GENERAL EDUCATION COVERAGE IN MATH

•FUNDAMENTALS OF MATH
•PLANE GEOMETRY
•ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
•STATISTICS & PROBABILITY
 FUNDAMENTALS
MATHEMATICS
FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS

1. Number System
2. Place Value
3. Rounding Numbers
4. Fundamental Operations
5. Fractions
6. Decimals
7. Percentage
8. Ratio and Proportion
NUMBER SYSTEM
• INTEGERS – Positive integer, Negative Integer, Zero

Positive Integers – {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,…..10,….,20,…100,…..1000}

Negative Integers – {-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, …….,-10, ……-101,….., - 2000}
Zero – {0}

WHOLE NUMBERS – { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,………………..}

NATURAL NUMBERS – {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,…………………..}
COUNTING NUMBERS – { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10,………}
• IRRATIONAL NUMBERS – a number that cannot be expressed
as a fraction for any integers p/q.

Example:
Pi 𝜋 = 3.1416
√2
euler’s number ℮ = 2.71828
 123456789.987654321
1 – Hundred Millions 9 – Tenths
2 – Ten Millions 8 – Hundredths
3 - Millions 7 – Thousandths
4 – Hundred Thousands 6 – Ten Thousandths
5 – Ten Thousands 5 – Hundred Thousandths
6 - Thousands 4 – Millionths
7 - Hundreds 3 – Ten Millionths
8 - Tens 2 – Hundred Millionths
9 - Ones 1 - Billionths
Determine the place value of the red number
1) 231,172.12 1. Hundreds
2) 1101010.167281 2. Millionths
3) 86,017,100.0003 3. Hundred Thousands
4) 15.081756234289 4. Hundred Billionths
5) 171.234 5. Tens
 ROUNDING NUMBERS
RULE 1: If the number you are rounding is
followed by 5,6,7,8,9, round the number up.

RULE 2: If the number you are rounding is

followed by 4,3,2,1,0 round the number
down.
Round the Number to the nearest Ones
1) 5.3 1) 5.3 -------> 5
2) 9.5 2) 9.5 -------> 10
3) 1.1 3) 1.1 -------> 1
4) 78.23 4) 78.23 -------> 78
5) 123.71 5) 123.71 ------> 124
Round the Number to the nearest Tens
1) 25 1) 25 -------> 30
2) 139 2) 139 -------> 140
3) 10.9 3) 10.9 -------> 10
4) 771.23 4) 771.23 -------> 770
5) 123.71 5) 123.71 ------> 120
Round the Number to the nearest Hundreds
1) 1435 1) 1435 -------> 1400
2) 1167 2) 1167 -------> 1200
3) 10526 3) 10526 -------> 10500
4) 289.23 4) 289.23 -------> 300
5) 5839.71 5) 5839.71 ------> 5800
Round the Number to the nearest Tenths
1) 7.25 1) 7.25 -------> 7.3
2) 11.63 2) 11.63 -------> 11.6
3) 10.26 3) 10.26 -------> 10.3
4) 289.23 4) 289.23 -------> 289.2
5) 5839.71 5) 5839.71 ----> 5839.7
Round the Number to the nearest Hundredths
1) 71.255 1) 71.255 -------> 71.26
2) 89.2300 2) 89.2300 -------> 89.23
3) 40.2639 3) 40.2639 -------> 40.26
4) 2.2337 4) 2.2337 -------> 2.23
5) 39.717 5) 39.717 ----> 39.72
GREATEST COMMON FACTOR
• The largest positive integer that divides each of the integers

Find the GCF 10, 25, 100

Ans: 5

Find the GCF 36, 54, 27

Ans: 3, 9
LEAST COMMON FACTOR
• The smallest positive integer that divides each of the integers

Find the LCF 10, 25, 100

Ans: 5

Find the LCF 36, 54, 27

Ans: 3
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE
• The smallest positive integer that is evenly divisible by two
integers. Also, the smallest integer divisible by two integers.

Find the LCM 10, 25

Ans: 50
Reason: 50÷10 and 50÷25
Note: aside from 50, 100 is also correct. However, least common integer is consider.

Find the LCF 7, 11

Ans: 77
LEAST COMMON DENOMINATOR
➢The least common factor of two or more integers in the
denominator.
1 12 11
➢Find the LCD
10 25 100

Ans: 100, 500

Reason: 100÷ 10, 100÷ 25, 100÷ 100
 7 2 2
➢Find the LCD
18 9 3

Ans: 18
Reason: 18÷ 18, 18÷ 9, 18 ÷ 3
FRACTION, DECIMAL & PERCENT
FRACTION – a number that can be expressed as a
proportion of two whole numbers

𝑎 𝑎−𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑏 𝑏−𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
Types of Fraction
• PROPER FRACTION – numerator is less than the denominator
1 11 3
ex. , ,
2 47 7

• IMPROPER FRACTION – numerator is greater than the denominator

7 103 13
ex. , ,
2 47 11

• MIXED NUMBER – a combination of a proper fraction and a whole

number
1 11 3
ex. 2 , 15 , 8
2 47 7
CONVERTING MIXED NUMBER TO
IMPROPER FRACTION
OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS
• ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
1 1 1+1 2
1) 2
+ =
2 2
= = 1 { If
2
the denominator is the same}
6 9 6+9 15
2) 5
+ 5
= 5
= 5
= 3
11 17 11−17 6
3) 21
− 21
= 21
= − 21
8 17 8−17 11
4) 33
− 33 = 33 = − 33
OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS
• ADDITION & SUBTRACTION { If the denominator ARE NOT the same}

