Chapter 1

Geography And Human Story

Culture is based upon geographical and historical ground. We refer to the World Cultural
Atlas to learn more about historical cultural and natural heritages, and civilizing of societies,
and customs-immaterial possessions of the various subcontinents and regions.

Atlas means design a systematic scheme to graph for numerous cultural elements and much
places in particular groupings (regions) of the World.

Geo-nature turns for human (or it is discovered by human) as geography; and Endless
Flowing “Time” turns for human (or it get a mean by human) as history (self-story). We need
panoramic look over human geography and history.

1.A- Geography, Earth as a Home and Human Effects

Geo means universe and space. People construct spaces, places, landscapes,
regions and environments; in short, they construct geographies. Geography means
knowledge about geo. Earth as a biophysical system is an unique planet. Earth is an unique
planet due to living being and human being.

Earth as an unique biophysical environment of Humans

Evolution of the Earth: Earth in the solar system developed more than 4,700 million years
ago. As Earth’s surface cooled, the water vapor condensed to form oceans.

The Surface of Earth’s Crust is Land of Living Space… Earth’s crust (kabuk) is very thin (only
5 km under oceans to 40 km under high mountainous lands.)

The atmosphere rises above Earth’s surface to 100 km; The first layer is troposphere about
12 km thick, and contains 75 percent of all the atmospheric gases, including those essential
for life.

Earth and Livings: Plants and animals… Earth is about 4,7 billion years old. The first life
forms, bacteria-like microfossils are dated at 3,5 billion years old. From about 80 million
years ago, mammals were becoming dominant. The start of the hominids is from 4.4 million
years ago. Nearly 2.5 million years ago, stone tool users-the hallmark of our own genus,
Homo -seem to have arisen. Homo erectus, dating from about 1.8 million y.a., migrated from
Africa as far as China and Southeast Asia. Our species, Homo sapiens, seems to have
evolved in Africa within the past 200,000 years and to have migrated out of that continent
only during the past 100,000 years.
Earth’s Biosphere… Biological spectrum (from the simple to the complex) = Subatomic
particles, atoms, molecules, compounds, protoplasm, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems,
organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems. All of them= biosphere. Human
activity has greatly disturbed natural ecosystems. Earth’s biosphere is politics no longer.

Global Warming as a Human Negative Impact (The Greenhouse Effect):

Growing of population, acceleration of industrialization and consumption effects not only on

our own local environment, but on the entire evolution of Earth. The principal change is the
increase of carbon dioxide due to emissions from the burning of fossil fuel (coal, natural gas,
and petroleum) by factories, power plants, railway engines, and automobiles. The emission
of carbon dioxide and other gases (methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone) is believed to have

caused global warming – the greenhouse effect. Global temperatures have risen by 0.5
since the mid-19th century and, at the current rate of increase of greenhouse gases, this
figure could double by the middle of the twenty-first century. Some predictions place the

increase at between 1.5 and 5

Human Impact on the Water Cycle and Lack of Clear Water… Much of water lies in
oceans and seas (more than 97 percent) and is saline. The polar ice caps lock slightly more
than 2 percent of the remaining water. Less than 1 percent of fresh water (rainfall, rivers,
underground supplies) to sustain life on Earth. The discharge of pesticides has also been
detrimental to aquatic life. Changes in air quality brought about by human have also affected
the water cycle. All pollutants are present in clouds and fog, and fall with rain as acid again.
A pH value of 5 in water is acidic enough to damage aquatic life.
Climate and Life: What kind of connection is there between climate and life? How does
climate determine life? Living in favorable (mild / temperate) climate and soil conditions is
advantageous in social development. Those who live in deserts, high mountains, poles and
rainforests are disadvantaged in terms of their progress in the agricultural field and then in
the industry in the race for “development”. Before the age of industrialization and post-
industry, climate and soil dominated living forms and developing levels. At the
industrialization and post-industrial stages, the advantages of soil and climate can move
away from determining fate. However, we are not in a position to make a projection about
how the determinant of geography will be instilled in the developing world.

