SEMINAR ON

INTRODUCTION

LAYER OF THE GEOSPHERE

 CRUST

 MANTLE

 CORE
MAJOR DOMAIN’S OF THE EARTH

 LITHOSPHERE

 ATMOSPHERE

 BIOSPHERE
 HYDROSPHERE

CONCLUSIONS
The geosphere is the densest parts of the world and consists mostly of
rock and regolith.

The geosphere is the solid earth, from the SURFACE TO CORE. Geosphere
consists of volcanoes, rocks and minerals. Large quantities of consumer
and industrial wastes have been discarded to the geosphere, a practice
that is ultimately unsustainable.

The geosphere interacts strongly with the hydrosphere, atmosphere

biosphere, and anthrosphere.

The geosphere is obviously a huge part of natural capital and managing

and preserving it is of utmost importance to achieve sustainability the
geosphere consists of an outer solid layer of the composed of rocks that
minerals that make up rocks, soil and sediments.
1.CRUST

2. MANTIE (MESOSPHERE )

3.CORE

(OUTER-CORE, INNER-CORE)
 CRUST:

The crust is the outer hard layer of the Earth. The crust is a part of the
lithosphere.

The crust is the thin outermost layer of the geosphere. The crust is
divided into plates that move slowly over earth surface.

The crust has two different parts. One is the continental crust (under the
land) and the other is oceanic crust (under the ocean). The continental
crust is thicker, and the oceanic crust is thinner. Thicknesses of the crust
can be anywhere from 5–70 km.

The crust is made up of different types of rocks; igneous, metamorphic,

and sedimentary rocks.

The crust and the upper mantle make up the lithosphere.

MANTLE(MESO SPERE):

The mantle is the layer located

directly under the sima. It is the
largest layer of the Earth, 1800 miles
thick. The mantle is composed of
very hot, dense rock.
This layer of rock even flows like
asphalt under a heavy weight. This
flow is due to great temperature
differences from the bottom to the
top of the mantle. The movement of
the mantle is the reason that the
plates of the Earth move! The
temperature of the mantle varies
from 1600 degrees Fahrenheit at the
top to about 4000 degrees Fahrenheit
near the bottom.
 CORE:
OUTER CORE:

The core of the Earth is like a ball

of very hot metals. (4000 degrees
F. to 9000 degrees F.) The outer
core is so hot that the metals in it
are all in the liquid state. The outer
core is located about 1800 miles
beneath the crust and is about
1400 miles thick. The outer core is
composed of the melted metals
nickel and iron.
INNER CORE:
The inner core of the Earth has
temperatures and pressures so
great that the metals are squeezed
together and are not able to move
about like a liquid, but are forced to
vibrate in place as a solid.
The inner core begins about
4000 miles beneath the crust and is
about 800 miles thick. The
temperatures may reach 9000
degrees F. and the pressures are
45,000,000 pounds per square inch.
This is 3,000,000 times the air
pressure on you at sea level.
1. GEOSPHERE

2. ATMOSPHRER

3. BIOSPHERE

4. HYDROSPHERE
 Although the lithosphere is around 100 km thick, only 1 km of it can be
considered in interaction with the biosphere

Main constituents are oxygen (47%), silicon (28%), aluminum (8%),

iron (5%), calcium (4%), sodium (3%), potassium (3%) and magnesium
(2%) in a crystalline state.

The lithosphere is the main source of pollutants and a permanent

accumulator.

The lithosphere is the thin crust between the mantle and the atmosphere.

Some are naturally released through sources like volcanic eruptions, while
others like fossil fuels are the result of artificial extraction and combustion.
The earth is surrounded by a blanket of air, which we call the
atmosphere

The atmosphere consists of four unique layers

1. Troposphere

2.Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere and
4.Thermosphere

The atmosphere reaches over 350 miles up from the surface of

the earth. The atmosphere is primarily composed of nitrogen
(about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%) other components exist in
small quantities
 ATMOSPHERE
• Consists of a mixture of gases composed primarily of
nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapour

•The mesosphere,
thermosphere, and
exosphere are zones of
diffuse atmospheric
components in the far
reaches of the
atmosphere.

The stratosphere
(10 to 50 km),
•The troposphere (0-10 contains ozone that
km) constitutes the protects life on the
climate system that planet by filtering
maintains the conditions harmful ultraviolet
suitable for life on the radiation from the
planet's surface. Sun.
 The biosphere is the “life zone” of the earth, and includes all
living organisms (including humans), and all organic matter that has
yet decomposed

The biosphere structured into a hierarchy known as a food

chain. Energy and nutrients, like carbon, are transferred from one
level of the food chain to the next.

Species of organisms that vary in size from microbesand bacteria to

huge mammals. All the livingorganisms include human are linked to
each otherrand to the biosphere for survival .
 The hydrosphere contains all the water found on our planet

Surface water : includes the ocean well as water from lakes, rivers
and creeks

Ground water : includes water trapped in the soil and ground water

Atmosphere : vaporate the water in rivers, lakes, and oceans

Frozen water : includes ice caps and glaciers. specifically called

the cryosphere

Only about 3% of the water on earth is “fresh” water, and about

70% of the fresh water is frozen in the form of glacial ice
The water on earth is constantly moving. It movies through the
ocean in currents, because of wind and difference in the
density of ocean water. Water also moves from earth’s surface
to the air by evaporation. It falls back to earth as rain it fiows
in rivers through rocks under the grounds. It even moves into
and out of living things

The hydrosphere is the part of earth that is liquid water. 97% of all
of the water on earth is the saltwater found in the oceans. Oceans
cover 71% of earth’s surface. The hydrosphere also includes the
water in lakes, rivers, and marshes. Clouds and rain are also
parts of the hydrosphere. Even water that is underground is part
of the hydrosphere
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
Geosphere: Comprises the solid Earth and includes
both Earth’s surface and the various layers of the
Earth's interior.

Atmosphere: Gaseous envelope that surrounds the

Earth and constitutes the transition between its surface
and the vacuum of space

Hydrosphere: Includes all water on Earth (including

surface water and groundwater)

Biosphere: The life zone of the Earth and includes all

living organisms, and all organic matter that has not
yet decomposed.
BOOKS

STANLEY E.MANAHAN 2007 , TAYLOR PUBLICATIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY pp;44-55

Websites

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geosphere&oldid

http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crust_(geology)&oldid

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=mantle (geology)&oldid