სოციოლოგიის ძირითადი ცნებები

სასწავლო მასალა „სოციოლოგიის შესავლის“ სტუდენტებისთვის

ლექტორი: პროფ. იაგო კაჭკაჭიშვილი

შესავალი

am TavSi ganxiluli iqneba is fundamenturi cnebebi (konceptebi), riTac

socialuri Teoria operirebs. TiToeul konceptTan mimarTebaSi moxdeba
misi ara imdenad enciklopediuri gansazRvreba, aramed problemuri
interpretacia. es am konceptebs uTuod SesZens analitikur Rirebulebas.
Sesabamisad, mocemuli TavisTvis Tavisuflad SeiZleboda gvewodebina
“socialuri Teoriis ZiriTadi problemebi”.

is cnebebi, romlebic am TavSia ganxiluli, cxadia, socialuri Teoriis

“sakuTreba” ar aris. isini zogadad socialuri (da ara mxolod)
mecnierebebis analitikuri instrumentebia. Tumca, isic araa sadavo, rom
aRniSnul cnebebs mecnierebebisaTvis “saziaro” mniSvnelobebis garda,
TiToeuli maTganisaTvis specifikuri datvirTva gaaCnia. magaliTad, iseT
cnebas, rogoricaa deviacia, fsiqologia sxva ganaserSi ganixilavs, vidre
socialuri Teoria. fsiqologia deviacias fsiqikur anomaliebs
daukavSirebs, xolo sociologia _ qcevis maregulirebeli socialuri
normebis Sesustebas. Tumca, socialuri Teoriac da fsiqologiac
“Tanxmdebian” imaze, rom deviacia gadaxriTi qcevaa. aseve, iseTi cneba,
rogoricaa kultura, gansxvavebulad interpretirdeba sxvadasxva
mecnierebis mier. Sesabamisad, arsebobs kulturis sociologiuri,
fsiqologiuri, filosofiuri, istoriuli da a.S. interpretaciebi.
Sesabamisad, qvemoT gadmocemuli ZiriTadi kategoriebis analizs uTuod
atyvia socialuri Teoriis “kvali”.

ufro meti: TviT socialuri Teoriis farglebSic ki esa Tu is cneba

gansxvavebulad ganixileba imis mixedviT, Tu ra paradigmazea agebuli esa
Tu is Tvalsazrisi. magaliTad, funqcionaluri paradigmis farglebSi
struqturis kategoria koleqtiur fenomenebs aRwers rogorc obieqturad
arsebul nivTebs (“socialur faqtebs”), maSin rodesac, arafunqcionaluri
paradigmis farglebSi struqturebi mxolod analitikuri modelebia, an,
kidev ufro uaresi _ usargeblo kvazi-konstruqciebi. qvemoT gadmocemul
analizs ara aqvs pretenzia, rom ganxiluli kategoriebis yvela
sociologiur interpretacias gaiTvaliswinebs. aq sxva principia arCeuli:
gaanalizebulia is Tvalsazrisebi, romlebic ama Tu im cnebis met-
naklebad kompleqsur suraTs iZleva, anu axdens mocemuli cnebis garSemo
dagrovili pozitiuri codnis “Senaxvas” da ganviTarebas. Tumca, isic
naTelia, rom SerCeuli midgomebi mainc subieqturobis, ufro zustad,
inteleqtualuri “tendenciurobis” velSi rCebian.

socialuri Teoriiskonceptualuri aparati sakmaod farToa. Tu maTgan

yvelaze fundamntur cnebebs SevarCevT, diapazoni mniSvnelovnad
daviwrovdeba. da mainc: qvemoT ganxiluli cnebebis CamonaTvali arc
“daviwroebuli” diapazonisTvisaa adekvaturi. Tumca, isini socialuri
Teoriis birTvis nawilia. es cnebebia: sazogadoeba, kultura, socialuri
struqtura, deviacia (anomia), socialuri moqmedeba.

2
$1. საზოგადოება1

Znelia moinaxos socialuri Teoria, romelic Taviseburad ar upasuxebda

kiTxvas, ra aris sazogadoeba? sazogadoebaze refleqsia yvela socialuri
Teoriis savaldebulo amocanaa, ramdenadac isini sxvas arafers ikvleven,
Tu ara sazogadoebas da mis movlenebs. sazogadoebis cnebis gansazRvrisas
SesaZlebelia ori gza avirCioT: a) analizuri, anu movaxdinoT
sazogadoebis im niSnebis identifikacia, romelic mas sui generis miewereba.
am niSnebs adamianTa gansazRvruli erToba unda atarebdes yvela
SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas aqvs pretenzia, sazogadoebad iwodebodes; b)
sinTezuri, rodesac sazogadoebis gansazRvra xdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ra
socialur konteqstSi, garemoSi arsebobs igi. am SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebas
miewereba is niSnebi, romelic mocemul konteqstSi (anu, realobaSi) mis
arsebobas gansazRvravs.2 am or xerxs Soris gansxvavebis gamosaxatad
SeiZleba g. zimelis terminologiasac davesesxoT: sazogadoeba SeiZleba
daxasiaTdes: a) rogorc “wminda forma”, anu “nimuSi” da b) rogorc
gansxvavebuli “Sinaarsis” mqone, rac ukavSirdeba konkretul motivebs,
interesebs da miznebs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi laparakia sazogadoebis
invariantul maxasiaTeblebze, romlebic mas yvela realobaSi miewereba,
xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia vilaparakoT sazogadobis am Tu im
konkretul (realur) tipze da, magaliTad, davaxasiaToT misi Sinaarsi
rogorc “Ria” an “daxuruli”, “tradiciuli” an “modernuli”,
“demokratiuli” an “totalitaruli”, “agraruli” an “industriuli” da a.S.

sazogadoebis cnebis adekvaturi gansazRvrisaTvis umjobesia mivmarToT

mis analizur, “wminda formalur” daxasiaTebas. am mimarTulebiT saintereso
analizs axdens pitirim sorokini.3

sorokini iwyebs sazogadoebis yvelaze elementaruli niSnidan da

aRniSnavs, rom rodesac sazogadoebas moviazrebT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara
erTi calkeuli erTeuli, aramed erTeulTa garkveuli simravle. magram,
cxadia, nebismier erTeulTa simravle ver iqneba sazogadoeba. magaliTad,

1 sazogadoebis cnebis analizi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba pitirim sorokinis Sromas “zogadi

sociologia”. ix. Сорокин, П. (1992): Человек, цивилизация, общество. Москва, ИПЛ; стр. 25-155.
2
“analizuri” da “sinTezuri” ganxilvis wesi i. kantis mier gatarebuli gansxvavebis
analogiuria. rogorc cnobilia, analizur niSnebs kanti uwodebda imaT, romlebic sagans
imanenturad, anu Sinaganad miewereba. rac Seexeba sinTezur niSnebs, maT sagani “garedan”,
anu gamocdilebis (cdis) safuZvelze iRebs.
3 pitirim sorokini (1889-1968) _ warmoSobiT rusi sociologi, romelic bolSevikebisagan
Seviwroebis gamo iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina ruseTi, sankt-peterburgis universiteti
da wasuliyo emigraciaSi jer CexoslovakiaSi, xolo 1923 wlidan _ aSS-Si. sorokini
saTaveSi Caudga harvardis universitetSi axlad Camoyalibebul sociologiis
departaments. igi am postze talkot parsonsma Secvala, romelTanac sorokins xangrZlivi
kamaTi da daZabuli urTierToba hqonda. sorokinis yvelaze cnobili Sromebia:
“socialuri mobiloba da Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoriebi” ; “socialuri da
kulturuli dinamika”; “revoluciis sociologia” da sxv.

3
qvebis grova, an irmebis jogi simravlea, magram maT sazogadoebas ver
mivakuTvnebT. maSasadame, sazogadoeba specifikur erTeulTa simravlea.
amasTan, es erTeulebi ermaneTis mimarT izolirebul mdgomareobaSi ki ar
imyofebian, aramed uerTierTqmedeben erTmaneTTan. Tumca, urTierTqmedeba
zogadad samyarosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. amitom, saWiroa dazustdes,
kerZod, ra tipis urTierTqmedeba xdeba im specifikur erTeulebs
(“urTierTqmedebis centrebs”) Soris, romlebic sazogadoebas Seadgenen?
sorokini gamoyofs sami saxis urTierTqmedebas: araorganuls, organuls
da fizikurs.

araorganuli urTierTqmedeba fizikur samyaroSi mimdinareobs

materialur sxeulebs (nivTebs) Soris. organuli urTierTqmedebis
centrebi cocxali sxeulebi, anu organizmebia. rac Seexeba fsiqikur
urTierTqmedebas, isic organulia, anu, cocxal struqturebs Soris
mimdinareobs, magram urTierTqmedebis centrebi specifikuri organizmebia.
kerZod, esaa umaRlesi nervuli sistemis mqone arsebebi, anu adamianebi.
fsiqikuri urTierTqmedeba socialur samyaroSi, anu sazogadoebaSi
mimdinareobs. maSasadame, rodesac sazogadoebaze vsaubrobT, mxedvelobaSi
gvaqvs ara araorganuli, an biologiuri, aramed _ fsiqikuri
urTierTqmedeba.

