April 29,2020

Earthquake Engineering by Engr. Erickneil D. Realuyo • V should not exceed

2.5𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
Sec. 208.5.2 Static Force Procedure 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝑅𝑅
Design Base Shear • V should not be less than
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.11𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
A. Standard Method
𝑪𝑪𝒗𝒗 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 • V should not be less than
𝑽𝑽 = 0.8𝑍𝑍𝑁𝑁𝑣𝑣 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
V = total design lateral force or shear at 𝑅𝑅
the base • Period of vibration
3
W = total weight (seismic dead load) of the 𝑇𝑇 = 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 𝐻𝐻 4
building • Additional lateral force at the roof deck:
T = period of vibration 𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑇𝑇 > 0.7 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
= elastic fundamental period of vibration
in second structure in the direction 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 = 0.07𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
under construction. 𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑇𝑇 ≤ 0.7 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 = 0
R = numerical coefficient representative of • Lateral force at anylevel x
the inherent over strength and global 𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = (𝑉𝑉 − 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 )
ductility capacity of lateral-force- ∑ 𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥
resisting systems. 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 = 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 − 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡
Ct = numerical coefficient Check
= 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting 𝐹𝐹1 + 𝐹𝐹2 + 𝐹𝐹3 + ⋯ 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 = 𝑉𝑉
frame
= 0.0731 for reinforced concrete B. Simplified Method
moment-resisting frame and
eccentrically braced frames 3.0𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
=0.0488 for all other buildings 𝑉𝑉 =
𝑅𝑅
Ca = seismic coefficient Applied only to:
Cv = seismic coefficient 1. Buildings of any occupancy (including single
I = importance factor family dwellings) not more than three stories
Nv = near source factor in height excluding basements that use light-
Z = seismic zone factor frame construction;
Fx = design seismic force applied to level x, 2. Other buildings not more than two stories in
respectively height excluding basements.
Ft = that portion of the base shear, V, • Lateral forces on each level
considered concentrated at the top 3.0𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝑊𝑊1
of the structure in addition to Fx 𝐹𝐹1 =
𝑅𝑅
hx = height in meter above the base to 3.0𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝑊𝑊2
level x, respectively 𝐹𝐹2 =
𝑅𝑅
Level x = that level that is under design
consideration. x = 1 designates the first Check
level above the base 𝐹𝐹1 + 𝐹𝐹2 = 𝑉𝑉
Na = near source factor used in the
determination of Ca in seismic zone 4
related to both proximity of the Section 208 Earthquake Loads
building or structure to known faults
with known magnitudes
Nv = near source factor used in the
determination of Cv in seismic zone 4
related to both proximity of the
building or structure to known faults
with known magnitudes
Earthquake Engineering
(Lateral Loads and Reinforcements)
Situation 1
A steel moment resisting frame having different loads on
each storey is be designed to have a base shear V= 3,400
kN
 1. Compute the period of vibration (sec) of the Since T > 0.7 second, therefore Ft = 0.07VT but
structure this hould be less than 0.25V.
2. Compute the lateral force (kN) acting on the roof 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 = 0.07(3,400)(0.708)
deck 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 = 168.464 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 0.25𝑉𝑉 = 850 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
3. Compute the lateral force (kN) acting on the third
floor. At third floor:
4. Compute the effective spectral acceleration ( 𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = (𝑉𝑉 − 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 )
m/s2) at the fourth floor. ∑ 𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥
5. Compute the moment (kN.m) at the base. 18,900
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥(3𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟) = (3,400 − 168.464)
65,470
Solution
𝑭𝑭𝒙𝒙(𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑) = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
1. Period of vibration 4. Effective spectral acceleration ( m/s2) at the fourth
𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 = 0.0853 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 floor.
− 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐻𝐻 = 5 + 4 + 4 + 3.8
𝐻𝐻 = 16.8 𝑚𝑚
𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥
3 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = (𝑉𝑉 − 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 )
𝑇𝑇 = 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 𝐻𝐻 4 ∑ 𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥
3
21,450
𝑇𝑇 = 0.0853(16.8)4 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥(4𝑡𝑡ℎ) = (3,400 − 168.464)
𝑻𝑻 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 65,470
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥(4𝑡𝑡ℎ) = 1,058.751 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝐹 =
𝑎𝑎
𝑊𝑊
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑎𝑎
𝑔𝑔
𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥(4𝑡𝑡ℎ)
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥(4𝑡𝑡ℎ) = 𝑎𝑎4𝑡𝑡ℎ
𝑔𝑔
1,650(103 )
1,058.751(103 ) = 𝑎𝑎4𝑡𝑡ℎ
9.81
𝑚𝑚
𝑎𝑎4𝑡𝑡ℎ = 6.295 2
2. Lateral force (kN) acting on the roof deck 𝑠𝑠

𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 = 0.07(3,400)(0.708)
𝑭𝑭𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 < 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
5. Moment at the base

Since T > 0.7 second, therefore Ft = 0.07VT but

this hould be less than 0.25V.
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 = 0.07(3,400)(0.708)
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 = 168.464 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 0.25𝑉𝑉 = 850 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥
At roof deck: 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = (𝑉𝑉 − 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 )
∑ 𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥
𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥 𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = (𝑉𝑉 − 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 ) 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = (3,400 − 168.464)
∑ 𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥 65,470
15,120
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) = (3,400 − 168.464) 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = � 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥
654,470
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) = 746.309 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑴𝑴𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑, 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌. 𝒎𝒎
𝐹𝐹(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) = 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) + 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 Situation 2
𝑭𝑭(𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹) = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 A 6-storey concrete special moment resisting frame
3. Lateral force (kN) acting on the third floor. building has the following properties:
Total weight of the building = 11,000 kN
Height of the building = 33 m
Importance factor, I =1.25
Seismic zone factor, Z =0.40
Near source factore, Nv 1.2
Seismic coefficients: 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 621.76 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 1,080.066 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Ca = 0.40 = 1,617.647 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Cv= 0.672 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻; 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Numerical coefficient of the ductility capacity of lateral
force resisting system, R = 8.5 Situation 3
The building is at a distance 15 km from the seismic source A five storey building has a moment-resisting steel frame
with an earthquake having a magnitude of 7.8 for a lateral force-resisting system. The following data are
available for the location of the building in zone 4.
6. Compute the period of vibration (sec) of the
structure
7. Compute the maximum base shear (kN) allowed
by the code.
8. Compute the design base shear (kN)

Solution

6. Period of vibration (sec) of the structure

𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 = 0.0731 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
− 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
3
𝑇𝑇 = 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 𝐻𝐻 4
3
𝑇𝑇 = 0.0731(33)4 9. Compute the period of vibration (sec) of the
𝑻𝑻 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 structure
7. Maximum base shear (kN) allowed by the code 10. Compute the design base shear (kN)
2.5𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 11. Compute the lateral force (kN) at the top.
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝑅𝑅 Solution
2.5(0.4)(1.25)(11,000)
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
8.5 9. Period of vibration (sec) of the structure
𝑽𝑽𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
8. Design base shear (kN) 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 = 0.0853 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Note: Design base shear must not be less than − 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.11𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
0.8𝑍𝑍𝑁𝑁𝑣𝑣 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐻𝐻 = 5.2 + 4 + 3.5 + 3.5 + 3.5
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝑅𝑅 𝐻𝐻 = 19.7 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.11𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.11(0.4)(1.25)(11,000) 3
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 605 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑇𝑇 = 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 𝐻𝐻 4
3
𝑇𝑇 = 0.0853(19.7)4
0.8𝑍𝑍𝑁𝑁𝑣𝑣 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑻𝑻 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 605 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑅𝑅 10. Design base shear ( kN)

0.8𝑍𝑍𝑁𝑁𝑣𝑣 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 Total weight of the building:

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝑅𝑅 W =1,800+1,600+1,600+1,600+1,000
0.8(0.4)(1.2)(1.25)(11,000)
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = W = 7,600 kN
8.5
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 621.176 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.11𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.11(0.4)(1.0)(7,600)
2.5𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 334.4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑅𝑅
2.5(0.4)(1.25)(11,000)
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.8𝑍𝑍𝑁𝑁𝑣𝑣 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
8.5 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1,617.647 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑅𝑅

0.8(0.4)(1.2)(1.0)(7,600)
Design base shear: 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 4.5
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 648.533 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
0.672(1.25)(11,000)
𝑉𝑉 = 2.5𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
8.5(1.006) 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝑉𝑉 = 1,080.066 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑅𝑅
 2.5(0.4)(1.0)(7,600) Use Simplified Method
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = Ca =0.44
4.5
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1,688.889 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 Z = 0.40
R =4.5
Design base shear:
𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 12. Design base shear (kN)
𝑉𝑉 = 3𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝑊𝑊
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑉𝑉 =
0.672(1.0)(7,600) 𝑅𝑅
𝑉𝑉 = 3(0.44)(1,600 + 1,000)
4.5(0.798 ) 𝑉𝑉 =
𝑉𝑉 = 1,422.891 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 4.5
𝑽𝑽 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
13. Lateral Force (kN) on the second level
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 648.533 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 1,422.891 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
= 1,688.889 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 3𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝑊𝑊2
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻; 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝐹𝐹2 =
𝑅𝑅
11. Lateral force (kN) at the top 3(0.44)(1,000)
𝐹𝐹2 =
4.5
𝐹𝐹2 = 293.333 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
14. Lateral force (kN) on the roof deck

3𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 𝑊𝑊𝑅𝑅
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅 =
𝑅𝑅
3(0.44)(1,600)
3 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅 =
𝑇𝑇 = 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 𝐻𝐻 4 4.5
3 𝑭𝑭𝑹𝑹 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝑇𝑇 = 0.0853(19.7)4
𝑇𝑇 = 0.798 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
SEISMIC DESIGN
Since T > 0.7 second, therefore Ft = 0.07VT but Minimum Hoop Reinforcement Requirement
this should be less than 0.25V. 0.3 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = � − 1�
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 = 0.07(1,422.891 )(0.798) 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
′
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 = 79.445 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 0.25𝑉𝑉 = 355.723𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 0.9 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ =
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ
At roof deck: 𝜋𝜋 2
𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = 𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑁
(𝑉𝑉 − 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 ) 4
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = Where
∑ 𝑊𝑊𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑥𝑥
19,700 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) = (1,422.891 − 79.445) 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
90,020
𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) = 294 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 − 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟;
𝐹𝐹(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) = 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) + 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 = 𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒.
𝑭𝑭(𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹) = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟;
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ = 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜; 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
Situation 4 ℎ𝑥𝑥 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
A two storey reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
has the following information:
Ca = 0.44 Z=0.40 R=4.5 The least among
1
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
4
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 6𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵
350 − ℎ𝑥𝑥
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑥 = 100 +
𝟑𝟑
𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵: 100 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑥 ≤ 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Use simplified Method

12. Compute the design base shear (kN)

13. Compute the lateral force (kN) on the second
level
14. Compute the lateral force (kN) on the roof deck.

Solution
 28 mm, fy = 415 MPa (main bars)

1. Spacing of lateral reinforcement for a factored

shear load of Vuy = 480 kN if the nominal shear
strength is 0.87 MPa

𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑
𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑 = 𝑊𝑊 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −
2
28
𝑑𝑑 = 500 − 40 − 12 −
2
𝑑𝑑 = 434 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑

𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 0.87(680)(434)
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 256,754.4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 256.754 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 + 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 )

480 = 0.75(256.754 + 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 )

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = 383.246 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Situation 1
A shear force is acting on the 500 mm x 680 mm cvolumn
section having 12- mm diameter transverse confining
reinforcements with clear concrete cover of 40 mm. Use
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦ℎ 𝑑𝑑
f’c = 24 MPa, fy = 415 MPa (for main bars), and fyh = 275 𝑠𝑠 =
MPa (for ties). Diameter of main bars is 28 mm. 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠
𝜋𝜋
(12)2 (4)(275)(434)
𝑠𝑠 = 4
383.246(102 )
𝑠𝑠 = 111.343 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Check

0.66�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 = 954.219 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

0.33�𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 = 477.110 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