Chapter 1. A -

Geography: Earth as a Home-biophysical environment of Livings &

Humans, and Human Effects on Earth

Questions :

1-Earth appeared as a planet 4.7 billion years ago. Earth’s surface (crust) developed as solid
and rigid, and thin layer, 1,5 billion years ago. Oxygen was present in very small amounts in
Earth’s atmosphere. When did plant life begin and oxygen become abundant much? And
what happened then?

a) Plant life began and oxygen became abundant much 0,4 billion (400 million) years
ago; then (250 m. y.a.) land life began due to oxygen.
b) Plant life began and oxygen became abundant much 0,3 billion years ago, when
single block continent “Pangagea” began breaking up.
c) While Earth was occuring as a planet, organic plant life started in the same time.
 d) The emergence of the Atlantic Ocean formation by by spliting up (America versus
Africa and Europe) and divergence continents (only 65 million years ago).
Amphibic herbivores developed due to plants solar store solar energy as food.
* Dünya bir gezegen olarak 4,7 milyar yıl önce oluştu. Yerkürenin yüzeyi katılaştı, 1,5 milyar yıl önce
ince tabaka olarak sertleşti, kabuk tuttu. Oksijen, Dünya atmosferinde uzun zaman çok az miktarlarda
vardı. Bitki yaşamı ne zaman başladı ve oksijen nasıl bollaştı? Oksijenin çoğalmasıyla ne oldu?

a) Suda ve kıyıda bitki yaşamı gelişti ve oksijen 0,4 milyar (400 milyon) yıl önce bollaştı; daha
sonra (250 m. yıl önce) oksijen nedeniyle kara hayatı başladı.

b) Bitki yaşamı başladı ve oksijen 0,3 milyar yıl önce, tek blok “Pangagea” kıtasının parçalar
halinde dağılmaya başladığı sırada bollaştı.

c) Dünya bir gezegen olarak ortaya çıkarken aynı zamanda organik bitki yaşamı da başlamıştır.

d) Atlantik Okyanusu oluşumunun bir bölünme (Amerika ile Afrika ve Avrupa) ve uzaklaşma sonucu
ortaya çıkması (yalnızca 65 milyon yıl önce). Bitkilerin güneş enerjisini besin olarak depolaması
nedeniyle gelişen amfibik otçullar.

2-Much of Earth’s surface is covered by water bodies, such as oceans, inland seas, lakes,
and rivers, and this constitute the hydrosphere. Much of water lies in oceans and seas and is
saline. How much proportion of water (saline-free) to sustain life on Earth?

a) Earth, is contrast to all other planets in the solar system, has an abundant supply
of water.
b) More than 97 percent of water is saline. 3 percent of water is fresh.
c) The polar ice caps lock slightly more than 2 percent of the saltless water as ice.
d) Less than 1 percent of fresh water: rainfall, rivers, lakes, underground supplies.
* Dünya yüzeyinin çoğu okyanuslar, iç denizler, göller ve nehirler gibi su kütleleri ile kaplıdır ve bu
hidrosferi oluşturur. Suyun çoğu okyanuslarda ve denizlerde bulunur ve tuzludur. Dünyadaki yaşamı
sürdürmek için ne kadar tatlı su var?

a) Dünya, güneş sistemindeki diğer tüm gezegenlerin aksine, bol miktarda su kaynağına sahiptir.

b) Suyun yüzde 97'den fazlası tuzlu sudur. Suyun yüzde 3'ü tatlıdır.

c) Kutup buzulları, tuzsuz suyun yüzde 2'sinden biraz fazlasını buz olarak hapseder.

d) Tatlı suyun yüzde 1'inden azı taze sudur “yağış, göller, nehirler, yer altı kaynakları”.

3-The atmosphere rises above Earth’s surface to 100 km. The atmosphere has a layered
structure. The densest layers lie close to Earth’s surface. It is about 12 km thick, and
contains 75 percent of all the atmospheric gases, including those essential for life. Why does
“troposphere” most concern to us?
 a) It is mainly made up of nitrogen and oxygen, with small quantities of carbon
dioxide, hydrogen, water vapour, and various other gases.
b) It is the outer layer; gases are very thin here, and this is where auroras and
meteors are seen. app. 100 km.
c) It is the layer of the atmosphere where life exists. All our weather occurs in this
layer.
d) It protects life on Earth by shielding it from harmful ultraviolet radition of the Sun.
*Atmosfer, Dünya yüzeyinin üzerinde 100 km'ye kadar yükselir. Atmosferin katmanlı bir yapısı var. En
yoğun katmanlar yeryüzüne yakın yükseklikte bulunur. İlk katman yaklaşık 12 km kalınlığındadır ve
yaşam için gerekli olanlar dâhil tüm atmosferik gazların yüzde 75'ini içerir. Neden bizi en çok
“Troposfer” ilgilendirir?