urTierTqmedebis TiToeul tips gansxvavebuli disciplinebi Seiswavlis:

materialur sxeulebs Soris urTierTqmedeba fizikis da sxva fizikuri
mecnierebebis Seswavlis sagania; organul (biologiur) urTierTqmedebas
iseTi sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebi swavloben, rogoricaa biologia
da qimia. rac Seexeba fsiqikur urTierTqmedebas, masze socialuri
mecnierebebi fokusirdeba (maT Soris, sociologia).

sorokini kidev ufro detalurad ganixilavs fsiqikur urTierTqmedebas,

raTa sazogadoebis adekvaturi definicia Camoayalibos. is aanalizebs
fsiqikis Sinaarss da masSi sam dones gamoyofs: SemecnebiTs, grZnobad-
emociurs da nebelobiTs. fsikis SemecnebiT doneze adamiani amyarebs
Teoriul mimarTebas garemomcvel samyarosTan. am mimarTebis mizania
mopovos obieqturi, anu WeSmariti codna sagnis (obieqtis) Sesaxeb. codnis
yvelaze elementaruli safexuri SegrZnebebis doneze miRebuli
informaciaa, xolo yvelaze umaRlesi _ cnebiTi codna (SegrZnebasa da
cnebas Soris aRqma da warmodgena monawileobs). SegrZnebebis doneze aq
da amJamad mocemuli sagnis elementarul niSnebs vswavlobT, xolo
cnebebis doneze sagnis arsebiTi niSnebis wvdoma xdeba. es iseTi niSnebia,
romlebic romelime konkretul sagans unikalurad ar miewereba. cneba
abstraqcias axdens sagnis individualuri niSnebisagan da ganixilavs mas
iseT ganaserSi, romelic sagans garkveuli klasis (gvaris)
warmomadgenlad aqcevs. cnebiTi codna SemecnebiTi moRvaweobis yvelaze
rTuli da saboloo produqtia. rac mTavaria, Seemmecnebel
(gnoseologiur) subieqts evaleba Semecnebis procesSi “daiviwyos”

4
sakuTari Tavi da sagani Seimecnos misi emociebisagan da grZnobebisagan
damoukideblad. fsiqikis grZnobad-emociur doneze individis ganzraxva
Semecnebisagan diametralurad gansxvavdeba. am doneze sagani ganixileba
mis mimarT simpatiis, anu emociuri damokidebulebis prizmaSi. am doneze
adamianebi raRacas iwoneben an iwuneben, uyvarT an sZulT, siaxloves
ganicdian an gaucxovdebian da a.S. adamianebi mxolod Semmecnebeli
subieqtebi ar arian; isini emociebs, gancdebs xarjaven da garemomcvel
sinamdviles subieqturad aRiqvamen. grZnobebis da gancdebis samyaro
uaRresad mravalferovania, magram, sorokinis azriT, maTi formalizeba
SesaZlebelia tkbobisa da tanjvis kontinuumis farglebSi. fsiqiks
nebelobiTi done gamoxatavs individis unars, garemomcvel sagnebTan
urTierToba daamyaros survilze damyarebuli arCevanis safuZvelze. am
urTierTobaSi individi Tavisufali arsebaa.

maSasadame, fsiqikis Sinaarsi Sedgeba SemecnebiTi produqtebis, gancdebisa

da nebelobiTi impulsebisagan. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia
ganisazRvros fsiqikuri urTierTqmedebis Tavisebureba. fsiqikuri
urTierTqmedeba aris umaRlesi nervuli sistemis mqone erTeulebs
(adamianebs) Soris SemecnebiTi fenomenebis (SegrZnebebis, aRqmebis,
warmodgenebisa da cnebebis), gancdebisa da nebelobiTi impulsebis gacvla.
Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia CamovayaliboT sazogadoebis gansazRvrebac:

“საზოგადოება, სოციოლოგიური აზრით, უპირველეს ყოვლისა აღნიშნავს ადამიანთა

ერთობლიობას, რომლებიც იმყოფებიან ურთიერთობის პროცესში... მათ შორის
ყოველდღიურად წარმოიქმნება ურთიერთქმედების ათასობით პროცესი, რომლებიც
ფსიკური ხასიათისაა: ესაა იდეების (რელიგიური, მეცნიერული, ყოველდღიური, მხატვრული
და ა.შ.) გაცვლა, ნებელობითი იმპულსების გაცვლა... გრძნობების გაცვლა (სიყვარულის,
თანაგანცდის, სიძულვილის ნიადაგზე და ა.შ.)”.4

am gansazRvrebaSi sorokini araorazrovnad miuTiTebs sazogadoebad

yofnis Semdeg Taviseburebaze: imisTvis, rom socialuri fenomeni Sedges,
aucilebelia ara mxolod fsiqikis Sinaarsebis arseboba, aramed maTi
gacvla. es niSnavs, rom ideebi da gancdebi, Tu isini “wminda” saxiTaa
mocemuli, jer kidev ar arian socialuri movlenebi. aseTebad isini
mxolod maSin iqcevian, rodesac moxdeba maTi obieqtivacia da sxvisTvis
gadacema. obieqtivacia, rogorc wesi, simboloebis saSualebiT
xorcieldeba. maSasadame, socialur movlenas ori mxare aqvs: Sinagani
fsiqikuri da garegani simboluri. Tu romelime mxare ar arsebobs, maSin
ver Sedgeba socialuri urTierTqmedeba. interaqcia gulisxmobs swored
fsiqikuri Sinaarsebis sxvisTvis gadacemas simboloebis saSualebiT.
sorokini gamoyofs simbolizaciis oTx tips: bgeriTi (sityvebis an
musikaluri bgerebis saSualebiT komunikacia), feriTi (ferebis
saSualebiT azrebis an emociebis gadacema), moZraobiTi (Jestebis
saSualebiT komunikacia) da sagnobrivi (nivTebis “datvirTva” sazrisebiT).

4
Сорокин, П. (1992): Человек, цивилизация, общество. Москва, ИПЛ; стр. 29.

5
sazogadoebaSi adamianebi mudmivad iyeneben simbolizaciis romelime tips,
raTa sxva adamianebTan kominikacia SesaZlebeli gaxadon. cxadia, ama Tu
im kulturiT yvelaze metad daRdasmuli bgeriTi (kerZod, enobrivi)
simbolizaciaa, xolo yvelaze universaluri _ moZraobiTi da sagnobrivi.

sorokins mxedvelobidan ar rCeba kidev erTi aspeqti: imisaTvis, raTa

komunikacia dasruldes, anu socialuri interaqcia Sedges, aucilebelia
fsiqikuri Sinaarsebis gamaobieqtivirebeli simboloebi isev iqcnen sxva
adamianis fsiqikis kuTvnilebad. sxvanairad rom iTqvas, aucilebelia
moxdes komunikaciisas gamoyenebuli simboloebis adekvaturi aRqma sxva
adamianis mier. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, interaqcia ar Sedgeba. magaliTad,
Tu erTi adamiani meores misTvis gaugebar enaze mimarTavs, maT Soris
komunikacia ver damyardeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi axdens misi fsiqikis
Sinaarsis bgeriT simbolizacias. komunikaciisaTvis aucilebelia, rom
meore adamians esmodes gamoyenebuli sityvebis mniSvneloba.

sazogadoebis zemoaRniSnuli gansazRvreba, sorokinis azriT, “muSaobs”

yvela socialuri mecnierebisaTvis da aranairad ar gamoyofs
sociologiis specifikas.

6
$2. კულტურა5

2.1. kulturis definicia

socialur TeoriaSi arsebobs tendencia, romelic kulturis da

sazogadoebis cnebebs identuri mniSvnelobiT moixmars. Tuca, maT Soris
gansxvavebasac bevri sociologi atarebs. maT Sorisaa n. smelzeri. 6
kultura, misi azriT, ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis wevrTa cxovrebis wess.
am ukanasknels komponentTa mravalferovneba axasiaTebs: sxvadasxva
ritualebi _ qorwinebis ritualebi, religiuri ceremoniebi, ojaxuri
cxovreba, SromiTi saqmianoba, TviTprezentaciis stilebi, Tavisufali
drois struqturireba (sufra, garToba, dasveneba da a.S), TamaSebi da sxva.
kulturas Seadgens, agreTve, adamianis saqmianobis Sedegad Seqmnili
materialuri faqtebi (e. w. “artefaqtebi”): sacxovrebeli nagebobebi,
taZrebi, Zeglebi, wignebi, manqanebi, kompiuterebi da a.S. xSirad isini
adamians mzamzareulad xvdeba sazogadoebaSi da maT SeqmnaSi is ar
monawileobs. rac Seexeba sazogadoebas, igi gulisxmobs erTi kulturis
SigniT mcxovreb adamianTa urTierTobebis, anu interaqciebis sistemas.
kulturasas da sazogadoebas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs: verc erTi
kultura ver formirdeba sazogadoebis gareSe da, Tavis mxriv, verc erTi
sazogadoeba ver ifunqcionirebs kulturisagan damoukideblad. kultura
sazogadoebis kvlavwarmoebisa da SenarCunebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
meqanizmia. kultura adamians rogorc socialur cxovels sTavazobs
sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis orientirebs: azrovnebis, moqmedebisa da qcevis
standartebsa Tu sqemebs, romelTa gareSec adamiani qaoturi instinqtebis
tyveobaSi Caketili asocialuri arseba iqneboda, moklebuli
TviTgamoxatvisa da komunikaciis unars.