1. Compute the requires spacing of lateral

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 < 0.66�𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑,
reinforcement for a factored shear load of Vuy =
480 kN if the nominal shear strength is 0.87 MPa 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢; 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
2. Compute the required spacing of confining hoop
reinforcement in accordance with the code for 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 < 0.33�𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑,
seismic design for shear parallel to short 𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒; 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 600 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
dimension. 2
3. Compute the required spacing of confining hoop
reinforcement in accordance with the code for 𝑑𝑑
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 600 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
seismic design for shear parallel to long 2
dimension. 434
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 600 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
Solution 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 217 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 600 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Column: L = 680 mm W= 500 mm, f’c =24 MPa
Reinforcements: 12 mm, fyth = 275 MPa (transverse bars)
 Among the three values, choose the smallest 680 = 2(40) + 2(12) + 28 + 3ℎ𝑥𝑥1
value. Therefore; s =111.343 mm ℎ𝑥𝑥1 = 182.667 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

2. Compute the required spacing of confining hoop 𝑊𝑊 = 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 2𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 + 𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵 + 3ℎ𝑥𝑥2
reinforcement in accordance with the code for 500 = 2(40) + 2(12) + 28 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑥2
seismic design for shear parallel to short ℎ𝑥𝑥2 = 184 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
dimension.
ℎ𝑥𝑥 = 184 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣)
𝜋𝜋
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = 𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 2 𝑁𝑁
4 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑥
𝜋𝜋
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = (12)2 (4) 350 − ℎ𝑥𝑥
4 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 100 +
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = 144𝜋𝜋 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 3
350 − 184
𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 100 +
𝑥𝑥 = 𝐿𝐿 − 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3
𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 155.333 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 > 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑥𝑥 = 680 − 2(40)
𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑥𝑥 = 600 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Among the five values, choose the smallest
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑊𝑊 − 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
value. Therefoore; s = 82.467 mm
𝑦𝑦 = 500 − 2(40)
𝑦𝑦 = 420 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
3. Spacing of confining hoop reinforcement in
accordance with the code for seismic design for
0.3 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 shear parallel to long dimension.
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = � − 1�
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝜋𝜋
0.3 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = 𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 2 𝑁𝑁
4
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = � − 1� 𝜋𝜋
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = (12)2 (3)
0.3 (𝑠𝑠)(600)(24) 680(500) 4
144𝜋𝜋 = � − 1� 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = 108𝜋𝜋 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
275 600(420)
𝑠𝑠 = 82.467 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
0.3 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔
0.09 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐′ 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = � − 1�
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ =
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ ′
0.3 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
0.09 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = � − 1�
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ =
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 0.3 (𝑠𝑠)(420)(24) 680(500)
0.09(𝑠𝑠)(600)(24) 108𝜋𝜋 = � − 1�
275 600(420)
144𝜋𝜋 =
275 𝑠𝑠 = 88.357 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠 = 95.933 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Check 0.09 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ =
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ
a) 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 6𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵
0.09 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 6(28) 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ =
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 168 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ
b) 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.09(𝑠𝑠)(420)(24)
108𝜋𝜋 =
275
𝑠𝑠 = 102.850 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Check
1
(𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
4 a) 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 6𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵
𝑊𝑊 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 6(28)
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
4 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 168 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
500 1
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = b) 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
4 4
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 125 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑊𝑊
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
c)
350−ℎ
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 = 100 + 3 𝑥𝑥 4
500
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁: 100 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑥 ≤ 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
4
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 125 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝐿 = 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 2𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 + 𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵 + 3ℎ𝑥𝑥1 350−ℎ
c) 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 = 100 + 3 𝑥𝑥
 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 0.17 𝜆𝜆�𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑
Among the five values, choose the smallest 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 0.17(1)√22(380)(485.5)
value. Therefoore; s = 88.357 mm
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 147,106.917 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Situation 2 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 147.107 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
A shear force acting along the longer side of the 550 mm
x 380 mm column. Use f’c = 22 MPa, fy= 42 MPa (for both 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠 =
longitudinal and confining reinforcements). Clear cover is 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠
40 mm. Diameter of longitudinal bars is 25 mm. Diameter 𝜋𝜋
(12)2 (3)(420)(485.5)
of the confining reinforcements is 12 mm. 210 = 4
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = 329,452.538 𝑁𝑁
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = 329.453 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 + 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 )

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 0.75(147.107 + 329.453)