a) Esas olarak azot ve oksijenden, az miktarda karbondioksit, hidrojen, su buharı ve çeşitli diğer
gazlardan oluşur.

b) Dış katmandır; burada gazlar çok incedir ve burası auroraların ve göktaşlarının görüldüğü yerdir.
Yaklaşık 100 km.

c) Yaşamın var olduğu atmosfer tabakasıdır. Tüm havamız bu katmanda gerçekleşir.

d) Güneş'in zararlı morötesi ışınlarına karşı kalkan olur, yeryüzündeki yaşamı korur.

4- The emission of carbon dioxide and other gases (methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone) is
considered to have caused global warming (Global temperatures have risen by more than 1
°C for last 100 years) How has it occured; and what does this human negative contribution
on Earth called as term (as concept)?

a) Chlorine is released from CFCs, it rises to the ozone layer and destroys ozone
molecules. The Ozone Depletion
b) American and Chinese International Companies’ Profit and Interests against The
International Law (international disagreements delaying to phasing out the use of
CFCs and fossil fuel). The Human Impact.
c) The increase of carbon dioxide due to emissions from the burning of fossil fuel
(coal and petroleum) by factories, power plants, railway engines, and
automobiles. The Greenhouse Effect.
d) Humans have had considerable impact on Earth’s environment and on its
biosphere. The Human Contribution.
* Karbondioksit ve diğer gazların (metan, azot oksit ve ozon) salınımının küresel ısınmaya neden
olduğu düşünülüyor (Küresel sıcaklıklar yüz yıl içinde 1 ° C'den fazla arttı). Bu nasıl meydana geldi;
ayrıca bu insan olumsuz katkısının yeryüzü için anlamını gösteren kavram nedir?
 a) Klor, CFC'lerden salınır, ozon tabakasına yükselir ve ozon moleküllerini yok eder. Ozon
İncelmesi.

b) Amerikan ve Çin Uluslararası Şirketlerinin Uluslararası Hukuka Karşı Kârları ve Çıkarları

(CFC'lerin ve fosil yakıtın kullanımının aşamalı olarak kaldırılmasını geciktiren uluslararası
anlaşmazlıklar). İnsan Etkisi.

c) Fabrikalar, enerji santralleri, demiryolu motorları ve otomobillerin fosil yakıtların (kömür ve petrol)
yanmasıyla salınan karbondioksitin artışı. Sera etkisi.

d) İnsanların Dünya'nın çevresi ve biyosferi üzerinde önemli etkileri olmuştur. İnsan Katkısı.

5-Earth is continuously active planet. Continents and oceans have changed in position and
shape over time. Earthquakes prove that Earth’s crust “solid and rigid layer” is broken up into
parts called tectonic plates. How many km thick are these solid crust plates that we live on
the vital surface of this ground?

a) 12 km (troposphere)

b) 5-40 km (rocky layer)

c) 20-30 km (ozone layer)
d) 40 km (h.10.-50. km) stratosphere
*Dünya sürekli aktif bir gezegendir. Kıtalar ve okyanuslar zaman içinde konum ve şekil bakımından
değişti. Depremler, yer kabuğunun "katı ve sert katmanının" tektonik plakalar adı verilen parçalara
ayrıldığını kanıtlıyor. Yüzeyinde hayatın olduğu bu katılaşmış kabuk plakaları kaç km kalınlığındadır?

a) 12 km (troposfer)

b) 5-40 km (kayaç katmanı)

c) 20-30 km (ozon tabakası)

d) 40 km (h.10.-50. km. arası) stratosfer

6- “Climate is destiny.” as a terse saying intends (as an opinion means) ...