smelzeri kulturis aseT gansazRvrebas iZleva (aqve gansazRvravs is

subkulturasac):

“კულტურის თანამედროვე მეცნიერულმა დეფინიციამ უკუაგდო ამ ცნების

არისტოკრატიული ელფერი. ის ახდენს რწმენების, ღირებულებებისა და გამომსახველი
საშუალებების (რომლებიც გამოიყენება ხელოვნებასა და ლიტერატურაში)
სიმბოლიზირებას, რომლებიც საერთოა რაიმე ჯგუფისთვის; ისინი აწესრიგებენ ამ ჯგუფის
წევრთა გამოცდილებას და არეგულირებენ მათ ქცევას. ქვეჯგუფების რწმენებს და
შეხედულებებს ხშირად სუბკულტურას უწოდებენ”.7

5
kulturis cnebis analizi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba neil smelzeris saxelmZRvanelos
“sociologia”. ix. Смелзер, Н. (1998): Социология; Москва. ФЕНИКС; стр. 40-70.
6
neil smelzeri (daibada 1930 wels) _ amerikeli sociologi, romelmac ganicada t. parsonsis
gavlena. Seecada funqcionalizmis ideebi gaevrcelebina istoriis sociologiaze. misi
ZiriTadi Sromaa “socialuri cvlileba da industriuli revolucia”. agreTve, parsonsTan
erTad Tanaavtoria wignisa “ekonomika da sazogadoeba”.
7
Смелзер, Н. (1998): Социология; Москва. ФЕНИКС; стр. 41.

7
kulturis aTviseba xdeba daswavlis gziT. cnobilia, rom adamianis qceva,
cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod nawilobrivaa ganpirobebuli
instinqtebiT. cxovelebi floben sakvebis mopovebis da sakmaod rTuli
nagebobebis konstruirebis genetikurad daprogramebul unars. maT ar
sWirdebaT moipovon codna amis Sesaxeb. es codna Cadebulia maTSi
genetikurad da Sesabamisi qceva xorcieldeba avtomaturad. marTalia,
daswavla garkveulwilad gavlenas axdens cxovelis qcevaze, magram igi
ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia instinqtiT, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli
xdeba cxovelis qcevis mizanSewonili koordinireba garkveul situaciaSi.
adamianuri qceva, piriqiT, yvelaze mcired ganisazRvreba pirdapiri
genetikuri kontroliT. marTalia, adamianebs axasiaTebT refleqsebi anu
avtomaturi reaqciebi stimulebze. magram adamianuri qcevis ganxorcieleba
moiTxovs operaciaTa gacilebiT rTuli mimdevrobis Sesrulebas.
magaliTad, SimSilis dakmayofileba moiTxovs bankidan fulis gamotanas
garkveuli finansuri operaciebis xarjze, Semdeg mis gadacvlas sakveb
produqtebze, romelTa garkveuli damuSavebis Semdeg miiReba saWmelad
vargisi sakvebi. am moqmedebaTa Sesruleba SesaZlebelia daswavlis gziT.
ramdenadac adamians aqvs nebismieri tipis qcevisadmi daswavlis unari, maT
SeuZliaT SeimuSavon reaqciaTa da qcevis uamravi tipi. adamianTa
cxovrebaSi kultura mniSvnelovanwilad imave funqcias asrulebs, rasac
cxovelebSi genetikurad daprogramebuli qceva anu instinqtebi. swored
amitom adamianis qcevas samyaros mimarT SedarebiTi Riaoba axasiaTebs.
adamianis qceva plastikuri da variaciulia, anu misi realizebis diapazoni
farTo SesaZleblobebis mqonea. aqedan gamomdinare, adamians gaaCnia unari
ar iyos Caketili (mijaWvuli) Tavis sasicocxlo garemoSi, gavides mis
farglebs gareT (trancedentirdes) da Seqmnas sazrisebis, miznebis,
mniSvnelobebisa Tu simboloebis sistemebi. am simboluri sistemebis
safuZvelze adamianis moqmedeba ganixileba rogorc orientirebuli ama Tu
im mniSvnelobaze. ufro metic, adamianebma SeiZleba uari Tqvan TavianTi
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze sxva ufro mniSvneladi Rirebulebebis
gamo, rasac cxovelTa samyaroSi analogi ar gaaCnia. mag., religiuri
mosazrebiT adamianebma SeiZleba imarxulon garkveuli drois manZilze,
Tavi Seikavon qorwinebisgan an saerTodac uari Tqvan masze. marTalia,
adamiansac axasiaTebs TviTSenaxvisken miswrafeba da TviTgadarCenis
instinqti, magram cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT adamianebs SeuZliaT am
miswrafebasTan dapirispireba. adamianebi Segnebulad igdeben sicocxles
safrTxeSi, magaliTad, siyvarulisa an patriotuli movaleobis gamo (omSi
moxalised wasvla) da a.S.

2.2. kultura da socializacia

ramdenadac kulturis SeZena ar xdeba biologiuri gziT, yoveli Taoba

axdens mis kvlavwarmoebasa da momaval Taobaze gadacemas. es procesi
warmoadgens socializaciis safuZvels. Rirebulebebis, rwmenebis,
normebis, wesebisa Tu idealebis aTvisebis Sedegad mimdinareobs bavSvis

8
pirovnebis formireba da misi qcevis regulireba. socializaciis procesis
SeCereba gamoiwvevs mniSvnelovan wyvetas kulturaSi da, SesaZloa, TviT
kulturis daRupvasac.

kultura axdens sazogadoebis wevrTa pirovnebis formirebas da, amdenad,

maTi qcevis regulirebas. kultura maregulirebeli meqanizmebis
erTobliobaa, romelic moicavs moqmedebaTa sqemebs, receptebs, wesebs,
instruqciebs da a.S. yvelaferi es adamianTa qcevis marTvas emsaxureba.
kulturis gareSe adamianebi sruliad dezorientirebulni iqnebodnen. maTi
qceva sruliad umarTavi, spontanuri da emociurad mouTokavi iqneboda,
rac SeuZlebels gaxdida adamianis gamocdilebis formirebas. swored imis
gamo, rom kultura axdens adamianTa qcevis regulirebasa da kontrols,
z. froidi8 saubrobs kulturis represiul bunebaze. froidma gamoikvlia
kulturasa da adamianis instinqtur sawyiss Soris arsebuli konfliqti.
xSirad kultura instinqtebis, umTavresad ki seqsualuri da agresiuli
miswrafebebis daTrgunvas cdilobs. Tumca, maT mTlianad arasodes
gamoricxavs, es SeuZlebelicaa. kultura ufro gansazRvravs am swrafvebis
dakmayofilebis pirobebs. igi akonkretebs dros, adgilsa da im wesebs,
romelTa meSveobiT SesaZlebelia maTi realizeba. kultura mimarTavs
adamianis agresiul swrafvebs gansxvavebuli mimarTulebebiT, magaliTad.,
sportSi, omis warmoebisas, konkurenciis procesSi da a.S.

marTalia, kultura gavlenas axdens adamianis qcevaze, magram misi

SesaZleblobebis gazviadeba marTebuli ar iqneboda. adamianuri qcevis
marTvis SesaZleblebebi SezRudulia mravali konteqstiT. pirvel rigSi, es
SemzRudveli konteqstia adamianis biologiuri SesaZleblobebi, rac
Cadebulia misi organizmis konstituciaSi. SeuZlebelia adamianebs
vaswavloT mravalsarTulian Senobebze axtoma, Tundac sazogadoeba didad
afasebdes amgvar gmirobebs. aseve arsebobs codnis SesaZleblobebi, romlis
aTvisebac SesaZlebelia adamianuri gonebis farglebSi.

8
zigmund froidi (1856-1939) _ avstrieli ebraeli fsiqiatri da fsiqoanalizis
fuZemdebeli. idevneboda nacistebis mier, Tumca, mxolod maTi xelisuflebaSi mosvlis
Semdeg tovebs venas. “fsiqoanalizma... didi gavlena moaxdina socialur Teoriaze da
Tanamedrove sociologiaze. froidis centraluri aRmoCenebi _ aracnobieri, seqsualuri
represia, oidiposis kompleqsi da sxv. _ sociologebis mier gamoyenebuli iqna imisaTvis,
raTa gaeanalizebinaT selfi da adamianis subieqturoba, genderi da seqsualoba, ojaxi
da socializacia, ena da ideologia, iseve rogorc kulturuli identobebis formireba
da politikuri batonobis formebi” (Antony Elliot: Psychoanalitic Social Theory. In: Modern Social
Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press, 2005; p. 175). froidis ZiriTadi Sromebia:
“sizmrebis interpretacia” (1902), “siamovnebis principis miRma” (1920), “erTi iluziis
momavali” (1927), “civilizacia da misi sirTuleebi” (1930).

