=49 = 0.025 =0.975
Degree of freedom 0.025 0.975
40 59.342 24.433
49 70.122 31.655
60 83.298 40.482

(50−1)2 (98) (50−1)2 (98)

< σ2 <
70.122 31.655

3355.552 < σ2 < 7433.202

Standard Deviation:

(50−1)2 (98) (50−1)2 (98)

√ <σ<√
70.122 31.655

57.927 < σ < 86.216

5.2 Estimation of proportions of answered questionnaire by male students.

n= 50 X= 18 Confidence= 95% zα/2 = 1.96

18
P̂ = q̂ = 1—0.36
50
= 0.36 = 0.64

(0.36)(0.64) (0.36)(0.64)
0.36 − 1.96√ < p < 0.36 + 1.96√
50 50
0.36 — 0.133 < p < 0.36 + 0.133
0.227 < p < 0.493

Hence, with 95% confidence, we can state that the percentage of answered questionnaire by
male students is between 22.7% and 49.3%.
5.3 The test of independence of gender and knowledge about mental health.

Know the definition Had a mental

of mental health health before
Female 34 11
Male 8 9

This table was based on a random sample of University Pendidikan Sultan Idris students. At
the 5% level of significant, can we conclude that the knowledge about mental health and
gender are related?

Ho: Gender and knowledge about mental health are not related.

H1: Gender and knowledge about mental health are related.

We are performing a test of independence therefore we use the chi-square distribution to make
the test.

With a significant level of 5%, the area of the rejection is 0.05, and it falls in the right tail of the
chi-square distribution curve.

df = (2-1) (2-1) = 1

From the  2 distribution table, the critical value of  2 for d.f = 1 and is 3.841. This value is
shown below:
The expected frequencies for the various cells are calculated as follows, and they are listed in
parentheses in table A.

E for female and know the definition of mental health cell = (45)(42)/62 = 30.48

E for female and had a mental health before cell = (45)(20)/62 = 14.52

E for male and know the definition of mental health cell = (17)(42)/62 = 11.52

E for male and had a mental health before cell = (17)(20)/62 = 5.48

Table A

Know the definition Had a mental Row total

of mental health health before
Female 34 11 45
(30.48) (14.52)
Male 8 9 17
(11.52) (5.48)
Column total 42 20 62

The value of the test statistic 2 is calculated as follows:

(𝑂−𝐸)2
2=Σ
𝐸

(34−30.48)2 (11−14.52)2 (8−11.52)2 (9−5.48)2

= + + + = 4.596
30.48 14.52 11.52 5.48

The value of the test statistic 2 = 4.596 is greater than the critical value of c2 = 3.841 and it
falls in the rejection region. Hence, we reject the null hypothesis and state that there is strong
evidence from the sample to conclude that the two characteristics, gender and knowledge
about mental health are related for all student University Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
5.4 The analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using two ways way ANOVA
 Opinion among student University Pendidikan Sultan Idris related major problems that lead
to mental health problem.

Physical Lots of Lots of money Row Total

Health assignment debt
Agree 26, 16 25, 17 28, 17 129
Disagree 7, 1 7, 1 4, 1 21
Column Total 50 50 50 150

Anova summary table:

Source df SS MS F
Major Problem 2 656.3 328.15 0.898
(A)
Opinion (B) 1 1628.3 1628.3 4.456
Interaction 1 -3258.9 -1629.45 -4.46
(AxB)
Within (error) 6 2192.3 365.38
Total 10 1218.7

We want to see whether the type of major problems and the opinion have any effect on mental
health.
1. Hypothesis for the interaction
Ho: There is no interaction between type major problems and the opinion on the mental health.
H1: There is an interaction between type major problems and the opinion on the mental health.
2. Hypothesis for types of major problem.
Ho: There is no difference between the means of mental health for three types of major
problem.
H1: There is a difference between the means of mental health for three types of major problem.
3. Hypothesis for opinion.
Ho: There is no difference between the means of mental health for two types of opinion.
H1: There is a difference between the means of mental health for two types of opinion.

Critical value for each F test.

