MLL – Minimum Learning Level

Computer Networks – 10
1+1+2+2+4

Switching Techniques
1. Circuit Switching
2. Message Switching
3. Packet Switching

Networking Terms

ARPANET, NSFNET, MAC address, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, WAP. SMTP, POP, WLL,
VoIP, WWW

Devices

NIC / NIU card → Network Interface Card / Network Interface Unit

Hub / Switch → connect nodes
Repeater → TP → 100m, coaxial → 500m
Router → used to connect dissimilar networks
Modem → used to connect a network with analog signal
Bridge → used to connect similar networks
Gateway →

Medium / Transmission media / Communication Channel

Guided (wired) → coaxial cable (TV) / Twisted Pair Cable (Ethernet Cable) → telephone /
data networks / Fibre Optics Cable → data Networks
Unguided (wireless) → infrared, radio, microwaves, satellite

Prototype / Design / Architecture / Layout / Topology

1. Bus → short cable length
2. Star → connectivity with central node
3. Ring →
Bus Topology
Advantages →
1. Small cable length
2. Easy to expand / Easy Architecture

Disadvantages →
1. Complex Error detection and correction
2. Failure of a node fails entire network

Star Topology
Advantage
 1. Easy error detection and correction
2. Failure of a node doesnot affect the entire network

Disadvantages
1. Maximum Wire length
2. Not easy to expand / Complex Architecture
3. Failure of central node fails the entire network

Type of Networks

PAN LAN MAN WAN

Personal Area Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Wide Area Network
Network Network
< 10 meter 1 KM area 25 – 30 KM 100 km onwards
Room / Rooms, Within a city/ States/ countries/
Building / Campus adjoining cities continents
Personal devices – 1 Single owner / Municipality Country
single owner company ownership
Bluetooth / IR Ethernet cable Broadband / fibre Satellite
(twisted pair cable) optics / wi-max/ communication
radio waves /
microwave

Protocol Rules of communication

1. TCP/IP → Transmission Control Protocol (physical connection and data transmission)

/ Internet Protocol (Addressing)
2. FTP → File Transfer Protocol – uploading and downloading files
3. SMTP → Simple Mail Transmission Protocol → To send the mail
4. POP3 → Post Office Protocol → Receiving the emails
5. WAP → Wireless Application Protocol → Mobile Application
6. VoIP → Voice Over Internet Protocol → Chat, video conferencing
7. HTTP/S → Hyper Text Transmission Protocol / Secured → www (browsing) protocol
used by the browser

www → World Wide Web

HTML / XML → Hyper Text Markup Language / eXtensible Markup Language

Static website Dynamic website

HTML XML

Client Script → vbscript, javascript, html

Server Script → ASP (Active Server Pages), JSP (Java Server Pages), PHP, Ruby,
Python
Web Server
Web Site
Web Page
Domain Name
Domain
Subdomain

https://www.cbse.nic.in/home.aspx
https://www.afsbamrauli.kvs.ac.in/index.html

URL → Uniform Resource Locator

https → protocol
www → service
web / epay / eremit / ww2

afsbamrauli → name of folders on a domain / sub domain

cbse

domain name → www.cbse.nic.in

domain .in / .com /.edu/.net/.org/.mil/.gov
.gov.in / .co.in / .ac.in/

1. Location of server → no. of computers max

2. Layout (topology) → wire length / connectivity with server
Bus → Length of Wire based
Star → Server Based
3. Position of Hub / Switch → in blocks where no. of computer is more than one
4. Position of Modem (Analog) / Router (Digital) → at server
5. Type of wire → twisted pair cable (ethernet cable) / fibre optics (distance)
6. Placement of repeater → wire length more than 100 ( > 90)
7. Wireless network → room (infra red) / cities (microwave) / uneven geographical
terrain (radiowaves) / continent – country (satellite) / existing network on long
distance (broadband)
8. Threats → hardware / software → Firewall
9. Security → anti virus / firewall / strong password / os security
10.Types of Network → PAN (one Room – 10 m), LAN (Campus – 1 KM), MAN
(City – 25 km), WAN (above 100 KM countries / states)
11.Protocol→Internet TCP/IP, Mail (send → SMTP / Receive – POP3), Video / Audio
→ VoIP, Wireless Application → WAP, File Transfer → FTP, Web Page Access →
HTTP/S
12.Apps → Cisco WebEx, Google Meet, Microsoft Team, Zoom, Skype, Team viewer
13.Threats → virus / worm / trojan (DoS) / malware / ransomware / spyware / adware