9
2.3. kulturaTa relatiuroba

adamianuri kulturebi TvalsaCinod mravalferovania. Rirebulebebi da

normebi farTod varirebs erTi kulturis sazRvrebSic ki da xSirad
diametralurad gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac sxva kulturaSi “normad”
miiCneva. rogorc smelzeri aRniSnavs, Cvil bavSvTa Segnebuli mkvleloba
dasavluri kulturebisTvis umZimes danaSaulad iTvleba, maSin roca
tradiciul Cinur kulturaSi arsebobda Rarib ojaxebSi Cvili gogonebis
daxrCobis tradicia. am tradiciis safuZvelSi devs Sexeduleba, romelic
Svils ganixilavs ekonomikuri Rirebulebis mixedviT, rogorc resurss
mZime sameurneo samuSaoebis SesrulebisTvis. gogona ki, am azriT, Raribi
ojaxisTvis mxolod tvirTia. es faqti gasagebi xdeba mxolod Cinuri
kulturuli Rirebulebebis konteqstSi. aq mTavari Rirebuleba ojaxis
gadarCenisTvis brZolis Rirebulebaa.

sxvadasxva kulturebis gacnoba gvarwmunebs, rom maT Soris gansxvavebebi

mravalricxovania. amdenad, Znelia im zogadi niSnebis, e.w. “kulturuli
universaliebis” gansazRvra, romelic damaxasiaTebelia yvela
kulturisTvis. smelzeri miuTiTebs j. merdokze, romelic gamoyofs 60-ze
met kulturul universalias: yvela kulturaSi arsebobs ena, ojaxuri
sistemis garkveuli forma, romlis normebi da Rirebulebebi bavSvebze
zrunvas ukavSirdeba, qorwinebis instituti, damarxvis ritualebi,
sakuTrebis ufleba. yvela kulturaSi ama Tu im formiT arsebobs incestis
akrZalva _ seqsualuri kavSiri sisxliT naTesavebs Soris. anTropologebi
CamoTvlian mraval aseT universalur elements: samkaulebi, TamaSebi,
saCuqrebis Cuqebis Cveuleba, xumrobebi, sporti, cekva da a.S da mainc,
kulturuli universalia bevrad mcirea, radgan yovel kategoriaSi uamravi
variacia arsebobs. mag., incestis akrZalvas Tu aviRebT, incestis gageba bevr
kulturaSi sakmaod gansxvavdeba. yvelaze xSirad incestad miiCneva
seqsualuri urTierTobebi erTi ojaxis wevrebs Soris. magram bevr
kulturaSi akrZalva vrceldeba meore Taobis naTesavebzec, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, erTi gvaris mqone adamianebzec.

2.4. kulturis Semadgeneli elementebi

smelzeri gadmoscems uord gudenaus Tvalsazriss, romelic kulturis

oTx elements gamoyofs:
pirveli elementia cnebebi (konceptebi), romlebic enis Semadgeneli
nawilia. cnebebi (zogadad, ena) axdens kulturuli gamocdilebis
kondensirebas, Senaxvas. swored amitom, sxvadasxva enis da maTi
Semadgeneli konceptebis analizis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva
kulturaze “gasvla” da maTi specifikis dasabuTeba.

kulturis meore elementia urTierTobebi. adamianebi ara mxolod cnebebSi

aqceven TavianT kulturul gamocdilebas, aramed am cnebebs Soris

10
urTierTobebs da kavSirebs gansazRvraven. es urTierTobebi SeiZleba iyos
kauzaluri (mizezobrivi), miznobrivi, Tanaarsebobis gamomxatveli da sxv.
cnebaTa Soris urTierTobis xasiaTis safuZvelzec SesaZlebelia
kulturaTa “wakiTxva”.

mesame elementia Rirebulebebi. isini abstraqtuli ideebia, romlebisken

swrafvac fiqsirdeba ama Tu im kulturaSi. sxvanairad rom iTqvas,
Rirebulebebi kulturulad aRiarebuli anu institucionaluri miznebia,
romlis miRwevasac sazogadoebis wevrebi cdiloben.

meoTxe elementia normebi. imisaTvis, raTa Rirebulebebma realurad

“imuSaon”, saWiroa maTi normebad “Targmna”. nebismieri normis safuZvelSi
kulturulad aRiarebuli Rirebuleba devs. xSirad normebs ama Tu im
Rirebulebis realizebis saSualebebsac uwodeben. isini ganixileba
rogorc socialuri cxovrebis regulaciebi, romlebic erTi kulturis
SigniT adamianTa Soris sxvadasxva (samarTlebriv, saqmian, pirovnul Tu
genderul) urTierTobas awesrigebs. amrigad, normaTa sistemebi
socialuri cxovrebis organizebis wesebia. am wesebis Sesruleba da dacva
sazogadoebaSi mosalodnelia. maSasadame, normebi sociumSi
institucionalurad dadgenil molodinTa erTobliobas Seesabameba.
normebTan dakavSirebulia sanqciaTa (sasjeli an jildo) sistemebis
arseboba. sanqciebis saSualebiT normebi funqcionirebadi anu qmediTi
xdeba. sanqciebi ori tipisaa: 1. pozitiuri, jildos saxiT, romlis
funqciaa kulturuli Rirebulebebis gaZliereba da kvlavwarmoeba da 2.
negatiuri, sasjelis saxiT, romlis funqciaa normasTan dakavSirebul
akrZalvis amoqmedeba.

11
$3. სოციალური სტრუქტურა9

3.1. socialuri struqturis definicia

Tvalsazrisebi, romlebic socialuri struqturis cnebis garSemo

arsebobs, SesaZlebelia or jgufad dalagdes. rogorc e. kodua aRniSnavs:
“sakiTxi ismis ... socialuri struqtura obieqturi realobaa, romelzedac
Semecnebis procesSi vaxdenT refleqsias, Tu is subieqturi warmonaqmnia,
Semecnebis saSualebaa, iqneb sulac Semecnebis procesSi Seqmnili
realobaa”.10

ufro gavrcelebuli da gaziarebulia is Tvalsazrisi, romelic

socialur struqturas subieqtur, analitikur kategoriad miiCnevs. amave
azrisaa k. levi-strosi.11 igi miuTiTebs “socialuri struqturis” cnebis
bundovanebaze da mohyavs krioberis sityvebi: “nebismieri tipiuri pirovneba
SesaZloa ganixilebodes misi struqturis TvalsazrisiT, arada, aseve
SesaZloa ganixilebodes nebismieri organizmic, nebismieri sazogadoeba,
yvela kultura, kristalebi da manqanebi. yvelafers, Tuki is amorfuli ar
aris, gaaCnia struqtura. amrigad, termini “struqtura” raime axlis
aRmoCena ki ar aris, ubralod, pikanturi sanelebelia”.

ZiriTadi principi, romelsac levi-strosi icavs, isaa, rom socialuri

struqturis cneba ganekuTvneba ara empiriul moRvaweobas, aramed
empiriuli moRvaweobis msgavsad agebul models. swored amaSi poulobs
is gansxvavebas socialuri struqturisa da socialuri urTierTobis
cnebebs Soris. socialuri urTierTobebi ZiriTadi masalaa im modelebis
asagebad, romelTa saSualebiTac unda gamovlindes Tavad socialuri
struqtura. socialuri struqtura ar unda gavaigivoT im socialur
urTierTobebTan, romlebzec xdeba dakvirveba.

maSasadame, levi-strosis azriT, struqtura analitikuri kategoriaa,

empiriuli moqmedebis msgavsad agebuli Teoriuli modelia. magram,
nebismieri modeli ar "imsaxurebs" struqturis kvalifikacias. imisaTvis,
rom modelebs struqturis saxeli daerqvas, levi-strosis azriT,
aucilebelia 4 pirobis Sesruleba:

9 socialuri struqturis cnebis analizi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba klod levi-strosis

Sromas “struqturis cneba eTnologiaSi”. ix. Леви-Стросс, К. (1985): Структурная Антропология,
Москва; стр. 245-86.
10
kodua, e. (1998): sociologia. nakveTi I, Tbilisi, Tsu; gv 95-6.
11
klod levi-strosi (daibada 1908 wels) _ frangi anTropologi da sociologi.
struqturalizmis warmomadgeneli, romelic iziarebda sosiuris struqturuli
lingvistikis principebs. misi ZiriTadi Sromebia: “naTesaobis elementaruli
struqturebi” (1949), “Tristes Tropiques” (1955), “struqturuli anTropologia” (1958), “The Savage
Mind” (1966), “miTologebi” (1964-71).

