Fbrb LL
8) ²Sbiríh
²Sbiríh dxp`
dxp`lohr
lohr mdi
mdilhat
lhatd
d ua dndmp`b ob
obmb
mb sd fbrmu`h ua
prbk`dmh id `h ruth obrth da tìrmlabs id fuaolÿa bkndtlvb y
rdstrloolbads2
Ta prbk`dmh id ruth mès obrth tldad d` bkndtlvb id idtdrmlahr `h ruth b
trhydotbrlh mès obrth datrd ibs abibs y uah rdi. @h fuaolÿa bkndtlvb kusoh
mlalmlzhr `hs ilsthaolhs, sd tldad qud obaslidrhr qud da h`euabs prbk`dmhs
datrd ibs abibs dxlstda ibk`d víh, `b qud ordh ua ibk`d hrob. Srdsdath
ouhtrb tlpbs id rdstrloolbads> @h id brleda, qud `h sumh id tbib `b qud sh`d
id ì` ds leuh` h 8: `h id abib, qud ds `h sumh id tbib `b qud sh`d mdabs tbib
`b qud datrh ds leuh` h 3: `h id idstlab, qud ds `h sumh id tbib `b qud datrh
leuh` h 8 y flah`mdatd `h rdstrloolÿa id ab adehtlvlihi.
Dndmp`b>
Daoudatrd `h ruth mès obrth idsid d` abib 8 h` 5 da `h rdi mbstrhih.

S`hatdhmldatb>
_dh>
W8 = Id abib 8 h abib ;
W; = Id abib 8 h abib ?
W? = Id abib 8 h abib 9
W9 = Id abib ; h abib ?
W4 = Id abib ; h abib 4
W6 = Id abib ? h abib ;
W5 = Id abib ? h abib 4
W7 = Id abib 9 h abib 6
W< = Id abib 4 h abib ;
W83 = Id abib 4 h abib ?
W88 = Id abib 4 h abib 6
W8; = Id abib 4 h abib 5
W8? = Id abib 6 h abib 4
W89 = Id abib 6 h abib 5
 

Mla 5W8 + <W; + 87W? + ?W9 + 4W4 + ?W6 + 9W5 + ?W7 + 4W< + 9W83 + ;W88
+ 6W8; + ;W8? + ?W89
s.h.
W8 + W; + W? = 8 Brleda
W9 + W4 ‟ W8 ‟ W6 ‟ W< = 3 Abib ;
W6 + W5 ‟ W; ‟ W9 ‟ W83 = 3 Abib ?
W7 ‟ W? = 3 Abib 9
W< + W83 + W88 + W8; ‟ W4 ‟ W5 ‟ W8? = 3 Abib 4
W8? + W89 ‟ W7 ‟ W88 = 3 Abib 6
W8; + W89 = 8 Idstlab
W8: W;: W?: W9: W4: W6: W5: W7: W<: W83: W88: W8;: W8?: W89 ≤ 3 Ab adehtlvlihi
_b`uolÿa>
 

@h ruth mès obrth ds idsid d` abib 8 phsh h` abib ; oba uah ilsthaolh id 5, id`
abib ; phsh h` abib 4 oba uah ilsthaolh id 4, id` abib 4 phsh h` abib 6 oba uah
ilsthaolh id ; y flah`mdatd id` abib 6 phsh h` abib 5 oba uah ilsthaolh id ?. @h
ilsthaolh tbth` id `h sb`uolÿa ÿptlmh ds id 85.

;) ²Sbiríh
²Sbiríh rdpr
rdprdsdat
dsdathr
hr mdilh
mdilhatd
atd ua dndm
dndmp`b
p`b uah rdi ua prb
prbk`dmh
k`dmh id
f`unb mèxlmb2

Ta prbk`dmh
datrhr b sh`lriddaf`unb mèxlmbihib.
ua pdrlbib tldadYldad
d` bkndtlvb
9 tlpbsididmhxlmlzhr d` f`unb
rdstrloolbads> qud pudid
`h prlmdrh ds
sbkrd d` abib id lalolb b id phrtlih, tbib `b qud sh`d id ì` mdabs `b qud datrh idkd
sdr leuh` h 3: `h sdeuaih ds sbkrd `bs abibs id trhaskbrib, tbib `b qud sh`d id ohih
ab
abib
ib ididkd
kd sd
sdrr leuh
leuh`` h `b qud
qud datr
datrh:
h: `h tdro
tdrodr
drhh sb
sbaa `hs
`hs rdst
rdstrl
rloo
oolb
lbad
adss id `hs
`hs
ohpholihids id ohih hrob: y `h þ`tlmh rdstrloolÿa ds id ab adehtlvlihi.
Dndmp`b>
D` slstdmh id ohrrdtdrhs id abrtd h sur qud phsh pbr H`khay, Audvh \brj, oudath
oba dspholb phrh `hs ohpholihids mbstrhihs.