𝑽𝑽𝒖𝒖 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
6. If the factored shear force Vu is 400 kN Spacing
4. Compute the factored shear force Vu that the
of transverse reinforcement in accordance with
column can resist if the nominal shear strength
the provisions for seismic design if the factored
provided by the ties is 360 kN.
shear force Vu is 400 kN.
5. Compute the factored shear force Vu that the
column can resist if the ties are spaced at 210 mm 𝜋𝜋 2
on center. 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = 𝑑𝑑 𝑁𝑁
4 𝑠𝑠
6. If the factored shear force Vu is 400 kN, compute 𝜋𝜋
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = (12)2 (3)
the required spacing of transverse reinforcement 4

in accordance with the provisions for seismic 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = 108𝜋𝜋 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

design.
𝑥𝑥 = 𝐿𝐿 − 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Solution 𝑥𝑥 = 550 − 2(40)
Column: L = 550 mm W= 380 mm, f’c =22 MPa 𝑥𝑥 = 470 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Reinforcements: 12 mm, fyth = 420 MPa (transverse bars)
25 mm, fy = 420 MPa (main bars) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑊𝑊 − 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑦𝑦 = 380 − 2(40)
4. Factored shear force Vu that the column can
𝑦𝑦 = 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
resist if the nominal shear strength provided by
the ties is 360 kN.
0.3 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔
𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = � − 1�
𝐵𝐵 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
𝑑𝑑 = 𝐿𝐿 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −
2 0.3 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
25 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = � − 1�
𝑑𝑑 = 550 − 40 − 12 − 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2
0.3 (𝑠𝑠)(300)(22) 550(380)
108𝜋𝜋 = � − 1�
𝑑𝑑 = 485.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 420 470(300)
𝑠𝑠 = 149.23 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 0.17 𝜆𝜆�𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑
0.09 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 0.17(1)√22(380)(485.5) 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ =
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 147,106.917 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
0.09 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 147.107 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ =
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 + 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 ) 0.09(𝑠𝑠)(300)(22)
108𝜋𝜋 =
275
𝑠𝑠 = 239.903 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 0.75(147.107 + 360)
Check
𝑽𝑽𝒖𝒖 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
a) 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 6𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵
5. Factored shear force Vu that the column can 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 6(25)
resist if the ties are spaced at 210 mm on center. 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
 1 Note: The column is critical when the shear force
b) 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
4
𝑊𝑊 is parallel to x—axis.
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
4
380 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 𝑑𝑑
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑠𝑠 =
4 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 95 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝜋𝜋
(12)2 (3)(280)(387)
350−ℎ 100 = 4
c) 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 = 100 + 3 𝑥𝑥 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁: 100 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑥 ≤ 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = 367,656.818 𝑁𝑁
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = 367.657 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
There is no case that smax =sx will be lesser than
100 mm. Therefore; the smallest spacing is s = 95 𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑢
mm 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 0.17 𝜆𝜆�𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 �1 + �
14𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔
Situation 3
The short tied column shown is subjected to a factored 3,000(103 )
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 0.17(1)√27(450)(387) �1 + �
axial load Pu= 3,000 kN 14(450)2
Cross section, W x L = 450 mm x 450 mm 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 316,622.723 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Main reinforcement, Asl = 10 -28 mm ø 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 316.623 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Confining ties, Ash = 27 MPa
Main bars, fyl =420MPa 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 + 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 )
Confining ties, fyv =280 MPa
Clear concrete cover =40 mm 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 0.75(316.623 + 367.657)
𝑽𝑽𝒖𝒖 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
8. Spacing on the center of the confining ties or
hoop reinforcement based on the code
prescribed minimum area requirement for shear
along the y – axis, Vuy.