12
 1. pirvel rigSi, struqtura aris garkveuli sistema, Semdgari iseTi
elementebisagan, roca erT-erTi maTganis Secvla yvela danarCenis
Secvlas iwvevs.
2. nebismieri modeli SeiZleba Seicvalos (gardaisaxos), magram
Seesabamebodes erTi da imave modelis tips. ase rom, am gardasaxvaTa
simravle ar arRvevs modelebis tipologizacias.
3. zemoaRniSnuli Tviseba saSualebas iZleva gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu
ragvari reagireba eqneba models misi erT-erTi Semadgeneli
elementis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi.
4. modeli imgvarad unda iyos agebuli, rom misi gamoyeneba moicavdes
yvela dasakvirvebel movlenas.

levi-strosi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs modelebis asagebad saWiro

movlenaTa dakvirvebas da Tavad modelebze Catarebul eqseriments.
eqsperimentSi igulisxmeba im meTodebis erToblioba, romelTa
saSualebiTac irkveva, Tu rogor reagirebs mocemuli modeli sxvadasxva
cvlilebaze da xdeba sxvadasxva tipis modelebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba.
dakvirvebisas ZiriTad, Tu ara erTaderT, wesad miCneulia dakvirvebis
sizuste da yvela faqtis aRwera. amave dros, ar aris daSvebuli faqtTa
bunebisa da mniSvnelobis damaxinjeba.

3.2. struqturaTa klasifikacia

struqturis saxiT arsebuli modelebi, frangi sociologis azriT,

SeiZleba iyos gacnobierebuli da gaucnobierebeli im donis mixedviT,
romelzec isini funqcionireben. movlenaTa jgufi struqturul analizs
ufro kargad emorCileba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sazogadoebas ar gaaCnia
maTi axsnisa da dasabuTebis cnobieri modeli. struqtura, romelic
gaucnobierebelia, ufro SesaZlebels xdis modelis arsebobas, romelic,
rogorc Sirma, gamohyofs am struqturas koleqtiuri azrovnebisagan.
gacnobierebuli modelebi (maT, rogorc wesi, “normebs” uwodeben) yvelaze
Raribia, ramdenadac maTi funqciaa rwmenisa da Cveulebebis dafuZneba da
ara maTi safuZvlebis axsna.

levi-strosi ganasxvavebs, agreTve, meqanikur da statistikur modelebs. es

gansxvaveba vlindeba maSin, Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT modelTa skalasa da
movlenaTa skalas. models, romlis Semadgeneli elementebi miekuTvneba
movlenaTa skalas, “meqanikuri” ewodeba, xolo “statistikuri” is modelia,
romlis elementebi Tavad movlenis skalisagan gansxvavdeba. magaliTad
SeiZleba davasaxeloT saqorwino wesebi. pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli es wesebi SeiZleba warmovadginoT modelebad, romlebic
gamoxatavs individTa faqtobriv dajgufebas naTesaobebisa da klanebis
mixedviT. es meqanikuri modelebia. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi SeuZlebelia
amgvari modeli moviSvelioT, radgan qorwinebis sxvadasxva tipi aq

13
damokidebulia ufro zogad faqtorebze: pirveladi da meoradi jgufebis
sidideze, romlebsac miekuTvneba wyvilebi, sxvadasxva socialur fenaTa
dinebaze, informaciis raodenobaze da sxv. Sesabamis models statistikuri
xasiaTi eqneboda.

SesaZloa moviyvanoT sxva, magaliTad, TviTmkvlelobis magaliTi. misi

gaanalizeba ori TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba. calkeuli SemTxvevebis analizi
saSualebas gvaZlevs avagoT TviTmkvlelobis meqanikuri modeli. aseTi
modeli dainteresdeba msxverplis pirovnebis tipiT, misi individualuri
istoriiT, pirveladi da meoradi jgufebis (romlebsac Tavad
miekuTvneboda) TvisebebiT da sxv. Tumca, SeiZleba TviTmkvlelobis
statistikuri modelis agebac. aseTi modeli dafuZnebulia romeliRac
mocemul periodSi erT an ramdenime sazogadoebaSi, agreTve, sxvadasxva
tipis pirvelad da meorad jgufebSi TviTmkvlelobis analizze.
statistikuri modeli validuri iqneboda: a) TviTmkvlelobis ramdenime
formisaTvis; Bb) sxvadasxva sazogadoebisaTvis da g) socialur movlenaTa
sxvadasxva tipisaTvis.

sociologia imiT gansxvavdeba eTnografiisa da istoriisagan, rom Tu es

ukanasknelni kavdebian masalebis SekrebiTa da sistematizaciiiT,
sociologia ufro dakavebulia modelebis SeswavliT, romlebic agebulia
am monacemebis safuZvelze da maTive daxmarebiT.

14
$4. სოციალური მოქმედება

4.1. “qceva”, “moqmedeba”, “socialuri moqmedeba”

socialuri moqmedebis kategoria erT-erTi fundamenturia socialuri

TeoriisaTvis. maqs veberi socialur moqmedebas sociologiis sagnadac ki
acxadebs.12 miRebulia, rom gatardes gansxvaveba sam cnebas _ qceva,
moqmedeba, socialuri moqmedeba _ Soris. miuTiTeben, rom moqmedeba qcevaa,
oRond ara nebismieri, aramed, mxolod gansazRvruli xasiaTis qceva. aseve,
socialuri moqmedebac moqmedebis gvarSi Sedis, oRond misi specifikuri
saxea. yvela SemTxvevaSi saWiroa pasuxi gaeces kiTxvas: ra kriteriumis
safuZvelze xdeba amgvari gansxvavebebis gatareba? SesaZlebelia, gamovyoT
ramdenime Tvalsazrisi, romlebic amis naTelyofas axdens.

pirveli yvelaze seriozuli mcdeloba, am TvalsazrisiT, ekuTvnis vebers.

igi qcevasa da moqmedebas Soris wyalgamyofad miiCnevs “subieqturi
sazrisis” flobis faqtors.13 adamianis moqmedebis specifikas veberi
ukavSirebs swored subieqturi sazrisis (mniSvnelobis) qonas. adamianebi
TavianT qcevaSi gansazRvrul mniSvnelobebs, racionalurs an emociurs,
deben. amasTan, SesaZlebelia vilaparakoT sazrisis or tipze: a) empiriul
sazrisze, romelic ukavSirdeba realurad moqmedi aqtoris mier qcevaSi
nagulisxmev mniSvnelobas konkretul istoriul situaciaSi da b)
sazrisis Teoriulad konstruirebul “wminda” tipze, romelic ara
realurad, aramed hipoTeturad moqmed subiqts ukavSirdeba. esaa e.w.
“idealuri tipi”, rogorc analitikuri konstruqcia, romelic veberTan
realobis SemecnebisTvis, kerZod, idealurTan misi SedarebisTvis
gamoiyeneba.14 mniSvnelobis (realuri an idealuri) matarebeli
moqmedebisagan gansxvavebulia qceva, romelic usazrisoa. es niSnavs, rom
igi gamRizianebelze avtomatur reaqcias warmoadgens. usazrisod qcevis
yvelaze meti “riski”, veberis Tanaxmad, aqvs afeqtur da tradiciul
moqmedebebs. isini SeiZleba gavidnen gasazrisianebuli moqmedebis
farglebs gareT da, Sesabamisad, dakargon moqmedebis “kvalifikacia”.

talkot parsonsma kidev ufro gamoadiferencira moqmedebis komponentebi,

daukavSira ra igi mizans (saganTa momaval mdgomareobas), empiriul
situacias da am situaciaSi aqtoris normatiul orientacias.

saintereso Tvalsazriss aviTarebs am TvalsazrisiT Tanamedrove

ingliseli sociologi jon elsteri. Tumca, es Tvalsazrisi, ZiriTadad,

12
Вебер, М. (1990): Основные Социологические Понятия, в книге: М. Вебер, Избранные Произведения.
Москва, Прогресс; стр. 602-3.
13
iqve.
14
veberis Tvalsazrisi “idealuri tipebis” Sesaxeb ufro detalurad ganxilulia me-4
Tavis $1-Si.

15
veberis da parsonsis TeoriebiT aris “nasazrdoebi”. kerZod, qcevasa da
moqmedebas Soris gansxvavebis mTavar kriteriumad igi “intencionalobis”
kategorias iyenebs da moiTxovs, rom “erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT
intencionaluri da araintencionaluri qcevebi”.15 am gansxvavebis Tanaxmad,
moqmedeba ganixileba rogorc intencionaluri qceva. Ara aris am
gansxvavebis arsi? intencionaluria qceva, romelic sruldeba imisaTvis,
raTa miRweul iqnes gansazRvruli mizani. aseTi qceva aucileblad
ukavSirdeba momavals. moqmedebis intencionalur axsnas mimarTaven maSin,
rodesac SesaZlebelia miTiTeba movlenaTa momaval mdgomareobaze, risi
miRwevac sasurvelia. aseTi moqmedeba imarTeba miznis safuZvelze,
romelic ar arsebobs rogorc faqti, jerjerobiT ararealuria da
arsebobs mxolod warmosaxvis da warmodgenis doneze.