Obmb sd pudid hprdolhr, sd lalolh da `h datrh id H`khay Abrtd (abib 8) y d` f`unb

flah`lzh da `h sh`lih H`khay _ur (abib 6), `hs ohpholihids vhríha id houdrib da ohih
hrob, sd kusoh mhxlmlzhr d` f`unb id vdgíou`bs pbr gbrh.
S`hatdhmldatb>
_dh>
 

W8 = Id abib 8 h abib ;
W; = Id abib 8 h abib ?
W? = Id abib 8 h abib 9
W9 = Id abib ; h abib 9
W4 = Id abib ; h abib 4
W6 = Id abib ? h abib 9
W5 = Id abib ? h abib 6
W7 = Id abib 9 h abib ;
W< = Id abib 9 h abib ?
W83 = Id abib 9 h abib 4
W88 = Id abib 9 h abib 6
W8; = Id abib 4 h abib 9
W8? = Id abib 4 h abib 6
W89 = Id abib 6 h abib 8
Mhx W89
s.h.

W8 + W; + W? -W89 = 3 Brleda
W9 + W4 ‟ W8 ‟ W7 = 3 Abib ;
W6 + W5 ‟ W; ‟ W< = 3 Abib ?
W7 +W< +W83 + W88 ‟ W? ‟ W9 ‟ W6 ‟ W8; = 3 Abib 9
W8; + W8? ‟ W4 ‟ W83 = 3 Abib 4
W89 ‟ W5 ‟ W88 ‟ W8? = 3 Idstlab
[dstrloolbads id `ímltds id `bs hrobs>
W8 ≩ ; W; ≩ 6 W? ≩ ? W9 ≩ 8 W4 ≩ 9
W6 ≩ ? W5 ≩ ; W7 ≩ 8 W< ≩ ? W83 ≩ 8
W88 ≩ ? W8; ≩ 8 W8? ≩ 6
W8: W;: W?: W9: W4: W6: W5: W7: W<: W83: W88: W8;: W8?: W89 ≤ 3 Ab adehtlvlihi
_b`uolÿa>
 

Yrhasltha ;333 vdgíou`bs pbr gbrh datrd H`khay Abrtd y d` abib ;: 9333 vdgíou`bs
pbr gbrh datrd H`khay Abrtd y d` abib ?, ?333 vdgíou`bs pbr gbrh datrd H`khay
Abrtd y d` abib 9: ?333 vdgíou`bs pbr gbrh datrd `bs abibs ; y 4: ;333 vdgíou`bs
pbr gbrh datrd `bs abibs ? y 9: ;333 vdgíou`bs pbr gbrh datrd `bs abibs ? y H`khay
_ur: 8333 vdgíou`bs pbr gbrh datrd `bs abibs 9 y ;: 8333 vdgíou`bs pbr gbrh datrd
`bs abibs 9 y 4: ?333 vdgíou`bs pbr gbrh datrd `bs abibs 9 y H`khay _ur y 9333
vdgíou`bs pbr gbrh datrd `bs abibs 4 y H`khay _ur. D` f`unb mèxlmb id `h sb`uolÿa
ÿptlmh ds id < 333 vdgíou`bs pbr gbrh.

?) ²Sbiríh
²Sbiríh dxp`
dxp`lohr
lohr mdi
mdilhat
lhatd
d ua dndmp`b qu
qud
d rdsud`vd
rdsud`vd d` prbk`dm
prbk`dmh
h id
prbiuoolÿa d lavdathrlbs da tìrmlabs id uah fuaolÿa bkndtlvb y `hs
rdstrloolbads da su dndmp`b2
_d pupudi
didd ut
utl`
l`lz
lzhr
hr ua pr
prbk
bk`d
`dmh
mh id tr trha
hask
skbr
brib
ib ph
phrh
rh rdsb
rdsb`v
`vdr
dr pr
prbk
bk`d
`dmh
mhss id
prbiuoolÿa d lavdathrlb. @h fuaolÿa bkndtlvb id dstd tlpb id prbk`dmhs kusoh
mlalmlzhr `bs obstbs id prbiuoolÿa d lavdathrlbs. Yldad ? tlpbs id rdstrloolbads, d`
prlmdr tlpb ds `h ohpholihi id prbiuoolÿa (≩), d` sdeuaib tlpb ds `h ilfdrdaolh datrd
`h prbiuoolÿa y d` lavdathrlb idkd sdr leuh` h `h idmhaih, y d` tdrodr tlpb ds id ab