1 1 1 1𝑥2
•6 + 3
= 6 + 3𝑥2 {Goal: make our denominator the same}
1 2
=6+6
1+2 𝟑
= 6 =𝟔
3 3÷3 𝟏
(simplify)
6
= 6÷3
= 𝟐
OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS
• ADDITION & SUBTRACTION { If the denominator ARE NOT the same}

8 21 8𝑥3 21 24 21
15
+ 45 = 15 𝑥 3
+ 45
= 45
+ 45

24+21 𝟒𝟓
= = =𝟏
45 𝟒𝟓

Note: Our Goal is to make the denominator the same.

OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS
• ADDITION & SUBTRACTION { If the denominator ARE NOT the same}

1 1 1𝑥 8 1𝑥 6
•6 + 8
= 6𝑥8 + 8𝑥6
8 6
= 48 + 48
8+6 𝟏𝟒
= 48 = 𝟒𝟖
14 14÷2 𝟕
(simplify)
48
= 48÷2
= 𝟐𝟒
OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS
Multiplication on Fractions

➢Multiply directly numerator to numerator, denominator to

denominator
1 1 1×1 1
× = =
6 8 6×8 48

3 3 3 9
×3= × =
10 10 1 10
OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS
Multiplication on Fractions

➢Multiply directly numerator to numerator, denominator to denominator

then simplify.

5 7 5×7 35
× = =
12 9 12 × 9 108
OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS
Division on Fractions
𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 𝐷 𝐴𝐷
÷ = × =
𝐵 𝐷 𝐵 𝐶 𝐵𝐶
OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS
Division on Fractions

➢Multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second fraction.

5 9 5 7
÷ ×
12 7 12 9
5×7 35
=
12 × 9 108
Word Problems
1) 4/7 of a number is 64. Find the number.
Let n be the number.

4
𝑛 = 64
7
4𝑛
= 64
7
4𝑛 = 7 × 64
4𝑛 = 448
4𝑛 448
4
= 4
448
𝑛= 4
𝑛 = 112
DECIMAL
DECIMAL – a number with whole number part and
fractional part separated by a decimal point.
Example:
3.12
1.2
102.45
0.3333
FRACTION TO DECIMAL
➢Simply divide the numerator by the denominator

3
= 3 ÷ 5 = 0.6
5

11
= 11 ÷ 25 = 0.44
25

13
= 13 ÷ 17 = 0.76
17
DECIMAL TO FRACTION
By INSPECTION:

1 3 1 1
1) 0.25 a. b. c. d.25
4 4 5

1
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑎.
4

1 ÷ 4 = 0.25 1 ÷ 5 = 0.20
3 ÷ 4 = 0.75 1 ÷ 25 − 0.04
PERCENT or PERCENTAGE – is a number expressed as a
fraction of 100.

Example: 5
5%=
5% 100

11.2% 11.2 % =
11.2
100
77%
77
77 % =
100
FRACTION, PERCENTAGE, DECIMAL
PERCENTAGE FRACTION DECIMAL

21% 21 0.21
100

83% 83 0.83
100

7
7% 0.07
100
RATIO
Ratio – a comparison between the quantities of two things.

Example:
There are 8 apples and 11 oranges. What is the ratio of apples to
oranges?
Answer → 8: 11
8
We can express the ratio 8: 11 to fraction
11
8
8: 11 ↔ 11

Note: 8 – antecedent, 11 - consequent

PROPORTION
Proportion – is an equality of two ratios.
Example:
5 15
5: 8 = 15: 24 ↔ =
8 24

15 5 15÷3 5 5
simplify → = ↔ =
24 8 24÷3 8 8

5 15 5 15
Or = → = → 5 × 24 = 15 × 8 → 120 = 120
8 24 8 24
RATIO & PROPORTION
Consider,
Extremes
The product
of the means
5: 8 = 15: 24 is EQUAL to
the product of
the extremes.
Means
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Find the unknown value of the
variable

1) 𝑥 = 27
1) 9: 𝑥 = 4: 12 2) 𝑚 = 3
2) m: 10 = 9: 30
3) 𝑥 = 24
3) 4: 5 = 𝑥: 30
Two numbers are in the ratio 3 : 4. If the sum of
numbers is 63, find the numbers
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑛 – 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
The two numbers are
4 ∶ 3 = 63 4𝑛 = 4 9 = 36
4𝑛 + 3𝑛 = 63 3𝑛 = 3 9 = 27
7𝑛 = 63
7𝑛 63
=
7 7
𝑛=9
A rope which is 50 cm long is divided into 3 with the corresponding ratio
2:3:5. how long is the shortest rope?

2: 3: 5 = 50
2𝑛 + 3𝑛 + 5𝑛 = 50
10𝑛 = 50
10𝑛 50
10
= 10
50
𝑛=
10
𝑛=5
Thus, the shortest rope has length
2𝑛 = 2 5 = 10 𝑐𝑚