j. elsteriAmiuTiTebs intencionaluri qcevis kidev erT specifikaze:

rodesac gvsurs avxsnaT qcevis modeli misi grZelvadiani pozitiuri
Sedegebis safuZvelze, viTvaliswinebT ra agreTve mis moklevadian
negatiur Sedegebs, Cven impliciturad vvaraudobT cnobieri
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi agentis arsebobas. cnobiereba SeiZleba
ganisazRvros, rogorc reprezentaciis saSualeba, rogorc individis
unari, ganaviTaros pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri strategiebi da ipovos
gamosavali Tvisebrivad axali situaciebidan. amrigad, intencia yovelTvis
cnobieria, “aracnobieri intenciis” cneba alogikuria. cxadia, es ar
niSnavs, rom aracnobiers araviTari datvirTva ara aqvs. piriqiT, misi
mniSvneloba ueWveli xdeba, Tu aracnobiers ganvsazRvravT rogorc
meqanizms, romelmac siamovnebaTa labirinTebSi unda gagvarkvios. magram,
absurdia, aracnobieri warmovidginoT rogorc unari, romelic uSualod
xelmZRvanelobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis process da mizan-saSualebaTa
mixedviT moqmedebas.

moqmedebasa da qcevas Soris zemoaRniSnul gansxvavebas eTanxmeba erT-erT

Tanamedrove sociologiur leqsikonSi16 mocemuli definicia, romelic
moqmedebas ganixilavs, rogorc qcevis specifikur saxes. qceva, zogadad,
ukavSirdeba iseT movlenebs, romlebSic individebi arian CarTulni da
romlebic SeiZleba iyos, an arc iyos, ganzraxuli da dagegmili. amdenad,
qcevas SeiZleba hqondes sxvadasxva wyaro – emociebiT da instinqtebiT
dawyebuli, racionalur azrovnebiT damTavrebuli. ar aris aucilebeli,
rom qceva yvela SemTxvevaSi Seicavdes cnobierad dagegmil mizans. qcevis
is SemTxveva, romelic dakavSirebulia cnobierad dagegmil mizanTan da
intencionalobasTan, aris swored moqmedeba. Sesabamisad, moqmedeba
ganisazRvreba rogorc mizandasaxuli qceva, instinqturi qcevis
sapirispirod, rodesac moqmedeba gauazrebelia da avtomaturad
xorcieldeba.

15
Elster, Jon (1983): Explaining Technical Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; pp. 69-70.
16
Lawson, T. and Garrod, J. (1996): The complete A-Z Sociology Handbook. Hodder & Stoughton; pp. 2, 18.

16
qcevasa da moqmedebas Soris gansxvavebis naTelyofis Semdeg, dgeba sakiTxi
moqmedebasa da socialur moqmedebas Soris mimarTebis Sesaxeb. ufro
zustad rom iTqvas, sakiTxi exeba moqmedebis socialurobis kriteriums.
saqme isaa, rom yvela socialuri moqmedeba, zogadad, moqmedebis gvarSi
erTiandeba, magram ara piriqiT – moqmedebis mxolod specifikuri saxe
CaiTvleba socialurad. raSi mdgomareobs es specifika? misi naTelyofa
saTaves isev veberis naazrevidan iRebs. veberi sagangebod aanalizebs
aRniSnul problemas da daaskvnis, rom moqmedeba mxolod maSin xdeba
socialuri, rodesac igi, subieqturi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare,
“Seefardeba sxva adamianis (adamianebis) moqmedebas da orientirdeba
masze”.17 maSasadame, moqmedebis socialurobisTvis aucilebelia sxvaze
orientacia, Tumca, ara nebismieri, aramed cnobieri (sazrisis mqone)
orientacia.

sxvaze mimarTuli yvela moqmedeba rodia sazrisis matarebeli da,

Sesabamisad, socialuri xasiaTis. veberi aanalizebs sazRvriT situaciebs,
rodesac moqmedebis sxvaze orientacia ar aris sakmarisi misi socialurad
CaTvlisTvis:

• garegani moqmedeba, romelic orientirebulia fizikur nivTze

(materialur saganze) ar aris socialuri moqmedebis identuri;
• socialuri moqmedebis identuri ar aris arc Sinagani moqmedeba,
romelic sakuTar Tavze orientirdeba (mag., rodesac individi
loculobs martoobaSi, an rodesac is misdevs meurneobas mxolod
sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis, es araa socialuri xasiaTis);
• ori adamianis iseTi urTierTqmedeba, romelic atarebs wminda
reaqtiul, maSinalur xasiaTs, aseve ar CaiTvleba socialurad (mag.,
ori velosipedistis SemTxveviTi Sejaxeba ar scildeba bunebrivi
movlenis farglebs. magram Tu Sejaxebas aqvs mizanimarTuli xasiaTi,
an Tu individebi mizanmimarTulad cdiloben aicilon Sejaxeba da
misgan gamowveuli yvela uaryofiTi Sedegi, maSin es ukve
socialuria);
• adamianTa erTgvarovani moqmedeba ar aris socialuri moqmedebis
identuri (Tu, magaliTad, individebi wvimis dros qolgebs Slian, es
mxolod reaqciaa gare gamRizianebelze da ara orientacia
erTmaneTis moqmedebaze; Tumca, Tu individi Segnebulad Slis
qolgas imisaTvis, rom partniori daicvas wvimisagan, aseTi moqmedeba
ukve socialuri xasiaTs atarebs).
• socialuri ar aris arc iseTi moqmedeba, romelic ganpirobebulia
individis masaSi arsebobiT, anu masobriobis zegavleniT. masaSi
arseboba (masis wevrad yofna) SesaZlebelia rogorc uSualod, ise

17
Вебер, М. (1990): Основные Социологические Понятия, в книге: М. Вебер, Избранные Произведения.
Москва, Прогрес; стр. 603.

17
 gaSualebulad (mag., teleauditoriis wevrad yofna). saqme isaa, rom
masaSi, marTalia, xdeba sxvaze orientacia, magram amas ara aqvs
sazrisiseuli xasiaTi, anu amgvari orientacia yvelaze naklebadaa
individis Tavisufali da cnobieri arCevaniT dadasturebuli. masaSi
individi kargavs pirovnulobas, igi iTqvifeba masSi da xdeba iseTi
rogorc yvela danarCeni. masaSi moqmedi “kanoni” aiZulebs individs
iqces upirobod morCil arsebad. es ki mis moqmedebas arTmevs
socialurobas. amave tipisaa, magaliTad, mibaZvis is SemTxvevebi,
rodesac mibaZvis procesi ar atarebs gacnobierebul da ganzraxul
xasiaTs da wmindad reaqtiulad xorcieldeba. aseTi mibaZva ar
SeiZleba iyos socialuri moqmedebis identuri.

sxva adamianis qcevaze orientacia, veberis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba atarebdes

racionalur da emociur sazrisebs. Tu racionaluri sazrisis mqone
moqmedeba yvela SesaZlo Sedegs iTvaliswinebs, maSin saqme gvaqvs mizan-
racionalur moqmedebasTan. xolo, Tu moqmedebis racionaluri mizania
Rirebulebis realizacia (damatebiTi Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe),
maSin saxezea RirebulebiT-racionaluri moqmedeba. sxva mxriv, Tu sxvaze
mimarTuli qceva emociuri mniSvnelobiTaa datvirTuli, maSin laparakia
afeqtur moqmedebaze. Tumca, rogorc aRiniSna, afeqturi moqmedeba
socialurobis zRvarze imyofeba, ramdenadac SeiZleba gasazrisianebuli
moqmedebis farglebs gascdes.18

veberis Tvalsazriss inarCunebs sociologiis leqsikonSi mocemuli

ganmartebac, romlis Tanaxmad, socialur moqmedebis arsebobas
ganapirobebs sxvaTa arseboba, igi Tavis TavSi moicavs sxvaTa qcevis
gagebas da interpretacias. amrigad, socialuri moqmedeba, pirdapir Tu
arapirdapir, Seicavs interaqcias. pirdapiri (uSualo) formis magaliTad
SeiZleba davasaxeloT saubari sxvasTan. arapirdapi socialuri moqmedebis
magaliTia igive sityvebis werilis saxiT dawera, raTa igi Semdeg sxvam
waikiTxos. amrigad, aRniSnuli ganmartebac moqmedebis socialurobis
kriteriumad miiCnevs “sxvaze orientacias”, Tanac, “gagebasa da
interpretaciaze dafuZnebuls”. 19

18
veberis socialuri moqmedebis tipebis Sesaxeb ufro detalurad ixileT me-4 Tavis $1-Si.
19
Lawson, T. and Garrod, J. (1996): The complete A-Z Sociology Handbook. Hodder & Stoughton; p. 252.