𝜋𝜋 2
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = 𝑑𝑑 𝑁𝑁
4 𝑠𝑠
𝜋𝜋
7. Nominal shear strength (kN) of the column if the 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = (12)2 (4)
4
ties are spaced at 100 mm on center. 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = 144𝜋𝜋 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
8. Spacing on the center of the confining ties or
hoop reinforcement based on the code Minimum area requirement:
prescribed minimum area requirement for shear
0.3 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔
along the y – axis, Vuy. 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = � − 1�
9. Spacing on the center of the confining ties or 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
hoop reinforcement based on the code 0.3 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵2
′
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = � 2 − 1�
prescribed minimum area requirement for shear 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 𝑧𝑧
along the x – axis, Vux. 0.3 (𝑠𝑠)(370)(27) (450)2
144𝜋𝜋 = � − 1�
280 (370)2
Solution
𝑠𝑠 = 88.203 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
7. Nominal shear strength (kN) of the column if the
ties are spaced at 100 mm on center. 0.09 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ =
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ
For any orientation of shear force 0.09 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ =
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ
𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 = 𝐵𝐵 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝐵𝐵 0.09(𝑠𝑠)(370)(27)
2 144𝜋𝜋 =
22 280
𝑑𝑑 = 450 − 40 − 12 − 𝑠𝑠 = 140.884 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
𝑑𝑑 = 387 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 Choose the smaller value. Therefore; s = 88.203
mm
𝑧𝑧 = 𝐵𝐵 − 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 9. Spacing on the center of the confining ties or
𝑧𝑧 = 450 − 2(40) hoop reinforcement based on the code
𝑧𝑧 = 370 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 prescribed minimum area requirement for shear
along the x – axis, Vux.
 𝜋𝜋 2 0.02𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = 𝑑𝑑 𝑁𝑁 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 =
4 𝑠𝑠
𝜋𝜋 �𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = (12)2 (3) 𝜋𝜋
4
0.02 �4 (22)2 � (413)
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = 108𝜋𝜋 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 =
√24
Minimum area requirement: 𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

0.3 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 3. Solve the maximum diameter that can be used if
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = � − 1�
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 the required development length is shorter than
0.3 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵2
′ the space available for development.
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = � 2 − 1�
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 𝑧𝑧
0.3 𝑠𝑠 370)(27) (450)2
( )( 0.02𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
108𝜋𝜋 = � − 1� 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 =
280 (370)2 �𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑠 = 66.152 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝜋𝜋
0.02 �4 (𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵 )2 � (413)
1350 =
′ √24
0.09 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ = 𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵 = 31.929 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦ℎ 𝒅𝒅𝑩𝑩 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
0.09(𝑠𝑠)(370)(27) 4. Given:
108𝜋𝜋 =
280 Bar Diameter. dB= 20 mm
𝑠𝑠 = 105.663 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 Raidus of Bend, r = 4dB
Choose the smaller value. Therefore; s = 66.152 Straight Extension, Lext =4dB but not less 65 mm
mm Concrete Compressive Strength, f’c =34.5 MPa
Reinforcing Steel Yield Strength, fy = 413 MPa
Situation 1 Clear Concrete Cover, cc = 65 mm
A 3.3 – m wide wall footing supports a 400 mm wall. It is Length, L=2m
reinforced with 22 mm diameter bars with concrete
coverf of 100 mm. Strengths are f’c = 24 MPa and fy= 413
MPa. NSCP 2001

1. Solve the available space for development length.

2. Solve the development length required by the Development length:
code a) 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 =
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵 413(20)
= 4.17 = 337.235 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
3. Solve the maximum diameter that can be used if 4.17 �𝑓𝑓′ 𝑐𝑐 √34.5

the required development length is shorter than b) 8𝑑𝑑𝐵𝐵 = 8(20) = 160 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
the space available for development. c) 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Straight extension
Solution 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 4𝑑𝑑𝑏𝑏
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 4(20)
1. Solve the available space for development length. 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 80 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 > 65 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝐵 = 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 2𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 + 𝑧𝑧 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 80 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
3,300 = 2(100) + 2𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 + 400 𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 = 𝐿𝐿 − 𝑐𝑐 + Ψ𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 + 2𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 = 𝐿𝐿 − 𝑐𝑐 + Ψ𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 + 2𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 2𝜋𝜋(4𝑑𝑑𝑏𝑏 )
2. Solve the development length required by the 𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 = 2,000 − 65 + 0.8(337.236) + 2(80)
code + 2𝜋𝜋(80)
0.02𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 = 2,867.444 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 = (𝑑𝑑𝑏𝑏 = 32 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
�𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 Choose the largest value, thus; Ld = 337.236 mm
25𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 = (𝑑𝑑𝑏𝑏 = 36 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
�𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