a) Climate (conditions) determines plants and vegetation, thus animals; depending on
these our living way.
b) This aphorism is no longer valid in modern structuring and life with abundant
possibilities.
c) Climate dictates how to survive our lives.
d) Climate draws the shape of landforms.
* "İklim kaderdir." özlü sözü olarak demek istenen (bir görüş olarak anlamı) ......

a) İklim (coğrafi koşullar), bitkileri ve bitki örtüsünü, dolayısıyla hayvanı belirler; bu çevreye bağlı
olarak yaşam tarzımızı belirlenmiş olur.

b) Bu aforizma, artık modern yapılanmada ve olanakları bol hayatta geçerli değildir.

 c) İklim, yaşamlarımızda nasıl hayatta kalacağımızı belirler.

d) İklim, yer şekillerinin desenini çizer.

7- The Mediterranean Climate (at 34 ° and 40 ° N-latitudes): Summer temperatures can rise
up to 40 ° C, while winter temperatures can drop to 10 ° C average. Argentina, Uruguay,
Chile, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa are located in the southern hemisphere at
the same degree of S-latitude; it is thus 4-season ("Warm Winter-Cool Summer") and the
climatic conditions are similar! Which city is located in the subtropical (very humid and hot,
wintery spring) zone, not counted in the "some kind of Mediterranean climate" zone of the
southern hemisphere?

a) Buenos Aires (Argentina)

b) Sydney (Australia)
c) Rio de Janerio (Brazil)
d) Cape Town (South Africa)
* Akdeniz İklimi (34 ° ve 40 ° K-enlemlerde): Yaz sıcaklıkları 40 ° C'ye kadar yükselebilirken, kış
sıcaklıkları 10 ° C'ye düşebilir. Arjantin, Uruguay, Şili, Yeni Zelanda, Avustralya ve Güney Afrika
Cumhuriyeti güney yarımkürede aynı derecedeki S-enlemlerinde bulunmaktalar; bu nedenle 4-
mevsimlidir ("Sıcak Kış-Soğuk Yaz") ve iklim koşullarında benzerlik vardır! Hangi şehir (ülke), güney
yarım kürenin “bir tür Akdeniz İklimi” kuşağında sayılmaz, subtropik (çok nemli ve sıcak, kışı bahar gibi
geçen) kuşağında yer alır?

a) Buenos Aires (Arjantin)

b) Sidney (Avustralya)

c) Rio de Janeiro (Brezilya)

d) Cape Town (Güney Afrika)

8- The polar ice sheets on Antarctica, Greenland and over the North Arctic Ocean cover
about 10 percent of Earth’s surface. Why are polar ice sheets so important? (This question is
not related with how polar ice is melting affect the environment.)

a) These areas are subject to long periods of darkness, and temperatures rise
above freezing level for only 2 to 4 months a year. The ice caps are being reduced because
of melting.

b) The polar ice cap lies between 65°-90° latitudes; polar bear and reindeer are
endangered species if global warming reduces the extent of ice sheets.
 c) Ice melting would contribute to migrate of polar peoples to modern cities. They
cannot adapt/assimilate of new way of life, thus they will fall in depression and
unemployment.

d) They are essential part of the system which regulates the global atmospheric
circulation. If global warming reduces the extent of them, present climatic conditions will
alter.

* Kutuplarda Antarktika, Grönland ve Kuzey Arktik Okyanusu üzerindeki buz tabakaları, Dünya
yüzeyinin yaklaşık yüzde 10'unu kaplar. Kutup buzulları neden bu kadar önemli? (Bu soru, kutup
buzunun erimesinin çevreyi nasıl etkilediği ile ilgili değildir.)

a) Bu alanlar, uzun süre karanlığa maruz kalır ve sıcaklıklar, yılda sadece 2 ila 4 ay donma
seviyesinin üzerine çıkar. Erime nedeniyle buzullar küçülüyor.

b) Kutup buz takkesi 65 ° -90 ° enlemleri arasında bulunur; küresel ısınma buzlanın ve habitatın
alanını daraltırsa Kutup ayısı ve ren geyiği nesli tükenmekte olan türler arasına girer.

c) Buzların erimesi, kutup halklarının modern kentlere göçüne katkıda bulunacaktır. Yeni yaşam
tarzına uyum sağlayamazlar, asimile olma yeteneği gösteremezler, bu nedenle depresyona ve
işsizliğe düşerler.

d) Kutup buzlanmaları küresel atmosferik dolaşımı düzenleyen sistemin önemli bir parçasıdır.
Küresel ısınma bunların kapladıkları alanı küçültürse, mevcut dünya iklim koşulları değişecektir.