18
$5.დევიაცია (ანომია)20

5.1. deviaciis (anomiis) definicia

deviaciis problemis mimarT socialuri Teoriis fundamenturi interesis

specifika isaa, rom is cdilobs ganaxorcielos deviaciis sociologiuri
analizi da ar Caanacvlos igi fsiqologiuri an biologiuri
interpretaciiT. es niSnavs, rom socialuri Teoria fokusirdeba deviaciis
socialuri safuZvlebis kvlevaze. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc aseTi kvleva
ganaxorciela emil diurkemia. mniSvnelovani wvlili deviaciis problemis
sociologiur analizSi r. mertons21 miuZRvis.

rogorc mertoni aRniSnavs, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda tendencia,

rom negatiuri procesebi sazogadoebaSi aexsnaT arasakmarisi socialuri
kontroliT adamianis Zlier biologiur impulsebze. am Tvalsazrisis
Tanaxmad, dasawyisSi arseboben adamianis biologiuri impulsebi,
romlebic sruli gamoxatvisken iswrafvian. Semdeg Cndeba socialuri wesi
am impulsebis marTvis aparatis saxiT, raTa gaauvnebelyos socialuri
daZabulobebi. mertons arc deviaciis fsiqologiuri analizi
akmayofilebs, romlis Tanaxmadac devianturi qcevis safuZveli fsiqikuri
anomaliaa. gadaxriTi qcevis zogierTi forma fsiqologiurad iseTive
normaluria, rogorc regulaciebis Sesabamisi qcevis formebi.

deviaciis biologiuri an fsiqologiuri axsna veranairad ver auqmebs

kiTxvas: ratomaa sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gadaxriTi qcevis sixSire da
forma gansxvavebuli? am kiTxvaze pasuxi sociologiuri aspeqtebis
Semotanas moiTxovs. mTavari amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, raTa gavigoT, Tu
rogor ubiZgebs socialuri struqtura sazogadoebis zogierT wevrs
regulaciebis Seusabamo qcevisken.

socialuri da kulturuli struqturebis mraval elements Soris mertoni

gamoyofs or – gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan - elements. isini gansxvavdebian
analitikurad, Tumca, mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli konkretul
situaciebSi. pirveli elementia gansazRvruli kulturuli miznebi –
rogorc kanonieri miznebi mTeli sazogadoebisTvis, an misi calkeuli
fenisTvis. amdenad, arsebobs swrafva maT misaRwevad.22 kulturuli

20 deviaciis cnebis analizi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba robert mertonis Sromas: “socialuri

Teoria da socialuri struqtura”. ix. Merton, Robert (1968): Social Theory and Social Structure. New
York: Free Press.
aseTi arCevani ganapiroba iman, rom mertonis koncefcia garkveulwilad inaxavs da
aviTarebs am cnebis analizis garSemo socialur TeoriaSi arsebul gamocdilebas (aq,
pirvel rigSi, igulisxmeba emil diurkemis mier anomiis analizi).
21
Мертон, Р., Социальная структура и аномия. Соц. исс., 1992, №2,3,4.
22 rogorc mertoni wers, amerikul kulturaSi, magaliTad, damkvidrebulia fuladi
warmatebis miRwevis mizani. fuli es aris maRali mdgomareobis, prestiJis simbolo.

19
struqturis meore elementia kulturaSi aqcentirebuli miznebis miRwevis
socialurad misaRebi, anu instituciuri normebi.

sazogadoebis aRniSnuli ori elementis urTierTmimarTebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

mertoni iZleva deviaciis (gadaxriTi qcevis) ganmartebas:

“გადახრითი ქცევა, სოციოლოგიური თვალსაზრისით, შეიძლება განხილულ იქნეს როგორც

უთანხმოება კულტურით განსაზღვრულ მიზნებსა და მათი რეალიზაციის სოციალურად
დაშვებულ, ინსტიტუციურ საშუალებებს შორის”.23

arc erTi sazogadoeba ar arsebobs misi wevrebis qcevebis maregulirebeli

normebis gareSe. Tumca, sazogadoebebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba am normebis
(institucionaluri wesebis) gaTvaliswinebis xarisxis mixedviT. rodesac
sustdeba qcevis instituciuri xerxebi, sazogadoeba xdeba arastabiluri,
daSlili, uunaro moaxdinos urTierTobaTa regulacia. masSi viTardeba
movlena, romelsac diurkemma “anomia” (anu “unormoba”) uwoda.

SeiZleba moviyvanoT trivialuri magaliTi _ anomia sportul

SejibrebebSi, rodesac gamarjvebisken svlis gzebi ar aris instutuciurad
ganmtkicebuli da warmateba ganixileba rogorc mogeba TamaSSi, vidre
“mogeba TamaSis wesebis mixedviT”. am SemTxvevaSi gamarjvebas aRweven
arakanonieri, Tumca, teqnikurad efeqturi saSualebebis (mag., dopingis)
gamoyenebiT. miznis aqcentirebis Sedegad, mkveTrad mcirdeba SejibrebaSi
ubralo monawileobiT miRebuli siamovneba. sportuli konkurencia mikro
ilustraciaa socialuri makrokosmosis. miznis gandideba warmoSobs
demoralizacias, e.i. saSualebaTa deinstitucionalizacias. am ukanasknels
adgili aqvs nebismier jgufSi, sadac socialuri struqturis ori
komponentis (miznisa da instituciuri normebis) integracia ar aris
maRali.

“fuladi warmatebis” xarisxi ganusazRvrelia (“amerikelebs surT qondeT Tundac 25%-iT

meti, vidre maT aqvT”). ojaxi, skola da samsaxuri – pirovnebis struqturis da amerikelTa
miznebis formirebis ZiriTadi faqtorebi – uzrunvelyofen intensiur aRmzrdelobiT
zemoqmedebas am TvalsazrisiT. skola warmoadgens gabatonebuli Rirebulebebis
gadacemis oficialur saSualebas. igi iyenebs didi raodenobiT saxelmZRvaneloebs,
romlebic Riad amtkiceben, rom “ganaTlebas mivyavarT inteligenturobasTan - maSasadame,
karg samuSaosTan da fulad warmatebasTan.” amrigad, amerikul kulturaSi miRebulia
Semdegi sami aqsioma: 1. yvelam unda ibrZolos maRali miznebis misaRwevad; 2. dRevandeli
warumatebloba sxva araferia, Tu ara Sualeduri punqti sruli warmatebis gzaze; 3.
namdvili warumatebloba mdgomareobs mxolod pretenziaTa SemcirebaSi, anda maTze uaris
TqmaSi.
23
Мертон, Р., Социальная структура и аномия. Соц. исс., 1992, №2, стр. 120.

20
5.2. sazogadoebaSi individTa Seguebis tipebi

kulturuli miznebi da instituciuri normebi, romlebic erToblivad

qmnian qcevis gabatonebul formebs, ar arian erTmaneTTan ucvlel
urTierTobebSi. gansazRvruli miznebis kulturuli aqcentireba icvleba
instituciur saSualebaTa aqcentirebis xarisxisagan damoukideblad.
miznebisa da saSualebebis gansxvavebuli “kombinacia” sazogadoebaSi
individTa Seguebis sxvadasxva tips qmnis. mertoni gamoyofs sazogadoebaSi
individebis Seguebis xuT tips, romelic sqematurad warmodgenilia
cxrilSi (ix. cxrili):
Seguebis formebi kulturiT gansazRvruli instituciuri saSualebebi
miznebi
1, konformuloba + +
2. inovacia + -
3. ritualizmi - +
4.retritizmi - -
5. amboxi +_ +_
SeniSvna: “+” niSnavs miRebas (gaziarebas), “_” uaryofas, xolo “+ _” gabatonebuli
miznebis/instituciuri normebis uaryofas da maT Secvlas axliT.

ganvixiloT Seguebis TiToeuli tipi cal-calke:

1. konformuloba: rac ufro didia sazogadoebis stabilurobis xarisxi,

miT ufro farTod aris gavrcelebuli Seguebis es tipi – Sesabamisoba
rogorc kulturul miznebTan, aseve instituciur saSualebebTan. sxvagvarad
SeuZlebeli iqneboda sazogadoebis stabilurobis da memkvidreobiTobis
SenarCuneba. socialuri wesrigi efuZneba sazogadoebis wevrTa sasurvel
qcevas, romelic Seesabameba kulturis nimuSebs. swored ZiriTad kulturul
Rirebulebebze qcevis sayovelTao orientaciis Sedegad SeiZleba laparaki
adamianTa erTobaze, rogorc sazogadoebaze.

2. inovacia: Seguebis am formas iwvevs kulturuli miznebis mniSvnelovani

aqcentireba da instituciurad akrZaluli, Tumca, teqnikurad efeqturi
saSualebebis gamoyeneba maT misaRwevad. aseTi reaqcia warmoiSoba maSin,
rodesac individma moaxdina miznis aqcentirebasTan asimilacia im
instituciuri normebis tolZalovani aTvisebis gareSe, romlebic
aregulireben am miznis miRwevis gzebs. am hipoTeturad polarul
SemTxvevaSi, daSvebulia qcevis nebismieri xerxi, romelic gvpirdeba
aqcentirebuli miznis miRwevas. inovacia deviaciis klasikuri formaa,
romelic miuTiTebs sustad integrirebuli kulturis arsebobaze. aseT
kulturaSi, sadac Rirebulebebis sistema ganadidebs warmatebul miznebs
(romlebic saerToa mosaxleobisTvis) da, amasTan, socialuri struqtura
mkacrad zRudavs (an sruliad ketavs) misasvlels am miznebis misaRwev
daSvebul xerxebTan – es iwvevs gadaxriTi qcevis masStabebis gazrdas.

