第一章: 向量及場

1.1 向量代數
→1.2 笛卡爾(直角)座標系
1.3 圓柱及球座標系
1.4 純量場及向量場
1.5 電場
1.6 磁場
1.7 Lorentz Force Equation

EEEp12 1.2 Cartesian Coordinate System 1

 三維空間內
直角座標系 一方程式決定一個曲面
→ 二維物件
兩方程式決定一個曲線
x = 定值 → 一維物件
y = 定值 三個方程式決定一個點
z = 定值 → 零維物件
決定一點

a，
x a y 及 a z 在任一點同方向

三度空間想不懂??
簡化成兩度空間來想
EEEp13,14 1.2 Cartesian Coordinate System 2
 Vector from one point to another
r1 = x1 ax + y1 a y + z1 az = rOP1 r2 = x2 ax + y2 a y + z2 az = rOP2
R12= rP1O + rOP2 = − rOP1 + rOP2 = rOP2 − rOP1 = r2 − r1
= ( x2 − x1 )a x + ( y2 − y1 )a y + ( z2 − z1 )a z

r1 , r2 : Points P1 , P2 position vectors

R12 : Vector from P1 to P2

EEEp13,14 1.2 Cartesian Coordinate System 3

 Differential length vector
Differential length vector(微分長度向量)

dl = dxa x + dya y + dza z

having projection dz on the z-axis

d l • a z = dz
EEEp15 1.2 Cartesian Coordinate System 4
 Example 1.2 Differential length vector with constrain (1/2)

(a) Finding d l along curve x = y = z at (1,1,1), 2

and having projection dz on the z-axis

三維空間內
一個方程式決定一個曲面
兩個方程式決定一個曲線
三個方程式決定一個點
三維空間的一個方程式 z= y
是 f ( x, y, z ) = 0

EEEp15,16 1.2 Cartesian Coordinate System 5

 Example 1.2 Differential length vector with constrain (1.5/2)

(a) Finding d l along curve x = y = z at (1,1,1), 2

and having projection dz on the z-axis

z= y

EEEp15,16 1.2 Cartesian Coordinate System 6

 Example 1.2 Differential length vector with constrain (2/2)

(a) Finding d l along curve x = y = z at (1,1,1), 2

and having projection dz on the z-axis f ( x, y, z ) = 0

f ( x + dx , y + dy , z + dz ) = 0
d : differential operation
Ans: dx = dy y = z 2 d ( y) = d ( z 2 )
x= y y + dy = ( z + dz )2
x + dx = y + dy dy = 2 zdz + (dz )2 = 2 zdz
dx = dy dy = 2 zdz
d l = dxa x + dy a y + dza z
= 2 zdza x + 2 zdza y + dza z at (1,1,1)

= ( 2a x + 2a y + a z )dz
1
or = (a x + a y + a z )dx
d l • a z = dz 2
EEEp15,16 1.2 Cartesian Coordinate System 7
 Unit normal vector
Finding unit normal vector of a surface through
differential length vectors

d l1  d l2
aN =
d l1  d l2

EEEp16 1.2 Cartesian Coordinate System 8

 Example 1.3 Unit normal vector (1/2)
Finding unit vector normal to surface 2 x 2 + y 2 = 6 at (1,2,0)
f ( x, y, z ) = 0
f ( x , y , z ) = 0決定一曲面
f ( x + dx , y + dy , z + dz ) = 0

Ans: 找到兩個切此面之切向量，再求外積
曲線一: x = 1, y = 2
d l = dxax + dya y + dzaz
曲面一: 曲面二:
x =1 y=2
x + dx = 1 y + dy = 2
== dx = 0 == dy = 0
dx = d1 dy = d 2
d l1 = dza z
曲線二: 2 x 2 + y 2 = 6, z = 0
EEEp17 1.2 Cartesian Coordinate System 9
 Example 1.3 Unit normal vector (1.5/2)
Finding unit vector normal to surface 2 x 2 + y 2 = 6 at (1,2,0)
f ( x, y, z ) = 0
f ( x , y , z ) = 0決定一曲面
f ( x + dx , y + dy , z + dz ) = 0

Ans: 找到兩個切此面之切向量，再求外積
曲線一: x = 1, y = 2
d l = dxax + dya y + dzaz
d l1 = dza z
2 x 2 + y2 = 6
d 2 x 2 + dy 2 = d 6 z=0
4 xdx + 2 ydy = 0 dz = 0
−2 x
d l2 = dxax + dxa y
y
d l2 (1, 2, 0) = dxa x − dxa y 曲線二: 2 x 2 + y 2 = 6, z = 0
EEEp17 1.2 Cartesian Coordinate System 10
 Example 1.3 Unit normal vector (2/2)
Finding unit vector normal to surface 2 x 2 + y 2 = 6 at (1,2,0)

Ans: 找到兩個切此面之切向量，再求外積
d l1 = dza z
d l1  d l2 dzaz  ( dxax − dxa y )
an = =
d l1  d l2 d l1  d l2
dxdz ( a y + ax ) ( a y + ax )
= =
d l1  d l2 2

d l2 (1, 2, 0) = dxa x − dxa y

EEEp17 1.2 Cartesian Coordinate System 11
 Differential surface vector
• Differential surface vector(微分表面向量)

d S = d l1  d l2 = dl1dl2 sin  an

EEEp17,18 1.2 Cartesian Coordinate System 12

 Differential volume
• Differential volume (微分體積)
dv  平行六面體體積
=底面積  高
= d l1  d l2 d l3 • a n

= d l1  d l2 • d l3

例 = dxa x  dya y • dza z = dxdydz

EEEp19 1.2 Cartesian Coordinate System 13

 Key words 1.2

Cartesian or rectangular coordinate

system; Orthogonal surfaces; Unit
vectors; Position vector; Vector joining
two points; Differential length vector;
Differential surface vector; Differential
volume.

EEEp20 1.2 Cartesian Coordinate System 14