9- Earth is about 4,700 million years old. More complex cellular organisation (the
eukaryotes) appeared about 1,500 million years ago. From ocean to land… The first land
plants seem to have arisen about 450 million years ago. (At Last “one to tenth” on the
timetable of the Earth!) From about 80 million years ago, mammals began to be dominant.
When did Homo-species appeared at first? (If we scale, what is the emergence of Homo on
the Earth timeline?)

a) The start of the hominids is from 4.4 million years ago. (If all times are equal to
1000-units, in the last 1, the final period)

b) About 2.5 million years ago, stone tool users-the hallmark of our own genus,
Homo -seem to have arisen. (if all times = 1800 units, in the last 1, the final period)

c) Complex organisms generated more oxygen; thus ozone shild allowed biotic
evoluation, about 1,300 million years ago. (After two-thirds of the world timeline has passed.)

d) If the last Homo species(h.sapiens)-time is 1 step, earth-time is 22,500; if earth-

time is equal to one day-life, human is appeared on the last seconds.
* Dünya yaklaşık 4700 milyon yaşında. Daha karmaşık hücresel organizasyon (ökaryotlar) yaklaşık
1500 milyon yıl önce ortaya çıktı. Okyanustan karaya sıçrama... İlk kara bitkileri yaklaşık 450 milyon yıl
önce ortaya çıkmış görünüyor. (Dünya'nın zaman çizelgesinde "son onda bir zaman diliminde"!)
Yaklaşık 80 milyon yıl önce, memeliler baskın hale gelmeye başladı. İnsan türleri (Homo) ortaya ne
zaman çıkmaya başladı? (Ölçeklendirirsek, Homo türlerinin belirişinin Dünyanın zaman şeridindeki yeri
nedir?)

a) Hominidlerin başlangıcı 4.4 milyon yıl öncesine aittir. (Tüm zaman 1000 birimde ise son 1’lik
dilimde)

b) Yaklaşık 2,5 milyon yıl önce, Homo'nun ayırt edici özelliği olan taş alet kullanıcıları ortaya çıkmış
görünüyor. (Tüm zaman 1800 birimse ise son 1'lik dilimde)

c) Karmaşık organizmalar daha fazla oksijen üretti; böylece ozon tabakası yaklaşık 1.300 milyon yıl
önce biyotik evrime izin verdi. (Dünya zaman çizelgesinin üçte ikisi geçildikten sonra)

d) İnsan zamanı 1 adımsa, dünya zamanı 22.500 adım; dünya zamanı bir günlük hayata
eşitlenirse, günümüz insan türü olan Hss son saniyelerde göründü.

Chapter 1. B HUMAN STORY

Human Evolution, Human Migration, Human-Time

Today’s global pattern of peoples and nations rests on a long process of social evolution.
Let’s introduce of human story.

Human Story-Prehistorie to History: The place of origin of the Last Human Species (Homo
Sapiens Sapiens - the technical name for Modern Humans) was in the East African Rift.
Modern human populations are all descended from a single ancestral population that
emerged at once location 150 thousand years ago.
“Modern humans evolved from the development of the first (early hominids) australopithhecine
species (appearing around 5 million years ago), to early Homo species (“handy man”, “erectus”) (from
around 2 million years ago), through to later Homo species (around 1 million years ago). Modern
human populations are all descended from a single ancestral population that emerged at once
location 150,000 thousand years ago.”

The First Modern Human… Making and using tools… Art and cooking skills…

Tool assemblages (birleşik araç üretimi) became more specialed. The great evolutionary
step forward (progress) occured: a fully developed capacity for language, an ability to create
new tools for new purposes, and a talent for forward planning (geleceği planlama yeteneği).
Speech and language emerged in the past 40,000 years besides making and using tools.
Increased brain capacity allowed Homo Sapiens Sapiens to develop greater intelligence and
problem-solving capabilities.