21
SedarebiT Zlieri miswrafeba gadaxriTi qcevisken aqvT dabal socialur
stratebs (fenebs). dabali socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebs kultura
uyenebs erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebel moTxovnebs. magaliTad, erTi mxriv, isini
TavianTi qcevis orientacias axdenen did simdidreze. meore mxriv ki,
mniSvnelovnad moklebulni arian SesaZleblobas miaRwion mas kanonieri
gziT. am struqturul SeuTavseblobas mivyavarT gadaxriTi qcevis maRal
xarisxTan. fulad warmatebaze kulturul aqcentirebasa da SezRudul
SesaZleblobebs Soris winaaRmdegobis msxverplni yovelTvis ver
acnobiereben TavianTi warumateblobis struqturul wyaroebs. is, vinc mis
wyaros socialur struqturaSi xedavs, SeiZleba gaucxovdes misgan. am
SemTxvevaSi, mosalodnelia, gaCndes Seguebis mexuTe forma – amboxi.
Tumca, rogorc wesi, umravlesoba Tavis problemebs xsnis ufro mistikuri,
vidre socialuri mizezebiT. kerZod, yvelaferi aixsneba “bednieri
SemTxvevis”, “gamarTlebis” faqtorebis moqmedebiT.

am Teoriuli analizis safuZvelze cdilobs mertoni axsnas danaSaulsa da siRaribes

Soris cvalebadi urTierToba. “siRaribe” ar aris izolirebuli cvladi, aramed
CarTulia urTierTdakavSirebul socialur da kulturul maCvenebelTa sistemaSi.
mxolod siRaribe da misi Tanmdevi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi ar aris sakmarisi
imisTvis, raTa danaSaulis mniSvnelovani done gamoiwvios. magram danaSaulis maRali
xarisxi Cveulebriv movlenad iqceva, rodesac siRaribe da gaWirveba sazogadoebis
wevrebis mier aRiarebuli kulturuli RirebulebebisTvis brZolaSi uerTdeba fulad
warmatebaze kulturul aqcentirebas, rogorc dominirebul mizans. mxolod cvladTa
mTeli kompleqsis (siRaribe, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi da kulturuli miznebi)
ganxilvisas iqmneba safuZveli avxsnaT siRaribesa da danaSauls Soris urTierTkavSiri
(mertons mxedvelobaSi amerikuli sazogadoeba aqvs).

3. ritualizmi: Seguebis es tipi gulisxmobs warmatebis maRali miznebis

mitovebas (an “daviwyebas”). Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturuli
moTxovna – “ecade, warmatebas miaRwio am samyaroSi” _ uariyofa,
grZeldeba instituciuri normebis TiTqmis upirobo dacva. am SemTxvevaSi,
ritualur mniSvnelobas iZens erTguleba instituciurad dawesebuli
qcevisadmi. aseT pirobebSi dabalia axali pirobebisadmi Seguebadoba.
viTardeba tradiciebze dafuZnebuli “wminda” sazogadoeba, romelsac
axasiaTebs siaxlisadmi SiSi – neofobia.

Seguebis es tipi, zogadad, ar warmoadgens socialur problemas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom ritualisturi qceva, principSi, ar CaiTvleba
gadaxriTad, igi warmoadgens kulturuli etalonisagan gadaxvevas,
romelic sazogadoebis wevrebs avaldebulebs, imoZraon socialur
ierarqiaSi win da maRla.

socialuri ritualizmis Sinagani filosofia gamoixateba kulturaSi

arsebuli Semdegi gamoTqmebiT: “me vcdilob, Tavi ar wamovyo”, “me
frTxilad vTamaSob”, “ar daisaxoT maRali miznebi – ar iqneba
imedgacruebac”. did gegmebs da pretenziebs moaqvs imedgacrueba da
safrTxe, xolo mcires – kmayofileba da simSvide. aseTi mdgomareoba

22
damaxasiaTebelia muSisTvis, romelic SeSinebuli imiT, rom samsaxuridan
daiTxoven, Tavisi Sromis mwarmoeblurobas yinavs gansazRvrul – arc
zrdad da arc klebad – doneze. es aris im individis Seguebis tipi,
romelic iswrafvis gaeqces warumateblobis risks ZiriTad kulturul
miznebze uaris Tqmis meSveobiT da im rutinuli wesrigisadmi erTgulebiT,
romlebic usafrTxoebis garantias iZleva.

mertonis mixedviT, ritualistebi upiratesad saSualo klasis

warmomadgenlebi arian. am klasisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri disciplina,
romelic amZafrebs “moraluri sasjelis” gancdas da amcirebs “inovaciis”
mosalodnelobas.

4. retritizmi: retritizmi socialuri struqturis orive elementis _

kulturuli miznebisa da instituciuri saSualebebis uaryofaa.
sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, retritistebi warmoadgenen namdvil
“ucxoebs”. isini imyofebian sazogadoebaSi, Tumca, mkacri azriT, arc
ekuTvnian mas, ramdenadac ar iziareben saerTo RirebulebiT orientaciebs,
ganudgebian realobas da iketebian TavianT Sinagan samyaroSi. moxetialeni,
mawanwalebi, gamogdebulebi, alkoholikebi da narkomanebi _ tipiuri
retritistebia, romlebmac, erTi mxriv, uari Tqves kulturis mier
dawesebul miznebze, xolo, meore mxriv, maTi qceva ar Seesabameba
instituciur normebs.

mertoni aanalizebs retritizmis socialur-struqturul wyaroebs da

askvnis, rom Seguebis es tipi warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac individi
mTlianad iTvisebs, iwonebs da maRal Sefasebas aZlevs rogorc
kulturul miznebs, aseve maTi miRwevis instituciur meTodebs, magram
misTvis xelmisawvdomi instituciuri saSualebebiT warmatebas ver aRwevs.
saxezea ormagi konfliqti: moraluri valdebuleba imisa, rom gamoyenebul
iqnes mxolod instituciuri saSualebebi ewinaaRmdegeba garegan iZulebas
– mivmarToT akrZalul, magram efeqtur saSualebebs. es konfliqti
grZeldeba manamde, vidre jer kidev ar aris uaryofili mizan-warmatebis
umaRlesi Rirebuleba. konfliqti gadaiWreba orive elementis – rogorc
miznebis, aseve saSualebebis _ ukugdebis gziT.

retritizmi Seguebis ufro individualuri tipia, vidre koleqtiuri.

5. amboxi: esaa koleqtiuri Seguebis tipi. mas adamianebi

arsebulisocialuri struqturebis sazRvrebs gareT gahyavs da ubiZgebs
maT Seqmnan axali, e.i Zalze saxeSecvlili socialuri struqtura. amboxi
gulisxmobs gabatonebuli miznebisagan da standartebisgan gaucxoebas.
isini CaTvlilia wminda TviTnebur konstruqtebad, xolo maTi pretenzia
kanonierebaze – usafuZvlod, ramdenadac rogorc miznebi, aseve
standartebi, savsebiT SesaZlebelia sxvagvari yofiliyo.

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amboxi, mertonis azriT, unda ganvasxvavoT Seguebis sxva tipisagan,
romelic garegnulad Zalze emsgavseba mas. esaa “resentimenta”
(ressentimenta). “resentimenta” warmoadgens urTierTobis tips, romelsac ar
sdevs Rirebulebebis sruli gadafaseba. Tu “amboxis” SemTxvevaSi,
sasurveli, magram miuRwevadi, arsebiTad wyvets arsebobas rogorc
Rirebuli, “resentimenta”, piriqiT, ar moiTxovs namdvil RirebulebiT
cvlilebebs. misi moTxovnebi mxolod fasadur, kvazi-transformaciebSi
gamoixateba.

mertoni analogias atarebs meliisa da yurZnis igavTan. am igavSi melia ar ambobs, rom
man saerTod dakarga tkbili yurZnis mimarT survili. is mxolod amtkicebs, rom swored
es gansakuTrebuli yurZeni ar aris tkbili. es “resentimentas” SemTxvevaa. melia –
“meamboxe” advilad ambobs uars mwife yurZnis mimarT Tavis siyvarulze. Tu
“resentimentas” SemTxvevaSi dagmobilia is, rac farulad isurveba, amboxis SemTxvevaSi.
dagmobilia survili TavisTavad.

amboxi warmoiqmneba maSin, rodesac arsebuli sistema kanonierad aRiarebul

mizanTa miRwevis gzaze dabrkolebad iqceva. amboxSi, rogorc organizebul
politikur moRvaweobaSi monawileobisTvis, aucilebelia ara mxolod
gabatonebuli socialuri struqturis erTgulebaze uaris Tqma, aramed
axali “miTis” Seqmna. miTis funqciaa miuTiTos masobrivi imedgacruebis
socialur-struqturul safuZvlebze da gamoxatos alternatiuli
struqtura, romelic aRar gamoiwvevs imedgacruebas. am TvalsazrisiT,
gasagebi xdeba konservatorebis kontrmiTis daniSnuleba. kontrmiTis
mixedviT, masobriv gulgatexilobaTa wyaro ar unda davinaxoT arsebul
sazogadoebriv wyobaSi. imedgacrueba TviTon saganTa bunebaSia da
damaxasiTebelia nebismieri socialuri sistemisTvis. amas garda,
konservatorul miTs ukmayofileba socialuri struquridan individze
gadaaqvs, rogorc uiRbloze: “yoveli adamiani sinamdvileSi iRebs imas, rac
daebedeba”.

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