Factor A is for major problem. a=3
Factor B is for opinion. b=2

d.f for each factor:

Factor A: d.f.N = a-1 = 2
Factor B: d.f.N = b-1 = 1
Interaction (AxB): d.f.N = (a-1)(b-1) = (2)(1) = 2
Within (error): d.f.D = ab(n-1) = (3)(2)(2-1) = 6
FA, α = 0.05, d.f.N = 2, d.f.D = 6
FA = 5.14
FB, α = 0.05, d.f.N = 1, d.f.D = 6
FB = 5.99
FA-B = α = 0.05, d.f.N = 2, d.f.D = 6
FA-B = 5.14

Cx = (28+16+25+17+28+17+7+1+7+1+4+1)² / 12
= 1925.3

SST = (28²+16²+25²+17²+28²+17²+7²+1²+7²+1²+4²+1²) – 1925.3

= 1218.7

SSA = [ (50²+50²+50²) / 4] – 1218.7

= 656.3

SSB = [ (129²+21²) / 6] – 1218.7

= 1628.3
SSAB = [(42²+42²+45²+8²+8²+5²) / 6] – 1925.3 – 656.3 – 1628.3
= -3258.9

SSW= 1218-656.3-1628.3-(-3258.9)
= 2192.3

MSA = (SSA / a-1) = 656.3 / 2

=328.15

MSB = (SSB / b-1) = 1628.3 / 1

= 1628.3

MSAxB = [SSAxB / (a-1) (b-1)] = [-3258.9 / (2)(1)]

= -1629.45

MSW = [SSW / ab(n-1)] = 2192.3 / 6(1)]

= 365.38

FA = MSA / MSW = 328.15 / 365.38

= 0.898

FB = MSB / MSW = 1628.3 / 365.38

= 4.456

FAxB = MSAxB / MSW = -1629.45 / 365.38

= -4.46

Make decision
Since FA = 0.898, FB = 4.456 and FAxB = -4.46 are less than the critical value FA = 5.14, FB =
5.99 and FAxB = 5.14. Thus, the null hypothesis concerning opinion related types of major
problem and interaction effect should not be rejected.
 6. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this study analyses 50 respondents from all students in Universiti Pendidikan
Sultan Idris (UPSI) from different faculty. Microsoft Excel is a software that used to analyse all
the answers from the respondents. The demography shows the most respondents is female
with 64% respondents and the other 36% of respondents are male. The result shows 32
respondents are age around 20 and 21 years old with 54% of respondents come from Faculty
of Science and Mathematics.

The average of students answered questionnaire awareness about mental health with
95% confidence is between 22.256 and 27.744 students. Meanwhile, the estimation of
Variance and Standard Deviation of answered questionnaire about awareness of mental
health by students is between 3355.552 and 7433.202 and 57.927 and 86.216 respectively.
The percentage of answered questionnaire by male students with 95% confidence is between
22.7% and 49.3%. Next, we conclude that the two characteristics which gender and
knowledge about mental health are related for all student University Pendidikan Sultan Idris
as the result shows the null hypothesis was rejected. Besides, we also used two ways ANOVA
to analyse data about opinion among student University Pendidikan Sultan Idris related major
problems that lead to mental health problem. We can state that there is an interaction between
types of major problems and opinion on the mental health, there is a difference between the
means of mental health for three types of major problem and there is a difference between the
means of mental health for two types of opinion. Thus, we cannot reject the null hypothesis.

The respondents’ knowledge about mental health can be seen on the respond for the
definition with 86% answered ‘mental health are health conditions involving changes in
emotion, thinking or behaviour. 84% of respondents know the definition of mental health before
this and 60% respondents answered ‘yes’ as they have experienced the problem. Next, 52.2%
of the respondents agree that they know cause of mental health problems and 67.4% agree
that they know ways to overcome mental health problem.

The respondents show their awareness towards mental health with 80% respondents
choose that value ourselves with kindness and respect is one of ways to overcome mental
health problems and 94% agree that they know the consequences of not overcoming mental
health problems. Moreover, 42% of the respondents answered ‘excessive stress’ is the major
of getting this problem and most of respondents agreed that money problem, family problem,
lot of assignments, stress at work, unemployment or losing job, lot of money debts,
bereavement, and physical health lead to mental health problem.
From this study, the respond from the respondents shows that most of them are aware and
have the knowledge in this issue. This can prevent and lowered the number of cases of mental
health problem which this issue seems increase day by day among all Malaysian.
 7. REFERENCES

What Is Mental Health? (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2020, from

https://www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/what-is-mental-health

Mental health: Definition, common disorders, early signs, and more. (n.d.). Retrieved
October 12, 2020, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154543

University Health Service. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2020, from

https://uhs.umich.edu/tenthings

7 ways to overcome mental health stigma. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2020, from
https://www.summahealth.org/flourish/entries/2020/08/7-ways-to-overcome-mental-
health-stigma

What causes mental health problems? (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2020, from
https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-
problems/mental-health-problems-introduction/causes/

Swhelper. (2019, April 07). The Importance of Mental Health Awareness. Retrieved
January 03, 2021, from https://swhelper.org/2015/11/17/importance-mental-health-
awareness