At the stage of regular hunting (particularly the killing of large mammals) in the evolution of
modern humans was the development of an ability to plan ahead. Not only did tool
assemblages become more sophisticated, but art, in the form of jewellery, figurines,
paintings, and engravings (often depicting hunting scenes), also become prevalent. Camp
sites show evidence of more settled living, including artificial shelters, food storage pits, and
well-built, regularly used fireplaces. There also appears to have been a “culinary revolution”.

The art of early hunter-gatherers… Obtaining food would no longer have been as difficult
and, consequently, more effort could be expended on the development of art, language, and
spritual interests. The art that has survived can be divided into two main types: movable
objects and rock art. Further intellectual development resulted in a flourishing cultural life and
increased capacity for social organization, which in turn stimulated the growth of civilizations
and led to the evolution of modern society.

*The Lascaux Caves, given the nickname “prehistoric Sistine Chapel”, are a cave complex
inside SW France adorned with the most famous and impressive cave paintings worldwide.
These cave paintings are estimated to be around 17,000 years old.

Spread and expansion of human all over the World…

Human in Everywhere… Human Migration…

Waves of migration carried people to every corner of Earth. As they moved, thus their
languages continued to evolve and vary.
Migrations to undiscovered lands…

Homo Sapiens Sapiens ventured much farther than earlier Hominids, eventually reaching the
Americas and Australia. These more extensive migrations were made possible by this
species’ greater adaptability and by the exposure of numerous land bridges during the last
ice age.

The Neolitic Revolution: Around 10,000 years ago came a major development – the rise of
agriculture and permanent settlements. In Turkey and Iraq, in China, and in Mexico, farmers
began to grow wheat and barley, or rice, or maize. At around the same time, the first farm
animals were domesticated: pig and cattle, goats and sheep... The Wheel appeared around
3,500 BC.

Permanent farming settlements transformed human life economically, and on this foundation
civilizations arose in different parts of the world.

The Bronze Age (3000 BC - 1000 BC): Necessities calls inventions. First bronze was
invented; The Stone Age came to an end. Human invented writing in order to keep
knowledge of experiments and to build remote communication (at different times and distant
places). Human story has turned and translated in History with invention of writing.
Historical Periods From Ancient to Modern Times…
Some dominant cities developed into empires, subjecting other cultures to their rule. The
Roman Mediteranean Empire included large areas of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle
East. By 206 BC, China was united Empire under the Qin Dynasty.

Trade played a major role. The Han Empire in China (206 BC to AD 220) traded its silks with
the Syrians of the Roman Empire far to the West. The Turkic nomad peoples gained power
with iron weapons in the Inner Asian steppes; they moved on the Silk Road between the
walls (borders) of the Roman/Persian and Chinese city-civilization. Arab trade spread round
the Indian Ocean, and by AD 1200 had reached as far as Java island (Indonesia).

The spread of the main world religions has also been of major importance in the last two
thousand years. These religions have been responsible for the most enduring examples of
the art, literature, and architecture of civilization. The world’s three major religions are
Christianity (33 percent), Islam (23 percent), and Hinduism (13 percent).

In the past 200 years, industrialization has been the biggest force to for social change.
Beginning in England with textile manufacturing in the 1780’s, then progressing to
manufacturing based on iron and steel in the nineteenth century, industrialization now
combines science with technology in an unending cycle of invention and discovery. Industry,
which takes raw materials and then turns them into products to be traded, has provided
millions of jobs for peasants who would otherwise be tied to the land. But in order to take
those jobs they have moved into the cities. Urbanization has created huge concentrations of
people in Asia and in South America, and while raising incomes, it has brought social
problems too.