adehtlvlihi.
Dndmp`b>
_haidrs Flsglae _upp`y id Ahp`ds, F`brlih, fhkrloh uah vhrldihi id dqulpb id pdsoh
qud sd vdaid da tbib Dsthibs Talibs. Shrh `bs trds mdsds sleuldatds, _haidrs
dstlmh qud `h idmhaih id ua prbiuotb da phrtlou`hr ds id 843, ;43 y ?33 ualihids,
rdspdotlvhmdatd. _haidrs pudid hkhstdodr dsth idmhaih h` prbiuolr da gbrhs
ab
abrm
rmh`
h`ds
ds u gb
gbrh
rhss dx
dxtr
trh.
h. Id
Idkl
klib
ib h `b`bss btrb
btrbss ob
obmp
mprb
rbml
mlsb
sbss y `b
`bss la
laor
ordm
dmda
datb
tbss
hatlolphibs da d` obstb da d` mds ?, `hs ohpholihids id prbiuoolÿa da ualihids y `bs
obstbs id prbiuoolÿa pbr ualihi sba `bs sleuldatds>
 

D` lavdathrlb pudid hohrrdhrsd id ua mds h` sleuldatd, pdrb d` obstb ualthrlb ds

$;3 pbr mds. Sbr dndmp`b, `h prbiuoolÿa rdeu`hr id` mds 8 ushih phrh oump`lr oba `h
idmhaih da d` mds ;, `d obsthríh h _haidrs $43 + $;3 = $53 pbr ualihi. Dsth
mlsmh prbiuoolÿa id` mds 8 ushih phrh oump`lr oba `h idmhaih da d` mds ?, `d
obsthríh h _haidrs $43 + ;($;3) = $<3 pbr ualihi.
h) D`hk
D`hkbrd
brd uah rd
rdprds
prdsdath
datholÿa
olÿa id rd
rdi
i id dstd pr
prbk`dm
bk`dmhh id prber
prberhmhol
hmholÿa
ÿa id `h
prbiuoolÿa obmb ua prbk`dmh id trhaspbrtd. (_uedrdaolh> utl`lod sdls abibs
id brleda: `h bfdrth phrh d` abib id brleda 8 ds d` mèxlmb qud pudid
prbiuolrsd da d` mds 8 da gbrhs abrmh`ds, dtoìtdrh).

k) D`h
D`hkbr
kbrdd ua mbi
mbid`b
d`b id prber
prberhmh
hmholÿ
olÿaa `ladh`
`ladh` qud sd utl`l
utl`lod
od phrh prbe
prberhm
rhmhr
hr `h
prbiuoolÿa da gbrhs abrmh`ds y da gbrhs dxtrh phrh ohih uab id `bs trds
mdsds.
Mlalmlzhr 43[8I8 + 73B8I8 + ;3I8I; + 43[;I; + 73B;I; + ;3I;I? + 63[?I? +
833B?I?
s.h.
[8I8 ≩ ;54 Ohpholihi Mds 8 Gbrhs Abrmh`ds
B8I8 ≩ 833 Ohpholihi Mds 8 Gbrhs Dxtrhs
[;I; ≩ ;33 Ohpholihi Mds ; Gbrhs Abrmh`ds
B;I; ≩ 43 Ohpholihi Mds ; Gbrhs Dxtrhs
 

[?I? ≩ 833 Ohpholihi Mds ? Gbrhs Abrmh`ds

B?I? ≩ 43 Ohpholihi Mds ? Gbrhs Dxtrhs
[8I8+B8I8-I8I; = 843 Idmhaih 8
[;I;+B;I;+I8I;-I;I? = ;43 Idmhaih ;
[?I?+B?I?+I;I? =?33 Idmhaih ?
[8I8: B8I8: I8I;: [;I;: B;I;: I;I?: [?I?: B?I? ≤ 3 Ab adehtlvlihi

o) ²Ou
²Ouè`
è` ds d` prb
prberh
erhmh
mh id prb
prbiuo
iuoolÿ
olÿa,
a, ouèa
ouèath
thss ualih
ualihids
ids sd hohrrdh
hohrrdhaa da d`
lavdathrlb ohih mds y ouè` ds d` obstb tbth`2

_d prbiuod ;54 ualihids da d` mds 8 da gbrhs abrmh`ds, sd prbiuod ;4 ualihids da

d` mds 8 da gbrhs dxtrhs, sd h`mhodah 843 ualihids id` mds 8 phrh d` mds ;, sd
prbiuod ;33 ualihids da d` mds ; da gbrhs abrmh`ds, sd prbiuod 43 ualihids da d`
mds ; da gbrhs dxtrhs, sd h`mhodah 843 ualihids id` mds ; phrh d` mds ?, sd
prbiuod 833 ualihids da d` mds ? da gbrhs abrmh`ds y sd prbiuod 43 ualihids da
d` mds ? da gbrhs dxtrhs. D` obstb tbth` míalmb id prbiuoolÿa ds $96 433.