Political changes have come thick and fast. The nation-state emerged in the nineteenth
century, where it superseded an earlier pattern of city-states and empires. After the Second
World War it spread through Asia and Africa during the process of decolonization. However,
there has been at the same time a balancing move toward large, over-arching international
organizations. The European Union moves toward greater political and economic unity.
Meanwhile, the United Nations endeavors to keep international peace and also has a role of
stage of international public opinion.
 Industrial Revolutions

Chapter 1. B HUMAN STORY

Questions on Human Evolution, Human Migration, Human-Time

1.) Around 40,000 years ago: To develop greater intelligence and problem-solving
capabilities led to the appearance of tools. Speech and language of Modern Human Species
(Homo sapiens sapiens) developed besides making and using qualified tools. There were
some stimulating factors and preconditions to cause of emergency of full language capacity
less than 40,000 years ago. Three items below are all of the stimulating factors
(preconditions) for full language capacity. One of them is not a factor, which one?

a) After developing of skills on camp fires (regularly used fireplaces), clothing,

natural food storage facilities, and primitive cooking methods.
b) Once a proliferation of design and an ability to plan ahead (regular hunting and
hunt large mammals). Cooking skills (culinary revolution).
c) Tool assemblages became more specialized and sophisticated. Art, in the form of
jewellery, figurines, paintings, and engravings become prevalent.
d) Cooking resulted in change of human teeth; large teeth would no longer have
been necessary for tearing raw or partially roasted meat.
* Yaklaşık 40.000 yıl önce: Zekânın ve problem çözme yeteneklerinin gelişmesi, araçların ortaya
çıkmasına neden oldu. Modern İnsan türünde (Homo sapiens sapiens), nitelikli aletler yapmasının ve
kullanmasının yanı sıra konuşma becerisi ve dili gelişmiştir. 40.000 yıldan daha kısa bir süre önce tam
dil kapasitesinin aciliyetine neden olan bazı uyarıcı faktörler ve ön koşullar vardı. Aşağıdaki üç şıkta
tam dil kapasitesi için teşvik edici faktörlerin tümü (ön koşullar) sayılmaktadır. Bir şık ise sözkonusu
faktörlerden değildir, hangisi?

a) Kamp ateşi (düzenli olarak kullanılan ocaklar), giysiler, doğal gıda depolama yerleri ve ilkel
pişirme yöntemleri konusunda beceriler geliştirdikten sonra.
 b) İlkin tasarımın yaygınlaşması ve ileriyi planlama becerisi (düzenli avlanma ve büyük memelileri
avlama). Yemek pişirme becerileri (mutfak devrimi).

c) Alet montajları daha özel ve sofistike hale geldi. Mücevher, heykelcik, resim ve gravür şeklinde
sanat yaygınlaşır.

d) Yemek pişirme insan dişlerinin değişmesine neden oldu; Çiğ veya kısmen kavrulmuş etin
parçalanması için artık büyük dişlere gerek kalmayacaktı.

2.) Migration of humans… Crossing icy grounds to America by following deers, and crossing
oceans to Australia and islands by watercrafts (canoe) on sea currents. Over seas-lands of
the Caribbeans, Madagascar and the Pasific Islands were discovered late by humans.
Madagascar is close to Africa but people –not migrated from Africa, migrated from far-east
Malayas by seacrafts and navyskills (AD 700) thanks to cycling of ocean sea and air flows.
Where was the last discovering and populating land (AD 1200) in the World; and today what
is their ethnical name of the descendant indigeneous people of the Pasific explorers?

a) Tasmania – The Aborigins

b) New Zealand – The Maoris
c) Malagazy – The Hovas
d) Hispaniola (Haiti+Dominic) – The Pirates of Sale
*İnsanların göçü… Geyikleri takip ederek buzlu zeminden Amerika'ya geçmek ve deniz akıntıları
üzerinde deniz araçlarıyla (kano) okyanusları aşmak, Avustralya ve adalara geçmek. Karayipler,
Madagaskar ve Pasifik Adaları'nın kıyı insanları tarafından geç keşfedildi. Madagaskar Afrika'ya
yakındır, ancak insanlar yakındaki Afrika'dan göç etmemiş, uzak Malayalar'dan deniz taşıtları ve
denizcilik deneyimi ve (MS 700) okyanus deniz ve hava akımlarının döngüsü sayesinde göç
etmişlerdir. Dünyada en son keşfedilen ve insan yaşamına açılan arazi (MS 1200) neresidir; oradaki,
Pasifik yerli kaşiflerinin soyundan gelen ada yerli halkının etnik adı nedir?

a) Tasmanya - Aborjinler

b) Yeni Zelanda - Maoriler

c) Malagazi - Hovalar

d) Hispanyola (Haiti + Dominik) - Sale Korsanları

3.) Around 10,000 years ago a major development came on– the rise of agriculture and
permanent settlements. Which wild crops firstly became efficient (tame) farming crops by
involvement of people in Fertile Crescent (in Anatolia, Mezopotamia and Palestine) and in
China?

a) wheat and barley in West Asia, and rice and wheat in East Asia
b) maize (corn) and grain everywhere
 c) gardening of fruits (orchard) and vegetables in both the West+East Asia plains
d) olive and grape (wine) in the Fertile Crescent and rice and citrus in China

*Yaklaşık 10.000 yıl önce büyük bir gelişme yaşandı: tarımın ve kalıcı yerleşimlerin yükselişi. Hangi
yabani ürünler verimli (evcilleştirici) tarım mahsulleri haline getirildi? Bereketli Hilal'deki (Anadolu,
Mezopotamya ve Filistin) ve Çin'deki insanların başardıkları uygarlığa giriş adımı olan tarım kültürüne
alınan ilk besin maddeleri nelerdir?

a) Batı Asya'da buğday ve arpa ve Doğu Asya'da pirinç ve buğday

b) her yerde mısır ve tahıl

c) Batı ve Doğu Asya ovalarında meyve ve sebze bahçeciliği

d) Bereketli Hilal'de zeytin ve üzüm (şarap) ve Çin'de pirinç ve narenciye

4.)The Neolitic Revolution = Agriculture and permanant settlements. What happened at

around the same time (in the Neolitic Period)?

a) The Stone Age came to end by inventing of Bronze. Long way trades for raw
materials of metal tools.
b) Human invented writing in order to keep knowledge of experiments and to build
remote communication (at different times and distant places).
c) The first farm animals were domesticated (tamed): pig and cattle, goat and sheep.
d) 14 species of 149 mammals were domesticated (the Asian elephants -not tamed,
be trained); last tamed mammal was single-humped camel, 1500 BC.
*Neolitik Devrim = Tarımın başlaması ve kalıcı yerleşimlerin kurulması. Yabanıl ürünün ekim-dikim
denemeleriyle geliştirilmesiyle başlayan tarım devriminin hemen ardı sıra bu dönem içerisinde başka
temel başarı neydi?

a) Taş Devri, Tunç madeni işiyle sona erdi. Metal aletlerin hammaddeleri için uzun vadeli ticaret.

b) Deneyler hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak ve farklı zamanlardaki ve uzak yerlerdekilerle iletişim
kurmak ihtiyacıyla insan yazıyı icat etti.

c) İlk çiftlik hayvanları evcilleştirildi: domuz ve sığır, keçi ve koyun.

d) 149 memelinin 14 türü evcilleştirildi (Evcilleşmeyen, eğitilen Asya filleri bu sayıda yok); Son
evcilleştirilmiş memeli, MÖ 1500'de tek kamburlu deveydi.

5.) Homo sapiens sapiens is a genus with advanced language and artistic skills as a fictitious
mind process. The painting started too early. A cave complex. Cave inside adorned paintings
during hunting-gathering ages before the agricultural neolitic. It is 5,000 years older than
Gobeklitepe.
What is the most complete visual work ever found (the oldest) ever, besides Altamira and
Chauvet in Europe?

a)The Lascaux Caves b)The Yarımburgaz Cave

c) The Inceğiz Cave d)The Sulawesi (dolomite) Caves

*Homo sapiens sapiens, hayali bir zihin süreci olarak ileri dil ve sanatsal becerilere sahip bir modern
insan cinsidir. Resim çok erken başladı. Bir mağara kompleksi, avcılık-toplama döneminde (tarım
neolitik tarım öncesinde) resimlerle süslenmiş. Göbeklitepe'den 5.000 yaş daha yaşlıdır. Şimdiye
kadar Avrupa’da bulunan en eski tarihli görsel şaheserlerin (figüratif çizimlerin ve boyamaların)
bulunduğu yerin adıyla anılır, neresidir/nedir? (Altamira ve Chauvet’in dışında)

a) Lascaux Mağaraları b) Yarımburgaz Mağarası

c) İnceğiz Mağarası d) Sulawesi (dolomit) Mağaraları